Molecular Profiling of Tumor Tissue in Mexican Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple genomic changes that influence the clinical management of patients; thus, the search for new molecular targets remains necessary. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants in tumor tissues from Mexican patients with colorectal cancer, using massive parallel sequencing. A total of 4813 genes were analyzed in tumoral DNA from colorectal cancer patients, using the TruSight One Sequencing panel. From these, 192 variants with clinical associations were found distributed in 168 different genes, of which 46 variants had not been previous reported in the literature or databases, although genes harboring those variants had already been described in colorectal cancer. Enrichment analysis of the affected genes was performed using Reactome software; pathway over-representation showed significance for disease, signal transduction, and immune system subsets in all patients, while exclusive subsets such as DNA repair, autophagy, and RNA metabolism were also found. Those characteristics, whether individual or shared, could give tumors specific capabilities for survival, aggressiveness, or response to treatment. Our results can be useful for future investigations targeting specific characteristics of tumors in colorectal cancer patients. The identification of exclusive or common pathways in colorectal cancer patients could be important for better diagnosis and personalized cancer treatment.

Incidence, Mortality, and Trends of Prostate Cancer in Mexico from 2000 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

In 2019, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimated that prostate cancer (PC) was the 16th most common cause of death globally in males. In Mexico, PC epidemiology has been studied by a number of metrics and over various periods, although without including the most up-to-date estimates. Herein, we describe and compare the burdens and trends of PC in Mexico and its 32 states from 2000 to 2019. For this study, we extracted online available data from the GBD 2019 to estimate the crude and age-standardized rates (ASR per 100,000 people) of the incidence and mortality of PC. In Mexico, PC caused 27.1 thousand (95% uncertainty intervals, 20.6-36.0 thousand) incident cases and 9.2 thousand (7.7-12.7 thousand) deaths in males of all ages in 2019. Among the states, Sinaloa had the greatest ASR of incidence, and Guerrero had the highest mortality. The burden of PC showed an increasing trend, although the magnitude of change differed between metrics and locations. We found both an increasing national trend and subnational variation in the burden of PC. Our results confirm the need for updated and timely estimates to design effective diagnostic and treatment campaigns in locations where the burden of PC is the highest.

Miasis en pacientes con cáncer en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología entre 2008 y 2018: Serie de Casos / Myiasis in cancer patients receiving medical care at a reference center in Bogotá, Colombia: 2008-2018. A case series

Resumen Introducción: La miasis puede ser considerada una enfermedad desatendida; corresponde a la infestación de larvas de dípteros en piel, heridas o cavidades naturales. La literatura para pacientes oncológicos con infestación es limitada para Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una serie de casos de miasis en pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de 2008 a 2018; se obtuvieron datos de las historias clínicas con el fin de caracterizar variables sociodemográficas, oncológicas y tratamiento recibido. Resultados: Se encontraron 32 registros: 27 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, mediana de edad 69 años, 74% fueron hombres, 48% procedían de área rural, 33,3% de áreas con alturas superiores a 2000 msnm, 70% presentaban cáncer de cabeza y cuello, seguidos por cáncer de mama 14%; 40% ECOG 2-3; 77% visualizaron larvas antes de consultar; ningún paciente presentó sepsis al momento de consultar, 29% presentaban secreción en zona infestada, 85% recibieron ivermectina y curaciones por parte de enfermería; 70% recibió antibióticos sistémicos, y 60% otros tratamientos además de la remoción mecánica e ivermectina, la mediana de leucocitos al ingreso fue de 10280 y de eosinófilos 110. Conclusión: Ésta es la primera serie de casos informada de miasis en pacientes oncológicos para América. Es más frecuente en pacientes con neoplasias en áreas expuestas, aunque se puede presentar en zonas no expuestas; la infestación por larvas tiende a no ser purulenta. Se deben hacer estudios sobre el uso de ivermectina, otros antibióticos y las implicaciones pronósticas de esta patología en los pacientes con cáncer avanzado.

Abstract Introduction: Myiasis can be considered a neglected disease; it corresponds to the infestation of dipteran larvae in skin, wounds, or natural cavities. Literature for oncological patients with this infestation is limited for Colombia. Methods: A case series of myiasis was carried out in patients treated at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia from 2008 to 2018. Data were obtained from medical records in order to characterize sociodemographic and oncological variables and the treatment received. Results: Thirty-two records were found, 27 of them met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 69 years, 74% were men, 48% came from rural areas, 33.3% from areas with altitudes greater than 2,000 meters above sea level, 70% had head and neck cancer, followed by breast cancer in 14%; 40% had ECOG 2-3, and 77% visualized larvae before consulting. No patient presented with sepsis at the time of consultation, 29% presented with discharge in the infested area, 85% received ivermectin and treatment by the nursing staff; 70% received systemic antibiotics, and 60% other treatments in addition to mechanical removal and ivermectin. Median of leukocytes at admission was 10,280, while median of eosinophils was 110. Conclusion: This is the first reported case series of myiasis in cancer patients for Latin America. It is more common in patients with neoplasms in exposed areas, although it can occur in unexposed areas too. Larval infestation tends not to be purulent. Further studies are needed on the use of ivermectin, other antibiotics, and the prognostic implications of this pathology in patients with advanced cancer.

High frequency of MLH1 promoter methylation mediated by gender and age in colorectal tumors from Mexican patients.

INTRODUCTION: Several genes determine the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), such as MLH1, which encodes a protein that participates in DNA repair. MLH1 hypermethylation has been associated with gene silencing. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the methylation of five regions of MLH1 CpG island in colorectal tumors from Mexican patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and one tumor tissue samples were obtained from Mexican patients with CRC who provided informed consent. DNA was subjected to bisulfite conversion. Methylation of all five regions of the CpG island was evaluated using methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of methylation in Mexican patients with CRC was 25%. Regions A and B methylation was the main observed pattern (60%). Female patients showed a higher frequency of methylation (71%; OR 3.085; CI: 1.85-8.03; p = 0.02), and out of total methylated samples, 80% corresponded to individuals older than 45 years (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We calculated a methylation frequency for the MLH1 gene of 25% in Mexican patients with CRC, with this being the first report for this population. Female patients and patients older than 45 years showed a higher frequency of methylation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Varios genes determinan el desarrollo de cáncer colorrectal (CCR), como MLH1, el cual codifica una proteína que participa en la reparación del ADN. La hipermetilación de MLH1 ha sido asociado con silenciamiento génico. OBJETIVO: Analizar la metilación de cinco regiones de la isla CpG de MLH1 en tumores colorrectales de pacientes mexicanos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se obtuvieron 101 muestras de tejido tumoral de pacientes mexicanos con CCR, quienes proporcionaron su consentimiento informado. El ADN fue sometido a conversión por bisulfito. La metilación de las cinco regiones de la isla CpG fue evaluada utilizando PCR específica para metilación. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de metilación en pacientes mexicanos con CCR fue del 25%. La metilación de las regiones A y B fue el principal patrón observado (60%). Las pacientes de sexo femenino mostraron una mayor frecuencia de metilación (71%) (odds ratio: 3.085; intervalo de confianza; 1.85-8.03; p = 0.02); y del total de muestras metiladas, el 80% fueron individuos mayores de 45 años (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Calculamos una frecuencia de metilación para el gen MLH1 del 25% en pacientes mexicanos con CCR, siendo el primer reporte para esta población. Pacientes de sexo femenino y pacientes mayores de 45 años mostraron una mayor frecuencia de metilación.

Evaluación de guías de manejo para pacientes con labio y/o paladar hendido / Evaluation of management guidelines for cleft lip and/or palate patients

RESUMEN Introducción: Los defectos del desarrollo se deben a malformaciones congénitas, deformaciones o disrupciones. Las fisuras de labio y/o paladar son deficiencias estructurales congénitas debidas a la falta de unión entre procesos faciales embrionarios en formación. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de las guías de manejo de labio y/o paladar hendido. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Se evaluaron seis guías de manejo de labio y/o paladar hendido en inglés y español desde 1990 a 2012. La búsqueda se realizó de manera electrónica (nivel global) y manual (nivel local); en la electrónica se consultaron bases de datos como MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE y SciELO; para la búsqueda manual se solicitaron por escrito guías a entidades públicas y privadas que manejan pacientes con labio y/o paladar hendido como Hospital Militar, Hospital San José, Operación Sonrisa, y Universidad El Bosque. Estas guías fueron filtradas según título y contenido para su selección. Previo a la evaluación de estas, se realizó una estandarización entre las evaluadoras. Finalmente se evaluó la calidad de las guías según lineamientos del instrumento Agree II. Resultados: La guía clínica de Chile en los dominios 1 y 4 obtuvo 100 por ciento y la guía de la Universidad Santo Tomás en Bucaramanga, presentó menos del 50 por ciento en los seis dominios. Conclusiones: De las guías para el manejo de labio y/o paladar hendido evaluadas, ninguna cumplió con todos los criterios de calidad del instrumento Agree II(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Developmental defects are due to congenital malformations, deformations or disruptions. Lip and/or palate fissures are congenital structural deficiencies caused by lack of conjunction between developing embryonic facial processes. Objective: Evaluate the quality of cleft lip and/or palate management guidelines. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Evaluation was performed of six cleft lip and/or palate management guidelines published in English and Spanish from 1990 to 2012. The search was both electronic (global level) and manual (local level). The electronic search included databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and SciELO, whereas for the manual search written requests for guidelines were sent to public and private organizations that manage cleft lip and/or palate patients, such as the Military Hospital, San José Hospital, Operación Sonrisa (Operation Smile) and El Bosque University. For their selection, the guidelines were filtered by title and content. Before assessing the guidelines, the evaluators standardized them. Finally, evaluation of the guidelines was performed following the instructions in the AGREE II tool. Results: The Chilean clinical guideline obtained 100 percent in domains 1 and 4, whereas the guideline from Saint Thomas University in Bucaramanga obtained less than 50 percent in the six domains. Conclusions: None of the management guidelines for cleft lip and/or palate evaluated met all the quality criteria in the AGREE II tool(AU)

Estimating long-term survival of densely sintered alumina crowns: a cohort study over 10 years.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Alumina-core crowns have become a standard treatment option in contemporary dental practice. The short-term survival of alumina crowns has been well documented. However, there is still a paucity of long-term survival data. PURPOSE: The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to estimate long-term survival of alumina crowns in anterior and posterior areas over an observation period of up to 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1997 and 2005, 155 alumina crowns were placed in 50 subjects. Clinical and technical parameters were assessed at baseline. In 2005 and 2008, the crowns were clinically assessed using modified U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) guidelines. Treatment failure was defined as crown or tooth loss and separated into technical or biological failures. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: In 2008, 29 subjects with 112 alumina crowns, including 86 (77%) posterior and 26 (23%) anterior crowns, were available for clinical assessment. The average observation period for these subjects was 7.8 years, with a range from 3 to 10.7 years. In total, 3 technical and 8 biological failures were observed. The estimated survival probability considering technical failures only was 95% (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 89% to 100%). The estimated overall survival probability after 10 years was 84% (95% CI, 74% to 95%). There was no significant difference in treatment failures in posterior as compared to anterior crowns (all failures: P=.713; technical failures: P=.352). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the expected 10-year survival rate of alumina crowns due to technical failures is 95% (95% CI, 89% to 100%).

Antigenotoxic effect of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert essential oil in mouse spermatogonial cells, and determination of its antioxidant capacity in vitro.

Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Asteraceae), popularly known as chamomile, is a plant used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes. Chamomile essential oil (CEO) is particularly known to inhibit the genotoxic damage produced by mutagens in mice somatic cells. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory potential of CEO on the genotoxic damage produced by daunorubicin (DAU) in mice germ cells. We evaluated the effect of 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg of essential oil on the rate of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induced in spermatogonia by 10 mg/kg of the mutagen. We found no genotoxicity of CEO, but detected an inhibition of SCE after the damage induced by DAU; from the lowest to the highest dose of CEO we found an inhibition of 47.5%, 61.9%, and 93.5%, respectively. As a possible mechanism of action, the antioxidant capacity of CEO was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric thiocyanate assays. In the first test we observed a moderate scavenging potential of the oil; nevertheless, the second assay showed an antioxidant capacity similar to that observed with vitamin E. In conclusion, we found that CEO is an efficient chemoprotective agent against the damage induced by DAU in the precursor cells of the germinal line of mice, and that its antioxidant capacity may induce this effect.

[Low-cost simple anchorage systems in the removable hybrid prosthesis. Locator Root Attachment and Würzburg post]. / Kostengünstige, einfache Retentionsmöglichkeiten in der abnehmbaren Hybridprothetik. Locator Root Attachment und Würzburger Stift.

For a simple and provisional retention of a removable prosthesis, less expensive direct retainers are an option compared to indirect cast gold copings with attachment. The Dalbo-Rotex-retainer and the Ticap-system are clinically established. The Locator Root attachment and the Würzburger Stift were recently introduced. The Locator Root attachment uses a massive profiled cylindrical post as a radicular anchorage. The Würzburger Stift has a small endodontic part which is retained by four spreadable lamellae in a convergent cavity. They further differ in the design of the male and female part. Depending on the clinical situation these characteristics can offer benefits and disadvantages. Both systems are documented and their indication, advantages and restrictions are discussed with clinical relevance.

Clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns in the anterior and posterior regions.

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to investigate the long-term survival of Procera AllCeram all-ceramic crowns in the anterior and posterior regions. Between 1997 and 2005, 155 Procera crowns with aluminum oxide cores were placed in 50 patients. Patients were recalled in 2005 for a clinical assessment. Thirty-nine patients with 135 crowns attended the recall examination. Of the 135 total crowns, 103 were located in the posterior region and 32 were located in the anterior region. The cumulative survival rate was 100% in the anterior region and 98.8% in the posterior region (1 crown fracture) after 5 and 7 years. Clinical success was achieved irrespective of the tooth position, cement used (resin composite or glass-ionomer cement), or the core design with reduced or conventional margins. Procera AllCeram seems to be a predictable technique for esthetic all-ceramic single crown restorations in the anterior and posterior regions.

[Long-term clinical results with Procera AllCeram full-ceramic crowns]. / Klinische Langzeiterfahrungen mit Procera-AllCeram-Vollkeramikkronen.

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to investigate the long-term survival rate of Procera AllCeram full-ceramic crowns, which were fabricated with aluminiumoxide cores. In 50 patients, 155 Procera crowns with a conventional or reduced core (porcelain collar) were placed on natural abutment teeth. 78% of this group (39 patients with 135 crowns) were examined between May and August 2005 according to the modified USPHS-Criteria. These crowns had been in place for a period of one to 92 months (mean 55 months). Almost half of the crowns were located in the molar region, while 28% were premolars and 24% anterior crowns. Due to one crown fracture the cumulative survival rate was 99% after five and seven years. The clinical success was achieved irrespective of the tooth position, tooth vitality, the preparation margin and the cementum medium used (composite resin or glasionomer cement). In addition, survival was neither influenced by the core design with reduced or conventional margin nor by the core thickness, which measured regularly 0.6 mm in the majority of the specimens. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that Procera AllCeram is a predictable technique for metal-free, esthetic full-ceramic crowns in the anterior and posterior region.