Effects of chronic exposure to PCBs on cytochrome P450 systems and steroidogenesis in liver and testis of bulls (Bos taurus).

Effects of chronic exposure to PCBs on the microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in liver and testis of bulls (Bos taurus) were determined by comparing the constitutive and PCB-induced alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and testosterone hydroxylase activities. Specific inductions of the prevailing hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation and 6 beta-hydroxylation of testosterone are suggestive of the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP3A-like enzymes by PCBs. A high level of PCB-inducible androstenedione formation was also found. The hepatic CYP2B activities (i.e. pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase and testosterone 16 beta-hydroxylase) and CYP2C11-like testosterone 2 alpha-hydroxylase were increased only weakly. The testicular microsomal CYP activities were non-specifically reduced by the PCB exposure, except for the androstenedione formation and 16 beta-hydroxylation of testosterone. The inhibition of the activity of mitochondrial CYP11A, as the rate-limiting enzyme of steroidogenesis measured with resorufin 3 beta-hydroxy-22,23-bisnor-5-cholenyl ether as the fluorogenic substrate, exceeded 50% in testes of the PCB-contaminated bulls. The latter activity as well as the hepatic testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation and hepatic and testicular androstenedione formation may significantly contribute to the decrease in testosterone levels after the PCB intake.

[Evaluation and occurrence of high-risk pollutants in animal feed factories]. / Zhodnocení výskytu rizikových polutantu ve výrobnách krmných smesí.

Concentrations of some hazardous pollutants were studied in dust deposit samples (n = 30) taken from the indoor equipment of two feed mixture plants (FMP) in Hodonín district in 1995 and 1996; the pollutants involved mercury, cadmium, lead, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha and beta hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), lindane (gamma HCH), DDT sum, DDT isomers, polychlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103, Delor 106, PCB indicator congeners). The statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) average concentration of mercury (0.028 mg/kg) was recorded in dust depositions (n = 15) in FMP K. in comparison with FMP R. Increased concentrations of cadmium (more than 0.5 mg/kg) were determined in dust depositions in FMP K. in 1 sample (0.582 mg/kg), of lead (more than 5.0 mg/kg) in 1 sample (7.540 mg/kg), of HCB (more than 0.01 mg/kg) in two samples (0.034 and 0.036 mg/kg), of beta HCH (more than 0.005 mg/kg) in 4 samples (0.021; 0.022; 0.023 and 0.046 mg/kg), higher DDT sum (more than 0.05 mg/kg) were determined in FMP K. in 3 samples (0.072; 0.085 and 0.190 mg/kg) and of PCB sum (more than 0.05 mg/kg) in 4 samples (0.054; 0.059; 0.074 and 1.085 mg/kg). In comparison with FMP K., dust depositions (n = 15) in FMP R. showed the statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) average concentration of lead (5.241 mg/kg). Increased concentrations of lead were determined in dust depositions in FMP R. in 7 samples (5.040; 5.230; 6.760; 7.590; 7.620; 8.450 and 15.650 mg/kg), of beta HCH in 7 samples (0.006; 0.008; 0.022; 0.024; 0.026; 0.029 and 0.049 mg/kg), higher DDT sum were recorded in 3 samples (0.053; 0.074 and 0.126 mg/kg) and higher PCB sum in 8 samples (0.057; 0.066; 0.101; 0.134; 0.164; 0.426; 0.821 and 1.202 mg/kg). The highest average concentration of hazardous pollutants in dust depositions (n = 30) in both feed mixture plants was determined in lead (4.122 mg/kg), in a descending order followed by PCB sum (0.151 mg/kg), cadmium (0.127 mg/kg), DDT sum (0.030 mg/kg), mercury (0.019 mg/kg), lindane (0.013 mg/kg), beta HCH (0.010 mg/kg), HCB (0.004 mg/kg and alpha HCH (0.001 mg/kg). Out of PCB indicator congeners, dust depositions contained the highest quantities of congener 138 (0.022 mg/kg), congener 180 (0.018 mg/kg) and congener 153 (0.015 mg/kg). Isomer p,p-DDT was dominant in dust depositions among DDT isomers (0.019 mg/kg). Dust depositions sampled from the indoor equipment of feed mixture plants are a promising indicator of produced feed mixtures contamination with hazardous pollutants. To seek sources of feed mixtures contamination is a permanent task of veterinary service.

Effects of environmental pollutants on the porcine and bovine immune systems.

Immunological examinations were done in 30 fattening pigs from three swine farms (D., M., T.) and 20 dairy cows from one cattle farm (N.) in the district of Hodonín in 1994. At the same time, samples of stable dust deposits collected in the four farms were analysed for the contents of mercury, cadmium, lead, gamma-HCH (lindane), and total DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Decreased blood level of lysozyme (0.92 mg/l) was found in the swine herd D. Ten percent of the pigs in the herd were affected with purulent skin lesions. The concentrations of the pollutants under study in the dust deposits collected in the herd D. were low. An increased concentration of PCB (0.263 mg/kg) in stable dust but no adverse effects on the immune system were found in the swine herd M. Eosinophilia (6.2%), increased extensity of Ascaris suum infection (25%) and a high content of lead in stable dust (11.2 mg/kg) were typical of the swine herd T. A high content of lindane (0.139 mg/kg) and an extremely high content of lead (214 mg/kg), which can participate in the immunosuppression of lymphocytes, were found in the cattle herd N. The activity of lymphocytes was depressed in 35% of the cows and the mean value was at the lower limit of the physiological range. Hazardous pollutants can affect the immune system of farm animals and their penetration into the stable environment should be prevented.

[Phthalic acid esters and the human body]. / Estery kyseliny ftalové a lidský organismus.

Phthalic acid esters have been used for its softening and plastification effects as additives to various kinds of products: colours, paintings, glues, cosmetic products, inks, repellents, films, PVC-derived products including medical disposable PVC products. The authors present a basic review of literature on toxicologically important sources including medical disposable products. They refer about the deleterious effects on the mammalian organism, possibilities to replace phthalic acid esters by other softening and plasticizing remedies as well as the use of such kinds of materials, which do not require these additives.

[Occurrence of harmful pollutants in fattened pigs]. / Zhodnocení výskytu rizikových polutantu u výkrmových prasat.

Fourteen fattened pigs (age of 240-250 days, live weight 110-120 kg) were examined on three farms (D., M. and T.) in Hodonin district in 1994 for the content of some harmful pollutants (mercury, cadmium, lead, lindane, DDT sum, DDT isomers, lower and higher chlorinated biphenyls, PCB congeners) in the muscle, liver, kidneys and subcutaneous fat. Maximum allowable quantities (MAQ) of extraneous matters were slightly exceeded in mercury only, in 5 samples of the muscle (0.012-0.022 mg/kg). In comparison with the average contents of extraneous matters in pigs in the Czech Republic in 1994, higher concentrations of mercury (0.009 mg/kg), lead (0.124 mg/kg), lindane (0.060 mg/kg fat) and DDT sum (0.083 mg/kg) were observed in the muscle of pigs from Hodonín district. The liver of the pigs contained the highest average concentrations of lead (0.141 mg/kg), lindane (0.280 mg/kg fat), DDT sum (0.323 mg/kg fat), p,p'-DDE (0.106 mg/kg fat), p,p'-DDT (0.057 mg/kg fat). PCB-Delor 103 (0.415 mg/kg fat), PCB-Delor 106 (0.561 mg/kg fat) and PCB 118 congener (0.029 mg/kg fat). The highest average values of mercury (0.014 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.147 mg/kg) were determined in the kidneys of pigs. The ratio of lower-chlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103) to higher-chlorinated biphenyls (Delor 106) was approximately 1 : 3 in the muscle, 1 : 1 in the liver and 1 : 2 in subcutaneous fat. The per cent share of three PCB congeners, 101, 138 and 153, was highest in the muscle, liver and subcutaneous fat of pigs. The pigs from Hodonín district exhibited in 1994 the greater load of mercury, lead, lindane and DDT than in other regions of the Czech Republic, but these values did not mostly exceed the hygienic limits in force. It is desirable to observe the spectrum of indicator PCB congeners for objective evaluation of PCB load in pigs, as they indicate the contamination level with lower- and higher-chlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103 to Delor 106). Greater attention should be paid to the congener PCB 118, which is the most toxic out of the indicator congeners concerned.

[Clinical use of infusion pumps with rotors in occlusive tracts]. / Klinické pouzití infuzní pumpy s rotorem v okluzní dráze.

The authors used in clinical practice an infusion pump driven by a rotation system with an occlusive pathway whereby the movement of the rotor is ensured by a stepper with reduction of the steps to 12,800 microsteps per revolution. As regards the degree of mechanical damage of the inserted tube of the infusion set this system did not differ from the keyboard system which is used by the majority of manufacturers as the driving unit of infusion pumps. Mechanical damage of the infusion set made from PVC was evaluated by the authors with regard to the amount of phthalic acid extracts which are added to PVC as softening agents and are not chemically linked. The authors recorded an increase of the temperature of the infusion solution during the flow through the driving unit in both investigated systems, however, the increase was smaller in the keyboard system. The increase of temperature was, however, in both instances small and has no impact on clinical practice. Contrary to the infusion pump with the keyboard system, the infusion pump with a rotor in an occlusive pathway and a microstep motor (12,800 microsteps per revolution) was significantly more accurate as regards dosage (evaluated as the difference between the required and actually achieved value of flow). The revealed difference was statistically significant at the 1% level. This greater precision of dosage can be ascribed to the point compression of the inserted and to the microvibrations transmitted from the rotor to the inserted tube of the infusion set which helps to recover after every compression the original volume (circular shape of section) of the inserted tube.

[Phthalic acid esters in the peritoneal cavity of patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. / Estery kyseliny ftalové v peritoneální dutine nemocných lécených kontinuální ambulantní peritoneální dialýzou.

A solution for peritoneal dialysis stored in bags made from material which does not contain diethylhexyl phthalate is significantly less contaminated with this plasticizer, as compared with a solution stored in bags made from PVC with diethylhexyl phthalate. The afferent tube which contains diethylhexyl phthalate in all sets investigated by the authors is not an important source of this plasticizer for the peritoneal solution. Contamination of the peritoneal solution with dibutyl phthalate added to colours used for print on the bags (inscription on the outside of the bag) was found in both types of bags (no significant differences were found). It may be thus assumed that dibutyl phthalate penetrates through the wall of both types of bags with the same intensity. This applies only, provided that the peritoneal solution is not contaminated with dibutyl phthatate during preparation, before it is filled into bags. After six hours instillation in the peritoneal cavity diethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate was not detectable in the peritoneal solution (detection limit 0.5 microgram/l). They are completely retained and metabolized resp. in the patient's peritoneal cavity.

[Evaluation of factors affecting the formation of thrombi in hemoperfusion columns]. / Hodnocení významu nekterých faktoru pusobících na tvorbu trombu v hemoperfuzní kolone.

The formation of thrombi in the haemoperfusion column is undesirable as it deprives the patient of blood elements and reduces the eliminating capacity of the haemoperfusion column. This applies in particular to patients with acute intoxications treated by haemoperfusion. In experimental haemoperfusions in animals the authors provided evidence of a close correlation between thrombus formation in the haemoperfusion column and the number of stops of the blood flow in the course of individual experimental haemoperfusions. The period of stops was always 1.5 min. A further even closer correlation was found only between the formation of thrombi in the haemoperfusion column and the products of the number of stops of the blood flow (and the total period of arrests of the blood flow resp.) and the pressure gradient on the blood pump (difference of actual pressure readings before and beyond the blood pump). This gradient differed in every haemoperfusion but was constant during operation. It was induced and maintained by means of mechanical keys on the tube of the suction set. The objective of the work was to evaluate the influence of blood pressures in the area of the blood pump on the process of blood clotting in the haemoperfusion column. The blood flow, another factor influencing the intensity of blood clotting in the haemoperfusion column, was therefore the same in all experiments and constant in the course of their implementation. The extent of thrombus formation was evaluated after completed haemoperfusion and destruction of the cover of the haemoperfusion column by quantitative assessment of protein nitrogen referred to the weight of the adsorbent. The authors maintain that poor suction of blood, which precedes in clinical practice forced arrest of the circulation promotes the process of thrombus formation in the haemoperfusion column.

[Occurrence of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the stalls and outdoor environment in pig-fattening farms]. / Výskyt chlorovaných pesticidu a polychlorovaných bifenylu ve stáajovém a mimostájovém prostredí farem pro výkrm prasat.

Contents of some pesticides (lindane, DDT sum, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103, Delor 106, PCB congeners: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were investigated on three farms of fattened pigs (D., M. and T) in Hodonín district in 1994, as occurring in feed mixtures (n= 15), drinking water (n = 10), stable sedimented dust (n = 14), slurry (n = 10) and pavement dust (n = 5). Maximum permissible contents (MPC) of extraneous matters in feed mixtures were exceeded in lindane (two samples) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). MPC of extraneous matters were not exceeded in drinking waters in any of the samples examined. Feed mixtures were found to have the highest average lindane content (0.054 mg/kg) and PCB sum (0.24 mg/kg); the ratio of lower chlorinated biphenyls (Delor 103) to higher chlorinated biphenyls (Delor 106) was 12:1; out of the PCB congeners, the highest amounts were determined for congeners 28 (0.067 mg/kg) and 52 (0.022 mg/kg); among the DDT isomers, isomer p,p'-DDT was prevailing (0.008 mg/kg). Drinking water had the 1:1 ratio of lower chlorinated to higher chlorinated biphenyls; out of the PCB congeners, the highest amounts were found out for congeners 28 (2.574 ng/l) and 101 (2.066 ng/l); among the DDT isomers, isomer p,p'-DDE was prevailing (1.887 ng/l). Stable dust was found to have the highest average level of DDT sum (0.026 mg/kg); the ratio of lower chlorinated to higher chlorinated biphenyls was 1:7; out of the PCB congeners, the highest amounts were determined for congeners 138 (0.036 mg/kg) and 153 (0.030 mg/kg); among the DDT isomers, isomer p,p'-DDE was prevailing (0.012 mg/kg). Slurry showed the 1:6 ratio of lower chlorinated to higher chlorinated biphenyls; out of the PCB congeners, the highest amounts were found out for congeners 138 (0.016 mg/kg dry matter) and 153 (0.014 mg/kg dry matter); among the DDT isomers, isomer p,p'-DDT was prevailing (0.005 mg/kg dry matter). Pavement dust had the 1:5 ratio of lower chlorinated to higher chlorinated biphenyls; out of the PCB congeners, the highest amounts were found out for congeners 138 (0.016 mg/kg) and 153 (0.012 mg/kg); among the DDT isomers, isomer p,p'-DDE was prevailing (0.005 mg/kg). Examination of feed mixtures and drinking waters will provide basic data on pollutant inputs to the stable environment. Stable sedimented dust is considered as an outstanding indicator of pollutant contamination of stable environment, regardless whether it comes from feed or other sources. Slurry examination will provide additional information on the total pollutant load of pig farms, informing us about outputs of extraneous matters residues from pig farms. Pavement dust examination indicates the level of pollutant load of outside stable environment as the pollutants can occasionally penetrate to the internal stable environment.

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in human breast milk--a case study.

Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides (p,p'-DDE, lindane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), sum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and PCB congeners in breast milk during lactation and the distribution of the chlorinated compounds in fat tissue, blood serum and breast milk were pursued in five primi- or secundipara from the hinterland of a clinic of gynaecology and obstetrics in Brno in 1993. Capillary gas chromatography with ECD detection was used for the determination of the residues. The concentrations of HCB, lindane, p,p'-DDe, and sum of PCBs ranged from 42.5 to 238.4, from < 1.0 to 7.4 from 231.4 to 557.6, and from 661.3 to 2888.9 micrograms.kg-1 of milk fat, respectively. Seventeen PCB congeners were screened, of which 11 were identified in most of the milk samples (IUPAC numbers 28, 101, 118, 126, 128, 138, 153, 156, 170, 180, 194). Congeners 138, 153, 170, and 180 were the most abundant and their concentrations in microgram.kg-1 of milk fat ranged from 122.9 to 501.0 for 153, from 103.4 to 372.1 for 138, from 66.1 to 407.9 for 180, from 26.8 to 183.1 for 170, and from 10.0 to 41.7 for 118.

Mutagenicity of stable dust and drinking water on swine and cattle farms.

Single pilot examinations of mutagenicity of stable dust and drinking water were made on three swine farms (D., M., T.) and one cattle farm (N.) in the district of Hodonín in summer 1994. The mutagenicity was examined by the Ames test using the indicator strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 with (+S9) or without (-S9) metabolic activation. At the same time the contents of selected pesticides (PES) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in stable dust and drinking water and that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stable dust were determined. Increased mutagenicity was demonstrated in drinking water (strain TA 98 with metabolic activation; index Rt/Rk 3.6-7.7) and stable dust (strain TA 100 with metabolic activation; index Rt/Rk 2.2) collected on the swine farm M. High contents of PAH (8.246 mg/kg) and PCB (0.263 mg/kg) were also found in the dust samples collected on this farm. Only drinking water showed mutagenic activity (strain TA 98 without metabolic activation; index Rt/Rk 2.6) on the swine farm D. On both the farms, the number of revertants was dose-dependent. Increased content of PAH (2.553 mg/kg) was also demonstrated on the dust samples collected on the farm D. No significant increase (twofold or higher when compared with negative controls) of mutagenic activity of stable dust or drinking water was demonstrable on the swine farm T. and the cattle farm N. Substances responsible for the mutagenicity of drinking water on the farms D. and M. have not yet been identified. Anyway, the increase of mutagenicity of stable dust and drinking water should be taken as a warning that mutagens that can jeopardise animal and human health have penetrated into the stable environment.

[Ecotoxicologic relations on a large pig-fattening farm located in a lignite mining area and near and solid-fuel electical power plant]. / Ekotoxikologické vztahy ve velkovýkrmne prasat lokalizované v oblasti tezby lignitu a tepelné elektrárny.

Major contaminants identified in 1983-1984 on a pig fattening farm with an output of 60,000 pigs per annum, located in a lignite mining area and near a solid fuel power plant, were mercury, cadmium, lead, chromium and aflatoxin B1 (Tab. I, II, III, IV). Feed samples were collected from througs to assess the contamination load at feed uptake. Permissible concentrations of mercury, chromium, cadmium, aflatoxin B1, lead and atrazin in the feed were exceeded in 56, 50, 31, 19, 6 and 6% samples, respectively (Tab. I). Stable dust deposits, in which the contaminants concentrate, (Tab. I) proved to be a suitable material for assessing the type and level of environmental contamination. Permissible concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead in porcine muscles were exceeded in 65, 51 and 24% samples, respectively (Tab. III). Corresponding values of mercury, cadmium, lead and aflatoxin B1 in the liver were 27, 27, 16 and 3%, respectively (Tab. III) and those of mercury, lead and chromium in kidneys 24, 22 and 5%, respectively (Tab. III). Rather surprisingly, elevated pancreatic concentrations of aflatoxin B1 were found (Tab. IV). Pigs fattened in the contaminated environment (i.e. fed contaminated feed mixtures, inspiring contaminated dust and absorbing percutaneously contaminants form dust deposits on the body surface) showed: 1) Impairment of the genetic apparatus (percentage of aberrant peripheral leucocytes elevated to 6.2%); 2) a certain degree of immunosuppression (concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA reduced by 16.9, 45.1 and 45.0%, respectively); 3) higher feed consumption per 1 kg weight gain (4 kg) and lower average daily weight gain (0.57 kg); 4) increased incidence of health disorders (dermatitis in 25%, pancreatopathy in 13%, liver dystrophy in 8% and femoral fracture in 6% of the pigs). Unfortunately, the authors were not allowed to analyse ash and solid emissions from the power plant. Therefore the share of the emissions in the overall environmental contamination on the fattening farm could not be quantified. The personnel, working in the contaminated environment for a prolonged period, is endangered most of all by stable dust, being exposed to its mechanical, chemical, allergic and infectious effects (Tab. I). In addition to the chemical contaminants, 21 mould genera and species, six mite species and numerous saprophytic and some pathogenic bacteria were demonstrated in stable dust samples in our earlier experiments. Consumption of meat and organs from pigs fattened in a contaminated environment is associated with the risk of an increased uptake of various contaminants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Use of polychlorinated biphenyl congener analysis for monitoring food and raw material of animal origin]. / Vyuzití analýzy specifických kongeneru polychlorovaných bifenylu pro kontrolu potravin a surovin zivocisného puvodu.

Occurrence of individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in the environment, foodstuffs and other biological materials was assessed. Analysis of specific PCB congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180), occurring in animal raw materials and foodstuffs most frequently, has been implemented. Sample processing, isolation of fat from milk, meat, organs, fat tissue and eggs, and separation of PCB from fats using the sorbents Florisil or Ekosorb (a new Czechoslovak sorbent based on modified silica gel, Kavalier Glassworks, Votice) are described in detail. Individual PCB congeners were determined by capillary gas chromatography (gas chromatograph Varian VISTA 6,000, equipped with a 63Ni ECD; silica capillary column SPB-5, 30 m x 0.32 mm I.D., 0.25 micron film; column temperature programme: 60 degrees C for 2 min, then to 250 degrees C at 20 degrees C/min and held for 13 min; splitless injection). Chromatograms of commercial chemicals Delor 103 and Delor 106 (corresponding to Aroclor 1242 and 1260, respectively), of a mixture of six specific PCB congener standards and of a PCB--containing milk sample are presented in Fig. 1-3. Methods of PCBs estimation, currently used in Czechoslovakia, and benefits of congeneric analysis of PCBs (reproducibility of results, quantification of individual congeners) are discussed. Analysis of specific PCB congeners is used for the assay of PCBs in foodstuffs and investigations of PCBs dynamics in food chains and distribution and accumulation of PCBs in animal organisms. Contents of specific PCB congeners in milk, pork and pig liver and kidney samples are given in Tab. II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Monitoring chromosome mutations in large-scale breeding operations]. / Monitorování chromozomálních mutací ve velkochovech.

The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and exchanges of sister chromatids (SCEs) in peripheral lymphocytes was studied in 65 pigs from five large breeding herds. Four groups comprised fattened pigs and the fifth group consisted of sows from a large multiplier breeding herd. During the investigation, the dust from the sites was analyzed for the presence of zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, aflatoxin B1, PCB, DDT, and lindane. The average frequency of aberrant cells (AB.B) in the pigs of group I was 3.85 +/- 1.60%, in group II 2.10 +/- 1.52%, in group III 5.01 +/- 2.1%, in group IV 3.50 +/- 1.58%, and in group V 6.20 +/- 3.21%. The cytogenetic finding corresponded to the differences in the amount of foreign substances found in the dust on the premises where the animals of all groups were kept. The average frequency of the SCEs was 7.00 +/- 1.10 (I), 6.51 +/- 0.89 (II), 6.92 +/- 0.72 (III), 7.10 +/- 0.85 (IV) and 7.06 +/- 1.47 (V) per one cell. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of AB.B. were recorded between groups II and I, II and IV, I and III, IV and V (p less than 0.05) and between groups II and III, II and V (p less than 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of SCEs. The determination of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations can be used for the hygienic control of the degree of exposure of pigs to mutagens.

[Foreign substances in the meat and organs of bulls and pigs fed with pastes made from household and food industry waste in addition to pastes made from poultry droppings]. / Cizorodé látky v mase a orgánech býku a prasat po zkrmování pasty z kuchynských a potravinárských odpadu vcetne pasty s drubezím trusem.

The residues of antimicrobial substances, some chlorinated and organophosphate pesticides and chemical elements were studied in the meat and organs of a group of bulls fed food-waste paste for 240 days and a group of bulls fed the same paste with an addition of poultry waste. These residues were also studied in the tissues of pigs fed the food-waste paste for 135 and 151 days until slaughter. The feed ingredients were also examined during the feeding trials. Although some of the residues under study were found in the tissues of the test animals at increased amounts, their concentrations were diluted in the tissues in the majority of cases when the feed pastes were administered. All residue contents recorded in the tissues remained below the permissible limits as given in valid instructions and directives so that the products, i. e. meat and organs, could be deemed digestible on the basis of hygienic evaluation. Hence, from the point of view of the occurrence of residues of foreign substances in edible tissues, the administration of food-waste pastes to farm animals can be considered as admissible.

[Incidence of foreign substances in raw and pasteurized milk]. / Výskyt cizorodých látek v syrovém a pasterovaném mléce.

In 1980 to 1982, the occurrence of inhibiting substances, herbicides and chemical elements contaminating raw farm and bulk milk and pasteurized milk in different stages of technological processing was studied in the input regions of 19 dairies of the Lacrum Brno concern corporation. Residues of inhibiting substances were demonstrated by the thin-layer microbiological diffusion disk method using the testing strain of B. stearothermophilus var. calidolactis, to be present in raw milk (9.1% out of 143 samples) as well as in pasteurized milk (2.0% out of 151 samples). Chromatographic method (sensitivity 0.01-0.05 mg.kg-1 milk) was used for examining 135 raw milk samples for the occurrence of herbicides based on diazines and triazines. Herbicides were demonstrated to get into milk; residues were found in 45 samples (33.3%). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for examining 143 raw milk samples for the contents of zinc, copper, iron and manganese. As to zinc content, 100% of the samples met the standard, as to iron content 99%, and as to the content of copper, 89% (Ministry of Health Directives, No. 50, 1978). The content of manganese remained within the range up to 0.1 mg.kg-1 milk in 60% of the samples. Out of the 135 milk samples (101 raw, 34 pasteurized milk ones) examined for the content of lead, four samples (3%) failed to meet the limit of the highest admissible level.

[Foreign substances in the meat and organs of bulls fed on a diet of swine and poultry fecal waste]. / Cizorodé látky v mase a orgánech býku krmených dietou s prasecími a drubezími výkaly.

The meat and some organs of eight bulls given diet with 5% to 15% supplements of dried pig and poultry excrements for 175 days were subjected to examination for the presence of some foreign substances. The results were compared with samples from eight control bulls, fed the basal diet. Liver was not found to contain any aflatoxins B1 and M1. No statistically significant differences were found in the content of antimicrobial substances. The same can be said of the content of chlorinated pesticides. Residues of organo-phosphorus pesticides were not detected at all. As to chemical elements, the test bulls were found to have a significantly increased content of copper in liver and diaphragm. All the findings of the residues of foreign substances were within limits tolerated by veterinary regulations.

[The occurrence of foreign substances in food products from animals fed food supplements of animal excrement]. / Výskyt cizorodých látek v potravinách zivocisného puvodu ze zvírat krmených prídavkem zvírecích exkrementu.

The products of the animal origin (meat, organs, adipose tissue, eggs) from bulls, pigs and poultry which had been given animal excrements as supplements to their feeds (mostly pig excrements, in one case poultry excreta) were studied as to the content of foreign substances. The almost complete absence of aflatoxin and antimicrobial substances, and the determined levels of pesticide residues and chemical elements demonstrated that the studied foreign substances did not accumulate in the tested food as a result of the presence of non-traditional components in the diets of the animals.