Trends of Academic Faculty Identifying as Hispanic at US Medical Schools, 1990-2021.

Background: According to recent census data, Hispanic and Latino populations comprise the largest minority group in the United States. Despite ongoing efforts for improved diversity, equity, and inclusion, Hispanics remain underrepresented in medicine (UIM). In addition to well-established benefits to patient care and health systems, physician diversity and increased representation in academic faculty positively impact the recruitment of trainees from UIM backgrounds. Disproportionate representation (as compared to increases of certain underrepresented groups in the US population) has direct implications for recruitment of UIM trainees to residency programs. Objective: To examine the number of full-time US medical school faculty physicians who self-identify as Hispanic in light of the increasing Hispanic population in the United States. Methods: We analyzed data from the Association of American Medical Colleges from 1990 to 2021, looking at those academic faculty who were classified as Hispanic, Latino, of Spanish Origin, or of Multiple Race-Hispanic. We used descriptive statistics and visualizations to illustrate the level of representation of Hispanic faculty by sex, rank, and clinical specialty over time. Results: Overall, the proportion of faculty studied who identified as Hispanic increased from 3.1% (1990) to 6.01% (2021). Moreover, while the proportion of female Hispanic academic faculty increased, there remains a lag between females versus males. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that the number of full-time US medical school faculty who self-identify as Hispanic has not increased, though the population of Hispanics in the United States has increased.

Physician Pipeline and Pathway Programs: An Evidence-based Guide to Best Practices for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine.

Improving the diversity and representation in the medical workforce requires intentional and deliberate efforts to improve the pipeline and pathway for underrepresented in medicine (UIM) applicants. Diversity enhances educational experiences and improves patient care and outcomes. Through a critical review of the literature, in this article we offer evidence-based guidelines for physician pipeline and pathway programs (PP). Recommendations are provided regarding considerations on the types of programs and surrounding implementation to ensure a sound infrastructure and framework. We believe this guide will be valuable for all leaders and faculty members seeking to grow the UIM applicant pool in our efforts to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion within medicine.

Simulation-Based Mastery Learning Improves the Performance of Donning and Doffing of Personal Protective Equipment by Medical Students.

INTRODUCTION: Medical students lack adequate training on how to correctly don and doff personal protective equipment (PPE). Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) is an effective technique for procedural education. The aim of this study was to determine whether SBML improves proper PPE donning and doffing by medical students. METHODS: This was a prospective, pre-test/post-test study of 155 medical students on demonstration of correct PPE use before and after a SBML intervention. Subjects completed standard hospital training by viewing a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention training video on proper PPE use prior to the intervention. They then participated in a SBML training session that included baseline testing, deliberate practice with expert feedback, and post-testing until mastery was achieved. Students were assessed using a previously developed 21-item checklist on donning and doffing PPE with a minimum passing standard (MPS) of 21/21 items. We analyzed differences between pre-test and post-test scores using paired t-tests. Students at preclinical and clinical levels of training were compared with an independent t-test. RESULTS: Two participants (1.3%) met the MPS on pre-test. Of the remaining 153 subjects who participated in the intervention, 151 (98.7%) reached mastery. Comparison of mean scores from pre-test to final post-test significantly improved from an average raw score of 12.55/21 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.86), to 21/21(SD = 0), t(150) = 36.3, P <0.001. There was no difference between pre-test scores of pre-clinical and clinical students. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based mastery learning improves medical student performance in PPE donning and doffing in a simulated environment. This approach standardizes PPE training for students in advance of clinical experiences.

Holistic Review, Mitigating Bias, and Other Strategies in Residency Recruitment for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: An Evidence-based Guide to Best Practices from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine.

Advancement of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in emergency medicine can only occur with intentional recruitment of residency applicants underrepresented in medicine (UIM). Shared experiences from undergraduate and graduate medical education highlight considerations and practices that can contribute to improved diversity in the resident pool, such as holistic review and mitigating bias in the recruitment process. This review, written by members of the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine (CORD) Best Practices Subcommittee, offers best practice recommendations for the recruitment of UIM applicants. Recommendations address pre-interview readiness, interview approach, and post-interview strategies that residency leadership may use to implement holistic review and mitigate bias for recruitment of a diverse class.

A Brief Coaching Pilot Enhances Professional Identity Formation and Clinical Skills Acquisition During Emergency Medicine Clerkships Shortened by COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The Covid-19 pandemic limited educational and career development opportunities for medical students, requiring innovative programs to accelerate professional identity formation and clinical skills acquisition. METHODS: We developed a brief coaching intervention that took place over the advanced (sub-internship) emergency medicine rotation at our institution. We trained coaches using a newly developed workshop, who met with students for an average of 4.5 hours over 3 weeks. IMPACT/EFFECTIVENESS: We showed that this coaching program was both feasible and impactful for faculty coaches and medical students.

Faculty Recruitment, Retention, and Representation in Leadership: An Evidence-Based Guide to Best Practices for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine.

Improving the recruitment, retention, and leadership advancement of faculty who are under-represented in medicine is a priority at many academic institutions to ensure excellence in patient care, research, and health equity. Here we provide a critical review of the literature and offer evidence-based guidelines for faculty recruitment, retention, and representation in leadership. Recommendations for recruitment include targeted recruitment to expand the candidate pool with diverse candidates, holistic review of applications, and incentivizing stakeholders for success with diversity efforts. Retention efforts should establish a culture of inclusivity, promote faculty development, and evaluate for biases in the promotion and tenure process. We believe this guide will be valuable for all leaders and faculty members seeking to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in their institutions.

Emergency Department Access During COVID-19: Disparities in Utilization by Race/Ethnicity, Insurance, and Income.

INTRODUCTION: In March 2020, shelter-in-place orders were enacted to attenuate the spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Emergency departments (EDs) experienced unexpected and dramatic decreases in patient volume, raising concerns about exacerbating health disparities. METHODS: We queried our electronic health record to describe the overall change in visits to a two-ED healthcare system in Northern California from March-June 2020 compared to 2019. We compared weekly absolute numbers and proportional change in visits focusing on race/ethnicity, insurance, household income, and acuity. We calculated the z-score to identify whether there was a statistically significant difference in proportions between 2020 and 2019. RESULTS: Overall ED volume declined 28% during the study period. The nadir of volume was 52% of 2019 levels and occurred five weeks after a shelter-in-place order was enacted. Patient demographics also shifted. By week 4 (April 5), the proportion of Hispanic patients decreased by 3.3 percentage points (pp) (P = 0.0053) compared to a 6.2 pp increase in White patients (P = 0.000005). The proportion of patients with commercial insurance increased by 11.6 pp, while Medicaid visits decreased by 9.5 pp (P < 0.00001) at the initiation of shelter-in-place orders. For patients from neighborhoods <300% federal poverty levels (FPL), visits were -3.8 pp (P = 0.000046) of baseline compared to +2.9 pp (P = 0.0044) for patients from ZIP codes at >400% FPL the week of the shelter-in-place order. Overall, 2020 evidenced a consistently elevated proportion of high-acuity Emergency Severity Index (ESI) level 1 patients compared to 2019. Increased acuity was also demonstrated by an increase in the admission rate, with a 10.8 pp increase from 2019. Although there was an increased proportion of high-acuity patients, the overall census was decreased. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate changing ED utilization patterns circa the shelter-in-place orders. Those from historically vulnerable populations such as Hispanics, those from lower socioeconomic areas, and Medicaid users presented at disproportionately lower rates and numbers than other groups. As the pandemic continues, hospitals should use operations data to monitor utilization patterns by demographic, in addition to clinical indicators. Messaging about availability of emergency care and other services should include vulnerable populations to avoid exacerbating healthcare disparities.

Asymptomatic ST elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: A 71-year-old non-smoking female with a history of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and end-stage renal disease presented to the emergency department for right leg pain due to an ankle fracture. CASE: The patient's initial electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed ST segment elevations in the anterior leads. She denied any chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, lightheadedness, palpitations, nausea or diaphoresis. Her initial laboratory Troponin I resulted 35.9 ng/mL. Coronary catheterization demonstrated 99% occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. The patient had 2 drug eluting stents placed in the LAD with 10% residual stenosis. CONCLUSION: Although witnessing an ongoing asymptomatic ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is rare, this case highlights the importance of early revascularization when the ECG demonstrates a STEMI, even in the absence of symptoms for patients at risk for silent myocardial infarctions.

Leishmaniasis visceral: veinte años de experiencia clínica en población pediátrica en un hospital de referencia en Chiapas / Visceral leishmaniasis: 20 years of clinical experience in a pediatric population of a reference hospital in Chiapas, Mexico

Introducción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la experiencia clínica en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la leishmaniasis visceral en pacientes menores de 15 años atendidos, durante el periodo 1990-2010, en el Hospital General Dr. Rafael Pascasio Gamboa de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Métodos. Este fue un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que se llevó a cabo a través de la revisión de los expedientes clínicos existentes, los reportes epidemiológicos del archivo del servicio de epidemiología y los resúmenes clínicos archivados en el servicio de Pediatría del Hospital General Dr. Rafael Pascasio Gamboa de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral confirmado por serología, por inmunofluorescencia indirecta y por la presencia de amastigotos en el aspirado de medula ósea. Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y los epidemiológicos. Resultados. Durante el periodo 1990-2010 se registraron 72 niños con el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral. Se descartaron 9 casos por no reunir los datos indispensables para el análisis. Los 63 casos que se analizaron presentaron una edad comprendida entre 2 meses y 13 años; 56 (88%) fueron menores de 5 años. La relación con respecto al género (femenino-masculino) fue de 1:1.2. Se presentó fiebre en el 100% de los casos; esplenomegalia en 97%, hepatomegalia en 87% y pancitopenia en 95%. La serología para leishmania por inmunofluorescencia indirecta fue > 1:32, positiva en 98% de los casos y la presencia de amastigotos en 79% de los aspirados de médula ósea. En cinco niños se identificó Leishmania chagasi en medio de cultivo 3N (Nicolle-Novy-McNeal). Se presentó desnutrición en 75% de los niños. Conclusiones. En el estado de Chiapas, se debe considerar el diagnóstico de leishmaniasis visceral en pacientes con fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia y pancitopenia y se debe iniciar precozmente la búsqueda del parásito para evitar el desgaste que sufren los niños, lo que los conduce a la desnutrición y los pone en riesgo de muerte.

Background. We undertook this study to describe the clinical experience in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in patients <15 years of age who were treated from 1990-2010 in the Hospital General Dr. Rafael Pascacio Gamboa of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. Methods. This was a retrospective descriptive study. We reviewed the clinical files and epidemiological reports from the Department of Pediatrics of the Hospital General Dr. Rafael Pascacio Gamboa of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. All patients with a diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis confirmed by serology, indirect immunofluorescence and the presence of amastigotes in the bone marrow aspirate were included. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. Results. From 1990-2010, 72 children with the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis were reported. Nine cases were discarded because necessary data for the analysis were not collected. Sixty three subjects who were analyzed were between 2 months and 13 years of age; 56 (88%) were <5 years of age. Female:male ratio was 1:1.2. Fever was present in 100% of the cases, splenomegaly in 97%, hepatomegaly in 87% and pancytopenia in 95%. Serology for leishmania by indirect immunofluorescence was >1:32, positive in 98% of cases. The presence of amastigotes was found in 79% of the bone marrow aspirates. Leishmania chagasi was identified in culture medium 3N (Nicolle-Novy-McNeal) in five children; 75% of the children presented malnutrition. Conclusions. In the state of Chiapas, diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis should be considered in patients with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. The search for the parasite should be begun early to avoid clinical deterioration and pain, which leads to malnutrition and puts patients at risk of dying.