Color vision deficiencies and camouflage: a comparative study between normal and CVD observers.

There is a belief that observers with color vision deficiencies (CVD) perform better in detecting camouflaged objects than normal observers. Some studies have concluded contradictory findings when studying the performance of normal and CVD observers in the camouflage detection tasks in different conditions. This work presents a literature review on this topic, dividing it into three different and contradictory types of results: better performance for CVD, for normal observers, or same performance. Besides, two psychophysical experiments have been designed and carried out in a calibrated computer monitor on both normal and CVD human observers to measure the searching times of the different types of observers needed to find camouflaged stimuli in two different types of stimuli. Results show the trend that, in our experimental conditions, normal observers need shorter searching times than CVD observers in finding camouflaged stimuli both in images of natural scenes and in images with synthetic stimuli.

Physical fitness and physical activity association with cognitive function and quality of life: baseline cross-sectional analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus trial.

Physical activity (PA) has been hypothesized to be effective to maintaining cognitive function and delay cognitive decline in the elderly, but physical fitness (PF) could be a better predictor of cognitive function. We aimed to study the association between PA and PF with cognitive function and quality of life using cross-sectional data from 6874 participants of the PREDIMED-Plus trial (64.9 ± 4.9 years, 48.5% female). PF and PA were measured with a Chair Stand Test, the REGICOR and Rapid Assessment Physical Activity questionnaires. Cognitive function was measured with Mini-mental State Examination, Control Oral Word Association Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span tests; whereas health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF36-HRQL test. Cognitive and quality of life scores were compared among PF quartiles and PA levels (low, moderate and high) with ANCOVA and with Chair Stand repetitions and energy expenditure from total PA with multivariable linear regression adjusted for confounding factors. PF associated with higher scores in phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tests and with lower TMT A time. However, PA was not associated with the neurocognitive parameters evaluated. Both PF and PA levels were strongly associated with a better quality of life. We concluded that PF, but not PA, is associated with a better cognitive function. This trial was retrospectively registered at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCTN89898870, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN89898870?q=ISRCTN89898870&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search) on 07/24/2014.

Associations between Dietary Polyphenols and Type 2 Diabetes in a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Trial: Role of Body Mass Index and Sex.

Overweight and obesity are important risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moving towards healthier diets, namely, diets rich in bioactive compounds, could decrease the odds of suffering T2D. However, those individuals with high body mass index (BMI) may have altered absorption or metabolism of some nutrients and dietary components, including polyphenols. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether high intakes of some classes of polyphenols are associated with T2D in a population with metabolic syndrome and how these associations depend on BMI and sex. This baseline cross-sectional analysis includes 6633 participants from the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Polyphenol intakes were calculated from food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Cox regression models with constant time at risk and robust variance estimators were used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PRs) for polyphenol intake and T2D prevalence using the lowest quartile as the reference group. Analyses were stratified by sex and BMI groups (overweight and obese) to evaluate potential effect modification. Catechins, proanthocyanidins, hydroxybenzoic acids, and lignans were inversely associated with T2D. Hydroxycinnamic acids were directly related in men. These associations were different depending on sex and BMI, that is, women and overweight obtained stronger inverse associations.

Customized Dietary Intervention Avoids Unintentional Weight Loss and Modulates Circulating miRNAs Footprint in Huntington's Disease.

SCOPE: Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder of genetic origin, with no definitive treatment. Unintentional weight loss (UWL) is a clinical feature of symptomatic HD subjects. To prevent UWL, a customized HD diet is designed and its impact on plasma miRNA HD footprint and neurological parameters is examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven participants are included, BMI ≤ 18 kg m-2 or UWL of 5% in 6 months or 10% in a year. Diet design is based on nutritional surveys and interviews of participants and caregivers and on published literature review. Twelve-month dietary intervention, with follow-up every 3 months, induces high diet adherence, which manages to curb UWL in all participants (73% gained weight). Noticeable increases in fat mass and leptin levels are obtained. The results also show significant decrease in the expression of 19 miRNAs, which are previously reported to be upregulated in HD-patients versus healthy controls: revealing hsa-miR-338-3p, hsa-miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-23a-3p, and hsa-miR-24-3p as potential HD-biomarkers. The diminished expression of hsa-miR-100-5p reflects the general maintenance of the functional status. Cognitive status is improved in six of 11 participants, while only three present better motor-score values. CONCLUSION: A customized HD-diet prevents UWL and modified miRNAs HD-footprint. The normalization of miRNA values suggests its potentially use as HD-biomarkers.

[Recommendations for clinical practice in diabetes and obesity. The Madrid Agreements. Document agreed by the working groups of the scientific societies: SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid, SEMERGEN Madrid and RedGDPS]. / Recomendaciones para la práctica clínica en diabetes y obesidad. Los acuerdos de Madrid. Documento consensuado por los grupos de trabajo de las sociedades científicas: SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid, SEMERGEN Madrid y RedGDPS.

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the worldwide expansion of overweight and obesity are intrinsically linked. The percentage of diabetes attributable to weight gain amounts to more than 80% in many countries. This relationship is addressed in a Spanish Consensus Document from SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN and SEMFYC published in 2015 and which gathers best available evidences. Based on the statements of this consensus document, we propose five recommendations for clinical practice to establish a diagnosis of precision and the most appropriate treatment for joint diabetes and obesity. These recommendations have been agreed by the SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid and RedGDPS Working Groups: 1. For every patient with diabetes and obesity, in addition to the calculation of the body mass index, the percentage of body fat and the approximation to the assessment of body composition should be evaluated throughout the whole process (both at the beginning and follow up). 2. The approximation to the degree and distribution of body fat requires the measurement and recording of the waist circumference of these patients. 3. The integrated assessment of the patient with type 2 diabetes-obesity requires the evaluation of the degree of physical activity and/or characterization of the sedentary condition. 4. The prescription of lifestyle changes should be incorporated into therapeutic education (individualized, flexible, autonomous and sustainable diet and physical activity plan. 5. The pharmacological approach in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-obesity implies the choice of anti-diabetic drugs that facilitate the loss of fat.

El aumento en la prevalencia de diabetes tipo 2 y la expansión a nivel mundial de los estados de sobrepeso y obesidad están intrínsecamente vinculados, de forma que el porcentaje de diabetes atribuible al aumento de peso llega a ser superior al 80% en muchos países. En 2015 se publica un Documento de Consenso español de SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC que aborda esta doble condición de acuerdo con las mejores evidencias. Desde las afirmaciones de dicho consenso proponemos cinco recomendaciones para la práctica clínica consensuadas por los Grupos de trabajo de SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid y RedGDPS, con el fin de establecer un diagnóstico de precisión y el tratamiento más adecuado:1. En todo paciente con diabetes y obesidad debe abordarse, tanto al inicio como en el seguimiento, además del cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la valoración de la composición corporal.2. La aproximación al grado y distribución de la grasa corporal requiere incluir la medición y registro del perímetro de cintura de estos pacientes.3. La valoración integral del paciente con diabetes tipo 2-obesidad exige la evaluación del grado de actividad física y/o caracterizar la condición de sedentarismo.4. La prescripción de cambios del estilo de vida debe ser incorporada a la educación terapéutica (plan dietético y de actividad física individualizado, flexible, autónomo y sostenible).5. El abordaje farmacológico en el tratamiento de la diabetes-obesidad implica la elección de fármacos antidiabéticos que faciliten la pérdida de grasa.

Recomendaciones para la práctica clínica en diabetes y obesidad. los acuerdos de madrid. documento consensuado por los grupos de trabajo de las sociedades científicas: sendimad, somamfyc, semg madrid, semergen madrid y redgdps / Recommendations for clinical practice in diabetes and obesity. The Madrid Agreements. Document agreed by the working groups of the scientific societies: SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid, SEMERGEN Madrid and RedGDPS

El aumento en la prevalencia de diabetes tipo 2 y la expansión a nivel mundial de los estados de sobrepeso y obesidad están intrínsecamente vinculados, de forma que el porcentaje de diabetes atribuible al aumento de peso llega a ser superior al 80% en muchos países. En 2015 se publica un Documento de Consenso español de SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN y SEMFYC que aborda esta doble condición de acuerdo con las mejores evidencias. Desde las afirmaciones de dicho consenso proponemos cinco recomendaciones para la práctica clínica consensuadas por los Grupos de trabajo de SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid y RedGDPS, con el fi n de establecer un diagnóstico de precisión y el tratamiento más adecuado: 1. En todo paciente con diabetes y obesidad debe abordarse, tanto al inicio como en el seguimiento, además del cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal y la valoración de la composición corporal. 2. La aproximación al grado y distribución de la grasa corporal requiere incluir la medición y registro del perímetro de cintura de estos pacientes. 3. La valoración integral del paciente con diabetes tipo 2-obesidad exige la evaluación del grado de actividad física y/o caracterizar la condición de sedentarismo. 4. La prescripción de cambios del estilo de vida debe ser incorporada a la educación terapéutica (plan dietético y de actividad física individualizado, flexible, autónomo y sostenible). 5. El abordaje farmacológico en el tratamiento de la diabetes-obesidad implica la elección de fármacos antidiabéticos que faciliten la pérdida de grasa

The increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the worldwide expansion of overweight and obesity are intrinsically linked. The percentage of diabetes attributable to weight gain amounts to more than 80% in many countries. This relationship is addressed in a Spanish Consensus Document from SEMI, SED, redGDPS, SEC, SEEDO, SEEN, SEMERGEN and SEMFYC published in 2015 and which gathers best available evidences. Based on the statements of this consensus document, we propose five recommendations for clinical practice to establish a diagnosis of precision and the most appropriate treatment for joint diabetes and obesity. These recommendations have been agreed by the SENDIMAD, SOMAMFYC, SEMG Madrid and RedGDPS Working Groups: 1. For every patient with diabetes and obesity, in addition to the calculation of the body mass index, the percentage of body fat and the approximation to the assessment of body composition should be evaluated throughout the whole process (both at the beginning and follow up). 2. The approximation to the degree and distribution of body fat requires the measurement and recording of the waist circumference of these patients. 3. The integrated assessment of the patient with type 2 diabetes-obesity requires the evaluation of the degree of physical activity and/or characterization of the sedentary condition. 4. The prescription of lifestyle changes should be incorporated into therapeutic education (individualized, fl exible, autonomous and sustainable diet and physical activity plan. 5. The pharmacological approach in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-obesity implies the choice of anti-diabetic drugs that facilitate the loss of fat

Effects of bariatric surgery on male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism: comparison of laparoscopic gastric bypass with restrictive procedures.

Bariatric surgery results in the complete resolution of male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) in many patients. However, the effects of different bariatric surgical procedures on male sexual hormone profiles and sexual dysfunction have not been compared to date. We compared the pre- and post-operative (at least 6 months after initial surgery) sex hormone profiles of 20 severely obese men submitted to laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) with 15 similar patients submitted to restrictive techniques (sleeve gastrectomy in 10 and adjustable gastric banding in 5). We calculated free testosterone (FT) levels from total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. Fasting glucose and insulin levels served for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR). MOSH was present in 25 and 16 of the 35 patients when considering TT and FT concentrations respectively, resolving after surgery in all but one of them. When considering all obese men as a whole, patients submitted to LGB or restrictive procedures did not differ in terms of excess weight loss, in the decrease of fasting glucose and insulin, HOMAIR and waist circumference, or in the increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, TT and FT levels. The improvement in TT correlated with the decrease in fasting glucose (r = -0.390, P = 0.021), insulin (r = -0.425, P = 0.015) and HOMAIR (r = -0.380, P = 0.029), and with the increase in SHBG (r = 0.692, P < 0.001). The increase in FT correlated with the decrease in fasting glucose (r = -0.360, P = 0.034). LGB and restrictive techniques are equally effective in producing a remission of MOSH.