Stoichiometry of growth under variable scenarios of nutrient limitation: Differential homeostasis of body composition among growth phenotypes of the Manila clam.

Fast- and slow-growing phenotypes from two separate breeding families of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) were alternatively fed two monoalgal diets with high and low N content (C:N ratios of 4.9 and 13.5, respectively). After 35 days of food conditioning, clams were sacrificed, and the soft body was dissected out into five different tissue fractions to determine the corresponding ponderal ratios (tissue wt./body wt.) and a separate analysis of the elemental composition of these tissues. Previously reported C and N balances performed with the same conditioning diets were integrated and compared with tissue composition of the same phenotypes in order to assess the efficacy of mechanisms elicited to compensate for N deficit. Broad differences in dietary N content resulted in only minor changes in whole-body C:N composition which suggests a noticeable degree of homeostatic regulation of nutrient balances. This regulation was found to be stricter in fast-compared to slow-growing phenotypes and differed among the various body tissues. Using the threshold element ratio approach, physiological mechanisms were identified that partly compensate for large stoichiometric mismatches between low-N food and body tissues.

Rapid capture and detection of ostreid herpesvirus-1 from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and seawater using magnetic beads.

Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) has been involved in mass mortality episodes of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas throughout the world, causing important economic losses to the aquaculture industry. In the present study, magnetic beads (MBs) coated with an anionic polymer were used to capture viable OsHV-1 from two types of naturally infected matrix: oyster homogenate and seawater. Adsorption of the virus on the MBs and characterisation of the MB-virus conjugates was demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). To study the infective capacity of the captured virus, MB-virus conjugates were injected in the adductor muscle of naïve spat oysters, using oyster homogenate and seawater without MBs as positive controls, and bare MBs and sterile water as negative controls. Mortalities were induced after injection with MB-virus conjugates and in positive controls, whereas no mortalities were recorded in negative controls. Subsequent OsHV-1 DNA and RNA analysis of the oysters by qPCR and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively, confirmed that the virus was the responsible for the mortality event and the ability of the MBs to capture viable viral particles. The capture of viable OsHV-1 using MBs is a rapid and easy isolation method and a promising tool, combined with qPCR, to be applied to OsHV-1 detection in aquaculture facilities.

A Production Calendar Based on Water Temperature, Spat Size, and Husbandry Practices Reduce OsHV-1 µvar Impact on Cultured Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas in the Ebro Delta (Catalonia), Mediterranean Coast of Spain.

Since 2006, the production of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in the Ebro Delta area has dramatically declined from around 800 metric tons (MT) per year to 138 MT in 2011. This decline in production has had a significant socio-economic impact in a region where the shellfish sector is a traditional economic activity for many families. The identified agent responsible for this reduction in C. gigas production was Ostreid Herpesvirus microvar (OsHV-1 µvar), which has been associated with C. gigas spat mortalities in France, and in many other countries. In Spain the episodes of mortality became critical for the regional shellfish production between 2008 until 2014, with mortality percentage up to 100%. In this study, local hatchery C. gigas spat was used as sentinel animals for epidemiological studies and management tests carried out with the aim of reducing oyster mortality in the Ebro Delta area. A production calendar mainly based on water temperature dynamics was designed around an optimal schedule for spat immersion. The immersion calendar included two optimal periods for spat immersion, in summer when temperatures are ≥25°C and at the end of autumn and beginning of winter when they are ≤13°C. Such production planning has reduced mortalities from 80% (in 2014 and previous years) to 2-7.5% in 2015 in cemented oysters. Furthermore, other recommendations related to spat immersion size, culture density and methodology, and cementing calendar, which helped to achieve the results presented, were also recorded and transferred to local producers. This work presents a successfully tested management strategy reducing OsHV-1 µvar impact by designing new field management practices mainly focused on the handling and timing of spat immersion. This approach could be used as a management model in areas presenting similar production practices and environmental characteristics.

Update of information on perkinsosis in NW Mediterranean coast: Identification of Perkinsus spp. (Protista) in new locations and hosts.

This study addressed perkinsosis in commercially important mollusc species in the western Mediterranean area. Perkinsus olseni was found in Santa Gilla Lagoon (Sardinia) infecting Ruditapes decussatus, Cerastoderma glaucum and Venerupis aurea, in Balearic Islands infecting Venus verrucosa and in Delta de l'Ebre (NE Spain) parasitising Ruditapes philippinarum and R. decussatus. Perkinsus mediterraneus was detected infecting Ostrea edulis from the Gulf of Manfredonia (SE Italy) and Alacant (E Spain), V. verrucosa and Arca noae from Balearic Islands and Chlamys varia from Balearic Islands, Alacant and Delta de l'Ebre.