Oral health approach in universal health coverage.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to map how oral health is addressed within the universal health coverage (UHC). METHODS: This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Searches included the WHO Library and PubMed, Scopus, Embase, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included without publication date and language restrictions. RESULTS: A total of 486 studies were retrieved, of which 292 were excluded in the title and abstract screening phase; 121 full-texts were assessed. After the removal of duplicates and unavailable documents, 50 studies were included in the review and categorized according to the level of scientific evidence. CONCLUSION: Few studies discussed oral health within the UHC, mostly because this coverage does not include oral health adequately. When offered, oral health packages are limited and include specific populations. Access and use of oral health services remain guided by economic factors, exposing the theoretical financial protectionism that perpetuates health inequalities.

[Access to medicines for the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Brazilian population: data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey]. / Acesso a medicamentos para o tratamento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população brasileira: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019.

This study aimed to measure access to medicines for the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazil according to the mode of acquisition, as well as to analyze the factors associated with this access, based on data from the 2019 Brazilian National Survey of Health (PNS, acronym in Portuguese). Socioeconomic data and data related to the use of medicines by people aged 15 and over were analyzed in relation to access via the Brazilian Popular Pharmacy Program (PFPB, acronym in Portuguese) and via public services. The majority of Brazilians who took part in the PNS reported using medication to control hypertension in the previous 15 days (91.5%) and using oral medication for diabetes (95.2%) and/or insulin (70%). Most participants obtained oral medication for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus via PFPB (45.2% and 53.6%, respectively), and the factors that most negatively influenced this access were older age, lower income, lower schooling, very poor self-rated health and not having private health insurance. Access to insulin, on the other hand, was most often via the public health service (69.7%), and the factors that most negatively influenced this access were black/mixed-race skin color, lower income, very poor self-rated health and not having private health insurance. Generally, the importance of the PFPB as a policy to increase access to essential medicines in Brazil was highlighted, considering the free supply of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs.

Este estudo objetivou mensurar o acesso aos medicamentos para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no Brasil segundo a via de obtenção, bem como analisar os fatores associados a esse acesso, de acordo com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2019. Foram analisados dados socioeconômicos e relacionados ao uso de medicamentos de pessoas de 15 anos ou mais, em relação ao acesso via Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) e via serviço público. A maior parte dos brasileiros que participaram da PNS referiu fazer uso do medicamento para controle da hipertensão, nos últimos 15 dias (91,5%), assim como a maior parte referiu fazer uso de medicamento oral para diabetes (95,2%) e/ou uso da insulina (70%).Os medicamentos orais para hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foram obtidos majoritariamente via PFPB, sendo respectivamente (45,2% e 53,6%), e os fatores que mais influenciaram negativamente esse acesso foram maior faixa etária, menor renda, menor escolaridade, não ter plano de saúde e referir uma autoavaliação de saúde muito ruim. O acesso à insulina, por sua vez, se deu com maior frequência via serviço público de saúde (69,7%), e os fatores que mais influenciaram negativamente esse acesso foram raça preta/parda, menor renda, não ter plano de saúde e referir uma autoavaliação de saúde muito ruim. De forma geral, foi evidenciada a importância do PFPB como política de ampliação de acesso a medicamentos essenciais no Brasil, considerando a gratuidade dos anti-hipertensivos e antidiabéticos.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo medir el acceso a los medicamentos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Brasil según la vía de obtención, además de analizar los factores asociados a este acceso, según datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) de 2019. Se analizaron datos socioeconómicos y relacionados con el uso de medicamentos de personas de 15 años o más, con relación al acceso por medio del Programa Farmacia Popular de Brasil (PFPB) y por medio del servicio público. La mayor parte de los brasileños que participaron en la PNS refirió utilizar medicamentos para controlar la hipertensión, en los últimos 15 días (91,5%), así como la mayoría refirió el uso de medicamentos orales para la diabetes (95,2%) o uso de insulina (70%). Los medicamentos orales para hipertensión arterial sistémica y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se obtuvieron en su mayoría por medio del PFPB, respectivamente (45,2% y 53,6%), y los factores que influyeron de forma más negativa en este acceso fueron mayor rango de edad, menores ingresos, menor escolaridad, no tener seguro de salud y reportar una autoevaluación de salud muy mala. El acceso a la insulina, a su vez, se produjo con mayor frecuencia por medio del servicio público de salud (69,7%), y los factores que influyeron de forma más negativa en este acceso fueron la raza negra/morena, menores ingresos, no tener plan de salud y reportar una autoevaluación de salud muy mala. En general, se destacó la importancia de la PFPB como política de ampliación del acceso a medicamentos esenciales en Brasil, considerando la gratuidad de los antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos.

Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and its spatial distribution in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and its spatial distribution in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological, descriptive and analytical study of deaths, by municipality, recorded on the Mortality Information System, in 2020 and 2021. Excess mortality was measured by comparing observed and expected deaths, the latter estimated by calculating standardized mortality ratio (SMR). SMR and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Spatial analysis was performed by calculating the Global and Local Moran Index. RESULTS: Excess mortality was 20.6% and 27.5%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021, with positive spatial correlation (p-value < 0.05). More populous municipalities (2020: SMR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.24;1.27 and 2021: SMR = 1.34; 95%CI 1.32;1.34), more developed municipalities (2020: SMR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.41;1.44 and 2021: SMR = 1.51;95%CI 1.50;1.53) and municipalities in the Sertão region (2020:SMR = 1.31;95%CI 1.30;1.33 and 2021: SMR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.42;1.46) showed greater excess deaths. CONCLUSION: Excess mortality coincided with peak periods of COVID-19 transmission.

Acesso a medicamentos para o tratamento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população brasileira: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 / Access to medicines for the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Brazilian population: data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey / Acceso a medicamentos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la población brasileña: datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2019

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou mensurar o acesso aos medicamentos para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no Brasil segundo a via de obtenção, bem como analisar os fatores associados a esse acesso, de acordo com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2019. Foram analisados dados socioeconômicos e relacionados ao uso de medicamentos de pessoas de 15 anos ou mais, em relação ao acesso via Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) e via serviço público. A maior parte dos brasileiros que participaram da PNS referiu fazer uso do medicamento para controle da hipertensão, nos últimos 15 dias (91,5%), assim como a maior parte referiu fazer uso de medicamento oral para diabetes (95,2%) e/ou uso da insulina (70%).Os medicamentos orais para hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foram obtidos majoritariamente via PFPB, sendo respectivamente (45,2% e 53,6%), e os fatores que mais influenciaram negativamente esse acesso foram maior faixa etária, menor renda, menor escolaridade, não ter plano de saúde e referir uma autoavaliação de saúde muito ruim. O acesso à insulina, por sua vez, se deu com maior frequência via serviço público de saúde (69,7%), e os fatores que mais influenciaram negativamente esse acesso foram raça preta/parda, menor renda, não ter plano de saúde e referir uma autoavaliação de saúde muito ruim. De forma geral, foi evidenciada a importância do PFPB como política de ampliação de acesso a medicamentos essenciais no Brasil, considerando a gratuidade dos anti-hipertensivos e antidiabéticos.

Abstract: This study aimed to measure access to medicines for the treatment of systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazil according to the mode of acquisition, as well as to analyze the factors associated with this access, based on data from the 2019 Brazilian National Survey of Health (PNS, acronym in Portuguese). Socioeconomic data and data related to the use of medicines by people aged 15 and over were analyzed in relation to access via the Brazilian Popular Pharmacy Program (PFPB, acronym in Portuguese) and via public services. The majority of Brazilians who took part in the PNS reported using medication to control hypertension in the previous 15 days (91.5%) and using oral medication for diabetes (95.2%) and/or insulin (70%). Most participants obtained oral medication for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus via PFPB (45.2% and 53.6%, respectively), and the factors that most negatively influenced this access were older age, lower income, lower schooling, very poor self-rated health and not having private health insurance. Access to insulin, on the other hand, was most often via the public health service (69.7%), and the factors that most negatively influenced this access were black/mixed-race skin color, lower income, very poor self-rated health and not having private health insurance. Generally, the importance of the PFPB as a policy to increase access to essential medicines in Brazil was highlighted, considering the free supply of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo medir el acceso a los medicamentos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Brasil según la vía de obtención, además de analizar los factores asociados a este acceso, según datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) de 2019. Se analizaron datos socioeconómicos y relacionados con el uso de medicamentos de personas de 15 años o más, con relación al acceso por medio del Programa Farmacia Popular de Brasil (PFPB) y por medio del servicio público. La mayor parte de los brasileños que participaron en la PNS refirió utilizar medicamentos para controlar la hipertensión, en los últimos 15 días (91,5%), así como la mayoría refirió el uso de medicamentos orales para la diabetes (95,2%) o uso de insulina (70%). Los medicamentos orales para hipertensión arterial sistémica y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se obtuvieron en su mayoría por medio del PFPB, respectivamente (45,2% y 53,6%), y los factores que influyeron de forma más negativa en este acceso fueron mayor rango de edad, menores ingresos, menor escolaridad, no tener seguro de salud y reportar una autoevaluación de salud muy mala. El acceso a la insulina, a su vez, se produjo con mayor frecuencia por medio del servicio público de salud (69,7%), y los factores que influyeron de forma más negativa en este acceso fueron la raza negra/morena, menores ingresos, no tener plan de salud y reportar una autoevaluación de salud muy mala. En general, se destacó la importancia de la PFPB como política de ampliación del acceso a medicamentos esenciales en Brasil, considerando la gratuidad de los antihipertensivos y antidiabéticos.

Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and its spatial distribution in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: an ecological study / Exceso de mortalidad durante la pandemia de covid-19 y su distribución espacial en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil: un estudio ecológico / Excesso de mortalidade durante a pandemia de covid-19 e sua distribuição espacial no estado de Pernambuco, um estudo ecológico

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and its spatial distribution in Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods This was an ecological, descriptive and analytical study of deaths, by municipality, recorded on the Mortality Information System, in 2020 and 2021. Excess mortality was measured by comparing observed and expected deaths, the latter estimated by calculating standardized mortality ratio (SMR). SMR and respective confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Spatial analysis was performed by calculating the Global and Local Moran Index. Results Excess mortality was 20.6% and 27.5%, respectively, in 2020 and 2021, with positive spatial correlation (p-value < 0.05). More populous municipalities (2020: SMR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.24;1.27 and 2021: SMR = 1.34; 95%CI 1.32;1.34), more developed municipalities (2020: SMR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.41;1.44 and 2021: SMR = 1.51;95%CI 1.50;1.53) and municipalities in the Sertão region (2020:SMR = 1.31;95%CI 1.30;1.33 and 2021: SMR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.42;1.46) showed greater excess deaths. Conclusion Excess mortality coincided with peak periods of COVID-19 transmission.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar el exceso de mortalidad durante la pandemia de Covid-19 y su distribución espacial en Pernambuco. Métodos Estudio ecológico, descriptivo y analítico de las defunciones, por municipio, registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, en 2020 y 2021. El exceso de mortalidad se midió comparando las defunciones observadas y esperadas, estimada por tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas. Se calcularon la SMR y los respectivos intervalos de confianza (IC95%). El análisis espacial se realizó mediante el cálculo del Índice de Moran Global y Local. Resultados Hubo un exceso de mortalidad del 20,6% y 27,5%, respectivamente, en 2020 y 2021, y una correlación espacial positiva (valor p < 0,05). Municipios más poblados (2020: SMR = 1,26; IC95%: 1,24;1,27 y 2021: SMR = 1,34; IC95%: 1,32;1,34), más desarrollados (2020: SMR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,41;1,44 y 2021: SMR = 1,51; IC95%: 1,50;1,53) y Sertão (2020:SMR = 1,31;IC95%: 1,30;1,33 y 2021: SMR = 1,44; IC95%: 1,42;1,46) presentaron mayor exceso fallecidos. Conclusión El exceso de mortalidad coincidió con períodos pico de transmisión de Covid-19.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o excesso de mortalidade na pandemia de covid-19 e sua distribuição espacial no estado de Pernambuco. Métodos Estudo ecológico, descritivo e analítico dos óbitos, por município, registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, em 2020 e 2021. O excesso de mortalidade foi mensurado comparando-se os óbitos observados e esperados, este último estimado pelo cálculo das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas. Foram calculados a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). A análise espacial foi realizada pelo cálculo do Índice de Moran Global e Local. Resultados Verificou-se excesso de mortalidade de 20,6% e de 27,5%, respectivamente, em 2020 e 2021, e correlação espacial positiva (p-valor < 0,05). Municípios mais populosos (2020: SMR = 1,26; IC95% 1,24;1,27 e 2021: SMR = 1,34; IC95% 1,32;1,34), mais desenvolvidos (2020: SMR = 1,43; IC95% 1,41;1,44 e 2021: SMR = 1,51; IC95% 1,50;1,53) e do Sertão (2020: SMR = 1,31; IC95% 1,30;1,33 e 2021: SMR = 1,44; IC95% 1,42;1,46) apresentaram maior excesso de mortes. Conclusão O excesso de mortalidade coincidiu com os períodos de pico de transmissão da covid-19.

Explaining public dental service utilization: A theoretical model.

OBJECTIVES: Constructing and validating a theoretical model of relationships between dental services use and socioeconomic characteristics, oral health status, primary care coverage, and public dental services. METHODS: The first stage of the study consisted of developing a theoretical-conceptual model to demonstrate the expected relationships between variables based on the literature. In the second stage, we tested the proposed theoretical model using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, using data from the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019 with a sample of 41,664 individuals aged 15 or older. RESULTS: This study successfully defined a theoretical model that explains the systematic relationships involving public dental services utilization. Socioeconomic status was negatively associated with oral health status (ß = -0.376), enrollment in primary care facilities (ß = -0.254), and the use of public dental consultations (ß = -0.251). Being black, indigenous, or living in a rural area was directly associated with lower socioeconomic status and greater use of public dental services. CONCLUSIONS: The identified relationships, establishing a theoretical basis for further investigations, also provide evidence of a public access policy's effect on oral health services on equity, supporting the construction of more effective and equitable public policies.

Access to medicines among the Brazilian population based on the 2019 National Health Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Access to medicines is a challenge, especially in developing countries, highlighting the need of population-based research to evaluate access and related factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess access to medicines and identify associated factors using data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS). METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 PNS and considered access to prescription medicines as the primary outcome. The sample included 24,753 individuals aged 15 years or older who looked for medical care in the last 15 days and received a medicine prescription. Andersen's behavioral model was used to select independent variables. After descriptive analysis, a multinomial logistic regression multilevel analysis was performed using the independent variables with a significance level lower than 0.20 in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The lowest chances of getting access to medicines were observed in individuals aged between 40 and 59 years, women, with complete middle and high school, with lower-income families, who attended public services, with worse self-assessed health, and those who looked for health care for disease prevention and health promotion. CONCLUSIONS: Access to medicines among the Brazilian population is associated with social, economic, and health perception factors. Our findings may update and guide the development of public policies on medication and pharmaceutical care, facilitating medication purchases by the care user and promoting health equity.

Using Andersen's behavioural model to examine individual and contextual factors associated with dental service utilization in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to examine individual and contextual factors associated with the frequency of dental service utilization among adolescents, adults and older adults Brazilians. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the Brazilian 2019 National Health Survey (94 114 individuals). The outcome 'when was your last dental appointment?' was categorized into three groups: up to 1 year, more than 1 year and never had a dental appointment. Andersen's behavioural model was used to select contextual and individual variables. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The following variables showed increased probability to the outcome had the last dental appointment more than 1 year ago: older adult, illiterate or incomplete primary school, and without private dental insurance. The outcome never had a dental appointment was significantly associated with illiterate (OR 26.65; 95% CI 17.63-40.29), male (OR 2.38; 95% CI 2.17-2.61), without private dental insurance (OR 5.20; 95% CI 3.48-7.76), self-rated oral health as bad or very bad (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.31-3.09), household not enrolled in primary care teams (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.11-1.49), household in a rural area (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.69-2.05), high household crowding (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04-1.14) and low household income per capita (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that contextual and individual factors induce inequity in dental appointments. Moreover, Andersen's behavioural model demonstrated inequitable access for dental services in Brazil, in which social structure and enabling characteristics, rather than the need for the service, determine who receives health care. Living in a household enrolled in primary care teams favoured regular dental appointments. Thus, these findings may help policymakers improve health access by expanding coverage of dental services in primary health care.

Inequalities in the profile of using dental services in Brazil. / Desigualdades no perfil de utilização de serviços odontológicos no Brasil.

This study aimed to examine the influence of socioeconomic factors on inequality in the use of dental services within the Brazilian population. The methodology was based on a sectional study, using secondary data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS, in Portuguese). The database contains information on 60,202 individuals over 18 years of age. The dependent variables were "frequency of dental appointments" and "type of dental treatment performed in the last appointment". The independent variables were sex, age group, education, social class measured using the Brazil criterion, and geographic region. The odds-ratio of outcomes were evaluated in the multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic regression model. It was noticed that the population subgroups comprising Blacks and those residing in the North/Northeast, with lower social class and education, had a greater chance of having irregular follow-up and never having been to the dentist. In addition, this population stratum also had a greater chance of undergoing surgical or emergency dental procedures in the last dental appointment. Data from the 2013 PNS reveal a picture of social inequality in access to dental services in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos na desigualdade de utilização de serviços odontológicos na população brasileira. A metodologia baseou-se em um estudo seccional, com uso de dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. O banco de dados utilizado contém informações sobre 60.202 indivíduos maiores de 18 anos. As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram "frequência de consulta odontológica" e "tipo de tratamento odontológico realizado na última consulta. As variáveis independentes avaliadas foram sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, classe social mensurada através do critério Brasil e região geográfica. Na análise multivariada, foram avaliadas as odds-ratio dos desfechos a partir de um modelo de regressão logística multinominal. Percebeu-se que a população de cor/raça negra, residente na região Norte/Nordeste, de menor classe social e escolaridade apresentou maior chance de realizar acompanhamento irregular e nunca ter ido ao dentista. Além disso, este estrato populacional também apresentou maior chance de realizar procedimentos odontológicos cirúrgicos ou de urgência na última consulta odontológica. Os dados da PNS 2013 demonstram um quadro de desigualdade social no acesso a serviços odontológicos no Brasil.

Desigualdades no perfil de utilização de serviços odontológicos no Brasil / Inequalities in the profile of using dental services in Brazil

Resumo Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos na desigualdade de utilização de serviços odontológicos na população brasileira. A metodologia baseou-se em um estudo seccional, com uso de dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. O banco de dados utilizado contém informações sobre 60.202 indivíduos maiores de 18 anos. As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram "frequência de consulta odontológica" e "tipo de tratamento odontológico realizado na última consulta. As variáveis independentes avaliadas foram sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, classe social mensurada através do critério Brasil e região geográfica. Na análise multivariada, foram avaliadas as odds-ratio dos desfechos a partir de um modelo de regressão logística multinominal. Percebeu-se que a população de cor/raça negra, residente na região Norte/Nordeste, de menor classe social e escolaridade apresentou maior chance de realizar acompanhamento irregular e nunca ter ido ao dentista. Além disso, este estrato populacional também apresentou maior chance de realizar procedimentos odontológicos cirúrgicos ou de urgência na última consulta odontológica. Os dados da PNS 2013 demonstram um quadro de desigualdade social no acesso a serviços odontológicos no Brasil.

Abstract This study aimed to examine the influence of socioeconomic factors on inequality in the use of dental services within the Brazilian population. The methodology was based on a sectional study, using secondary data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS, in Portuguese). The database contains information on 60,202 individuals over 18 years of age. The dependent variables were "frequency of dental appointments" and "type of dental treatment performed in the last appointment". The independent variables were sex, age group, education, social class measured using the Brazil criterion, and geographic region. The odds-ratio of outcomes were evaluated in the multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic regression model. It was noticed that the population subgroups comprising Blacks and those residing in the North/Northeast, with lower social class and education, had a greater chance of having irregular follow-up and never having been to the dentist. In addition, this population stratum also had a greater chance of undergoing surgical or emergency dental procedures in the last dental appointment. Data from the 2013 PNS reveal a picture of social inequality in access to dental services in Brazil.

Odontologia para Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais: uma análise das estruturas curriculares dos cursos de Odontologia da região Nordeste / Dentistry for Patients with Special Needs: an analysis of the curricular structures of Dentistry courses in the Northeast region

O estudo objetivou analisar as estruturas curriculares dos cursos de Odontologia da região Nordeste e investigar a presença do componente curricular Odontologia para Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais(OPNE). Trata-se de um estudo seccional, descritivo e quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados entre junho e dezembro de 2020 no sítio eletrônico do Ministério da Educação (e-MEC) e nos portaisdas instituições de ensino identificadas,comanálise das estruturas curriculares dos cursos. Havia138 cursos de Odontologia autorizados e cadastrados na plataformaedestes, seteforam excluídos por ausência de portal atualizado ou por ainda não ter formado pelo menos umaturma. Dos 131 cursos de graduação em Odontologia analisados, verificou-se que 62 IES (47,30%) ofertavam o componente OPNE, dentre as quais53 (40,50%) o ofertavam como componente obrigatório.O estado da Paraíba apresentou a maior frequência (n=13, 86,7%) de cursos que ofertam o componente curricular, enquanto o estado de Sergipe obteve a menor frequência (n=1, 16,7%).Conclui-se que o componente curricular OPNE é pouco ofertado nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia na região Nordeste,o que pode impactardiretamente na capacitação dos profissionais para prestar um melhor cuidado de saúde bucal para essa população (AU).

The study aimed to analyze the curricular structures of the Dentistry courses in the Northeast region and investigate the curricular component named DPSN (Dentistry for Patients with Special Needs). This is a sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. The data were collected between June and November 2020 on the Ministry of Education's (e-MEC) website and the educational institutions' portals identified by analyzing the curricular structures of the courses. There were 138 authorized Dentistry courses registered on the platform; and, of these, seven were excluded for lack of an updated portal or for not having at least one formed class. Of the 131 analyzed undergraduate courses in Dentistry, it was found that 62 HEI (47.30%) offered the DPSN component, among which 53 (40.50%) offered it as a compulsory component. The state of Paraíba showed the highest frequency (n=13, 86.7%) of the courses offering the curricular component, while the state of Sergipe obtained the lowest frequency (n=1, 16.7%). It is concluded that the DPSN curricular component islittle offered in the undergraduate courses in Dentistry in the Northeast region and directly impacts professionals' training to provide better oral health care for this population (AU).

Avaliação de um curso de Odontologia com base nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais: um estudo seccional / Evaluation of a Dentistry course based on the National Curricular Guidelines: a sectional study

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar, a partir da visão de professores e estudantes, um curso de graduação em Odontologia, com base nasDiretrizes Curriculares Nacionais(DCN). Trata-se de um estudo observacional e transversal, com metodologia exploratória, descritiva e de avaliação. A abordagem utilizada foi quantitativa, por meio da aplicação de questionário online, por meio de instrumento com critérios validados. A amostra de professores e estudantes do curso foi censitária. A Integração ensino-serviço obteve o melhor desempenho relativo entre as dimensões avaliadas tanto por estudantes quanto por professores. A maior parte dos estudantes considerou o curso adequado às DCN (50,2%), enquanto a maioria dos professores o consideraram parcialmente adequado (56,36%). Os estudantes mostraram-se mais satisfeitos com a formação ofertada no curso atribuindo maiores valores de média para todas as dimensões e subdimensões. Referente ao perfil do egresso, professores e estudantes atribuíram o pior desempenho à subdimensão "Autônomo", o melhor desempenho foi atribuído às subdimensões "Generalista" e "Capaz de compreender a realidade social". Na dimensão Orientação do cuidado em saúde professores e estudantes atribuíram melhor desempenho àsubdimensão "Tratamento odontológico", enquanto o pior desempenho foi atribuído à "Multiprofissionalidade" e "Enfoque epidemiológico". Na dimensão Abordagem pedagógica, o melhor desempenho foi atribuído às subdimensões "Papel do professor" e "Articulação ensino-pesquisa-extensão", o pior desempenho foi atribuído por professores e estudantes àsubdimensão "Flexibilização curricular". A dimensão Integração ensino-serviço e subdimensões relacionadas foram bem avaliadastanto por professores quanto por estudantes. As principais fragilidades encontradas estão relacionadas com dimensões que abordam as relações profissional/paciente e a as relações entre o cirurgião-dentista e a equipe de saúde durante a formação profissional. Faz-se necessária a criação de estratégias de reorientação da formação direcionadas a novos conceitos metodológicos de ensino e aprendizagem para a efetivação das DCN no curso de Odontologia avaliado (AU).

The study had the purpose of evaluating, from thepoint of view of teachers and students, an undergraduate course in Dentistry, based on the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG). This is an observational and cross-sectional study, with exploratory, descriptive and evaluative methodology. The approach used was quantitative, through the application of an online survey, by means of an instrument with validated criteria. The sample of teachers and students was a census. The "Teaching-service Integration" dimension obtained the best relative performance amongthose evaluated by both students and professors. Most students considered the course adequate to the NCG (50.2%), while most professors considered it partially adequate (56.36%). Students showed themselves to be more satisfied with the training offered inthe course, assigning higher average ratings for all dimensions and subdimensions. Regarding the "Graduate Profile", professors and students gave the worst performance to the subdimension "Autonomous"; the best performance was attributed to the subdimensions "Generalist" and "Able to Understand the Social Reality". In the dimension "Healthcare Orientation", both teachers and students evaluated the best results in the subdimension "Dental Treatment", while the worst results were attributed to the subdimensions "Multiprofessionalism" and "Epidemiological Approach". In the "Pedagogical Approach" dimension, the best performance was attributed to thesubdimensions "Professor's Role" and "Teaching-research-extension Articulation", and the worst performance was attributed by professors and students to the subdimension "Curricular Flexibility". The "Teaching-service Integration" dimension and related subdimensions were well assessed by both professors and students.The main weaknesses found are related to dimensionsthat address the professional/patient relationships and the relationships between the dental surgeon and the healthcare team during professional qualification. It is necessary to develop strategies for the reorientation of training focused on new methodological concepts of teaching and learning for the implementation of the NCG in the evaluated Dentistry course (AU).

Utilização de serviços odontológicos no Brasil / Use of dental services in Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a utilização de serviços odontológicos no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, observacional, transversal, analítico. Os dados individuais foram obtidos das Pesquisas Nacionais de Saúde desenvolvidas nos anos de 2013 e 2019. Os dados foram analisados considerando os pesos amostrais decorrentes de amostras complexas. Para cada estudo, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de análise múltipla que contemplaram os objetivos do estudo. Os resultados foram discutidos em três artigos científicos aceitos para publicação em periódicos e um artigo em fase de finalização. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a população negra, residente na região Norte e Nordeste, de menor classe social e escolaridade apresentam maior chance de ter ido ao dentista há mais de dois anos e de nunca ter ido ao dentista, bem como maior chance de realizar procedimentos odontológicos cirúrgicos ou de urgência na última consulta odontológica. Observou-se em relação às características do domicílio, que morar em área rural, maior aglomeração e menor renda familiar reduziram as chances de ter utilizado serviços odontológicos no último ano. Por outro lado, pessoas que residiam em domicílios cadastrados na Estratégia de Saúde da Família tiveram menor chance de não ter realizado uma consulta odontológica ao longo da vida, ou de terem ido ao dentista há mais de um ano. Ao analisar especificamente a utilização de serviços públicos odontológicos, após ajuste para idade e sexo, a escolaridade, a cor da pele ou raça e a renda familiar demonstraram efeito predisponente na utilização de serviços públicos odontológicos. Os fatores facilitadores foram residir em domicílios cadastrados em equipes de atenção primária ou localizados em áreas rurais. Os fatores de necessidade associados à utilização de serviço odontológico público foram autopercepção de saúde bucal ruim ou péssima e não ter realizado tratamento restaurador no último atendimento odontológico. Em relação aos fatores contextuais, a utilização de serviço público odontológico esteve associada à maior cobertura populacional por equipes de saúde bucal na atenção primária. De forma geral, observamos um acesso desigual aos serviços odontológicos no Brasil. Esse cenário ocorre quando fatores sociais e facilitadores determinam quem utiliza os serviços, em detrimento da necessidade de utilização. Apesar disso, observamos um efeito importante, decorrente da oferta de serviços odontológicos na atenção primária como um fator mitigador de tais desigualdades, o que demonstra um efeito positivo das estratégias adotadas na Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (AU).

The present study aimed to analyze dental services utilization in Brazil. This is a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, analytical study. Individual data from the National Health Surveys developed in 2013 and 2019. Data were analyzed by adjusting the sample weights resulting from complex samples. For each study, multivariate analysis techniques addressed the study's objectives. The results will be discussed in three scientific papers accepted for publication in journals and one article in the process of being finalized. It was noticed that the population subgroups comprising Blacks and those residing in the North or Northeast, with lower social class and education, had a greater chance of having a last dental appointment more than two years and never having been to the dentist. In addition, this population stratum also had a greater chance of undergoing surgical or emergency dental procedures in the last dental appointment. The outcome never had a dental appointment was significantly associated with illiterate, males, without private dental insurance, self-rated oral health as bad or very bad, household not enrolled in primary care teams, household in a rural area, high household crowding, and low household income per capita. The highest prevalence of public dental service utilization on an individual level was observed among unable to read or write people, indigenous, black or brown, with lower per capita household income, living in the rural area, and who self-rated oral health as regular or very bad/bad. On the contextual level, highest public dental service utilization was observed among those living in federal units with increased oral health coverage in primary health care. In general, we observe inequalities in dental services utilization in Brazil. This scenario occurs when social characteristics and facilitating aspects determine who uses the services, to the detriment of the need to use them. Despite this, we observed an important effect resulting from the provision of dental services in primary care as a mitigating factor for such inequalities, demonstrating a positive effect of the strategies adopted in the National Oral Health Policy (AU).

Contextual and individual factors associated with public dental services utilisation in Brazil: A multilevel analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study verified the association between contextual and individual factors and public dental services utilisation in Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted based on a cross-sectional population-based household survey performed in Brazil (National Health Survey- 2019)). Data was collected between August 2019 and March 2020. Total sample included 43,167 individuals aged ≥15 years who had at least one dental appointment in the last 12 months before interview. Study outcome was 'public dental service utilisation', and Andersen's behavioral model was adopted for selecting independent variables. A multilevel analysis was performed using individual factors as first level and federation units as second level. RESULTS: The highest prevalence of public dental service utilisation on an individual level was observed among unable to read or write people (PR: 3.31; p<0.001), indigenous (PR: 1.40; p<0.001), black or brown (PR: 1.16; p<0.001), with per capita household income of up to U$124 (PR: 2.40; p<0.001), living in the rural area (PR: 1.28; p<0.001), and who self-rated oral health as regular (PR: 1.15; p<0.001) or very bad/bad (PR: 1.26; p<0.001). On the contextual level, highest PR of public dental service utilisation was observed among those living in federal units with increased oral health coverage in primary health care. CONCLUSIONS: Public dental service utilisation is associated with individual and contextual factors. These results can guide decision-making based on evidence from policymakers, demonstrating the potential for mitigating oral health inequalities and increasing service coverage in a public and universal health system.

Use of rehabilitation services by persons with disabilities in Brazil: A multivariate analysis from Andersen's behavioral model.

BACKGROUND: For many years, discussions about health care for people with disabilities (PwD) in Brazil have not been treated as a priority; however, based on the advances made at the beginning of this century, new policies have been developed with the aim of improving access of these people to health services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze how individual characteristics and contextual indicators are associated with access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil. METHODS: A multivariate analysis was performed based on data from the National Health Survey 2013, considering access to rehabilitation services by PwD as the primary outcome and individual and contextual factors selected from Andersen's behavioral model as independent variables. The contextual variables were reduced to two composite indicators (1-primary health care coverage and unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, and 2-economic inequality) from the analysis of the principal components. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: Access to rehabilitation services by PwD was more prevalent in people aged 0 to 17 years (PR = 3.28; 95%CI 2.85-3.78), who are illiterate (PR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.09-1.40), whose socioeconomic level is A or B (PR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.35-1.88), who have health insurance (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.15-1.49), who have severe limitations (PR = 3.09; 95%CI 2.64-3.62), who live in states with a good offer of Specialized Rehabilitation Centers, both type II (PR = 1.20; CI95% 1.08; 1.33) and type IV (PR = 1.29; CI95% 1.15; 1.44), and who have greater coverage of primary health care, but unfavorable socioeconomic conditions (PR = 1.15; CI95% 1.03-1.28). CONCLUSION: The results clarify the social inequities that exist regarding access to rehabilitation services for PwD in Brazil and highlight the need to formulate and implement public policies that guarantee the realization of the rights of these people.

Does the implementation of a national oral health policy reduce inequalities in oral health services utilization? The Brazilian experience.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the trend in income-related inequalities in oral health services utilization by the Brazilian population from 1998 to 2013. This period represents a timeline that includes different stages of implementation of the National Oral Health Policy. METHODS: The design was based on repeated cross-sectional surveys using secondary data from household-based studies carried out in Brazil in 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013. The dependent variable was "having access to a dentist appointment at least once in a lifetime (yes/no)." Monthly household per capita income, based on Brazil's minimum wage, was included as the main independent variable. To measure the inequalities in oral health access related to economic position, the following complex indexes based on regression were used: (a) the slope index of inequality (SII) and (b) the relative index of inequality (RII). RESULTS: There was a reduction in the percentage of individuals who never had a dentist appointment for all age groups and income classifications. In general, there was a reduction trend in absolute inequality for all age groups (p < 0.001). The relative inequality and reduction trend were different between the age groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: The National Oral Health Policy was very important for expanding free of charge, public access to dental appointment. However, despite policy implementation, there continues to be high levels of inequality in access to dental consultation. Assessing which strategies are necessary to overcome this challenge is discussed.

Prevalence of COVID-19 infection in black people in primary health care, hospital units and intensive care units: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic has affected people all over the world. In this context, health disparities are already evident in becoming ill and dying from this condition, further accentuating historical racial inequalities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This protocol will be developed based on the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. For this, searches will be carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs and ScienceDirect databases searching for cross-sectional studies that assessed the prevalence of black people with COVID-19 at different levels of complexity. All cross-sectional studies that analysed the prevalence of COVID-19 in black people assisted in primary care, hospital wards and intensive care units will be included. The research will be carried out by two independent researchers who will identify the articles; they will exclude duplicate studies. Through blind evaluation, they will select the articles using the Rayyan QCRI application. The instrument proposed by Downs and Black will be used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analyses will be performed according to the data conditions included. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: For this study's development, there is no need for an ethical appraisal considering that it is a systematic review that will use secondary studies. This study's findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and condensed summaries for main stakeholders and partners in the field. The database search is expected to begin on 1 February 2021. It is expected to complete the entire review process by 30 October 2021 TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020209079.

Factors associated with increased risk of death from covid-19: a survival analysis based on confirmed cases. / Fatores associados a maior risco de ocorrência de óbito por COVID-19: análise de sobrevivência com base em casos confirmados.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a survival analysis of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 identified by health information systems, analyzing the factors associated with the highest risk of death. METHODS: Survival analysis of individuals notified with COVID-19 in Rio Grande do Norte State using data from the Health Information Systems for the surveillance of cases of and deaths from COVID-19. The dependent variable was the period until the outcome occurrence. The independent variables were sex, self-reported skin color, age group, residence in the capital, and the presence of comorbidities. For data analysis the Kaplan-Meyer method and Cox-time-dependent Regression Model for multivariate analysis were used, with the covariable "period since the event notification recorded in days". RESULTS: Highest risk of death were observed in individuals aged 80 or older (HR = 8.06; p < 0.001), male (HR = 1.45, p < 0.001), non-white skin color (HR = 1.13; p < 0.033) or with no information (HR = 1.29; p < 0.001), with comorbidities (HR = 10.44; p < 0.001) or presence of comorbidities not reported (HR = 10.87; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The highest risk of occurrence of deaths from COVID-19 was observed in older adults, especially those over 80, patients who have comorbidities, men, and of non-white skin color. From the identification of the profile of patients with a higher risk of death with the identification by the health system, specific strategies of health care must be taken to prevent the evolution to death in these cases.

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma análise de sobrevivência de indivíduos diagnosticados com COVID-19 identificados pelos sistemas de informação em saúde, analisando os fatores associados ao maior risco de ocorrência de óbitos. MÉTODOS: Análise de sobrevivência de indivíduos notificados por COVID-19 no estado do Rio Grande do Norte até o dia 24 de agosto de 2020, utilizando dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde. A variável dependente foi o tempo até a ocorrência do desfecho. As variáveis independentes foram sexo, cor da pele, faixa etária, residir ou não na capital e presença de comorbidades. Para análise de dados, utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer e, na análise multivariada, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão de Cox tempo-dependente, utilizando a covariável "tempo desde a notificação do evento em dias". RESULTADOS: Apresentaram maiores riscos de ocorrência de óbitos por COVID-19 os indivíduos com 80 anos ou mais de idade (HR = 8,06; p < 0,001), do sexo masculino (HR = 1,45; p < 0,001), com cor de pele não branca (HR = 1,13; p < 0,033) ou sem informação (HR = 1,29; p < 0,001), que tinham comorbidades (HR = 10,44; p < 0,001) ou que a presença de comorbidades não foi informada (HR = 10,87; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O maior risco de ocorrência de óbitos por COVID-19 foi observado em indivíduos idosos, sobretudo os com idade acima de 80 anos, pacientes com comorbidades, homens e com cor de pele não branca. Com base na identificação desse perfil, estratégias e linhas de cuidado específicas devem ser tomadas para prevenir a evolução ao óbito nesses casos pela identificação desses indivíduos no sistema de saúde.

[Performance of Brazilian municipalities in the supply of specialized oral health services]. / Desempenho dos municípios brasileiros quanto à oferta de serviços especializados em saúde bucal.

The study aimed to analyze factors associated with the availability of specialized dental services in Brazilian municipalities. This was an ecological study with a sample of 776 municipalities that participated in the first cycle of the Program to Improve Access and Quality of Dental Specialization Centers (PMAQ-CEO, in Portuguese) survey held in 2014. The study's dependent variables consisted of a coefficient created with variables on the number of professionals and the workweek of dentists in the minimum set of specialties, per 10,000 inhabitants. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to create a score for the municipalities' performance with the availability of specialized dental services. Factors associated with the municipalities' performance were assessed with Pearson's chi-square test, with the following municipal indicators as independent variables, categorized in tertiles: per capita income, Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M), resident population, total health spending per inhabitant, and Oral Health Teams per 10,000 inhabitants. Higher performance with the availability of specialized oral health services was associated with municipalities having smaller populations (67.3%; CI: 61.6-73.0; p < 0.001), lower HDI-M (41.9%; CI: 35.8-48.0; p < 0.001), lower per capita income (41.2%; CI: 35.2-47.3; p < 0.001), and higher mean number of oral health teams per 10,000 inhabitants (50.6%; CI: 46.0-58.4; p < 0.001). The results show positive impacts from the implementation of the National Oral Health Policy in Brazil, meeting the goal of expanding the supply of secondary care services according to the principle of equity in care.

Objetivou-se analisar em nível nacional os fatores associados à disponibilidade de serviços odontológicos especializados nos municípios brasileiros. É um estudo ecológico, com amostra de 776 municípios que participaram do 1º ciclo do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade dos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas (PMAQ-CEO) realizado em 2014. As variáveis dependentes do estudo consistiram em um coeficiente criado com base nas variáveis de número de profissionais e carga horária semanal de cirurgiões-dentistas atuando nas especialidades mínimas por 10 mil habitantes. Realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória para a criação de um escore que mensura o desempenho dos municípios quanto à disponibilidade de serviços odontológicos especializados. A fim de avaliar os fatores associados ao desempenho dos municípios utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, tendo como variáveis independentes os seguintes indicadores municipais categorizados em tercis: renda per capita, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M), população residente, despesa total com saúde por habitante e equipes de saúde bucal por 10 mil habitantes. O maior desempenho quanto à disponibilidade de serviços especializados em saúde bucal esteve associado a municípios com menor porte populacional (67,3%; IC: 61,6-73,0; p < 0,001), com menor IDH-M (41,9%; IC: 35,8-48,0; p < 0,001) e com menor renda per capita (41,2%; IC: 35,2-47,3; p < 0,001) e maior média de equipes de saúde bucal por 10 mil habitantes (50,6%; IC: 46,0-58,4; p < 0,001). Os resultados demonstram impactos positivos da implantação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal no país, como o cumprimento do objetivo de ampliação da oferta dos serviços de atenção secundária sob o princípio da equidade na assistência.

El objetivo fue analizar nacionalmente los factores asociados con la disponibilidad de servicios odontológicos especializados en municipios brasileños. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, con una muestra de 776 municipios que participaron en el 1er ciclo del Programa para Mejorar el Acceso y la Calidad de los Centros de Especialización Odontológicas (PMAQ-CEO, en Portugués), realizado en 2014. Las variables dependientes del estudio consistieron en un coeficiente creado a partir de las variables de número de profesionales y carga horaria semanal de cirujanos-dentistas, ejerciendo en las especialidades mínimas por 10.000 habitantes. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio para la creación de una puntuación que midiera el desempeño de los municipios, respecto a la disponibilidad de servicios odontológicos especializados. Con el fin de evaluar los factores asociados con el desempeño de los municipios, se utilizó el test de chi-quadrado de Pearson, teniendo como variables independientes los siguientes indicadores municipales categorizados en terciles: renta per cápita, Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (IDH-M), población residente, gasto total por habitante en salud y equipos de salud bucal por 10.000 habitantes. El mayor desempeño respecto a la disponibilidad de servicios especializados en salud bucal estuvo asociado a municipios con menor tamaño poblacional (67,3%; IC: 61,6-73,0; p < 0,001), con menor IDH-M (41,9%; IC: 35,8-48,0; p < 0,001) y con menor renta per cápita (41,2%; IC: 35,2-47,3; p < 0,001) y mayor media de equipos de salud bucal por 10.000 habitantes (50,6%; IC: 46,0-58,4; p < 0,001). Los resultados demuestran impactos positivos de la implantación de la Política Nacional de Salud Bucal en el país, como el cumplimiento del objetivo de ampliación de la oferta de los servicios de atención secundaria, basados en el principio de la equidad en la asistencia.