Sardine oil loaded vanillic acid grafted chitosan microparticles improves the in vivo antioxidant, haematological and lipid profile.

Oxidative stability of fish oil supplements poses a considerable health risk which can be prevented by novel delivery systems. A newly developed formulation of microencapsulated sardine oil showed excellent oxidative stability in vitro. The present study's objective is to evaluate the new formulation in vivo as a potential new supplement which may improve antioxidant, haematological, and lipid profile. The optimisation of the sardine oil loaded microparticles (SO-M) and the characterisation have been presented briefly. The SO-M formulation was fed to male albino rats for two months. Following the feeding experiment, haemoglobin content, platelet and RBC count were assessed in the control and treated group. Similarly, levels of serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and metabolic enzyme biomarkers, namely catalase, SOD, GST, AST, ALT, ACP and ALP, were compared. The blood analysis showed a significant increase in haemoglobin, platelets and RBC count in the treated group. Lipid profiling showed that both triglycerides and LDL levels were decreased in the sample treated group. This study also showed significant modulation of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD and GST. The new formulation of PUFA rich sardine oil significantly improved the in vivo antioxidant, haematological and lipid profile, suggesting potential use as a dietary supplement. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05329-5.

Dietary Chitosan Supplementation Ameliorates Isoproterenol-Induced Aberrations in Membrane-Bound ATPases and Mineral Status of Rat Myocardium.

Myocardial infarction is one of the major public concerns in both developed and developing countries. Recently, there is growing interest in potential healthcare applications of marine natural products in the field of cardiovascular research. In the present study, we have examined the membrane-stabilizing potential of marine mucopolysaccharide-chitosan in modulating the aberrations of thiol-dependent membrane-bound ATPases activities, mineral status, and cardiac diagnostic markers in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction condition in rats. Dietary intake of chitosan significantly (p < 0.05) counteracted the isoproterenol-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the levels of thiol contents and cardiac biomarkers at concentrations analogous to that of normal controls in the rat myocardium. Chitosan administration also significantly mitigated isoproterenol-induced aberrations in the membrane-bound ATPase activities in the heart tissue and preserved the myocardial mineral status in serum and heart tissue of experimental rats at near normal value. The results of the present study have indicated that the salubrious effect of dietary chitosan supplementation in attenuating the experimentally induced myocardial infarction condition is probably ascribable to its antioxidant defense and membrane-stabilizing properties.

Studies on the protective effects of betaine against oxidative damage during experimentally induced restraint stress in Wistar albino rats.

Stress can be defined as physical and psychological modifications that disrupt the homeostasis and the balance of organisms. Stress is known as one of the most important reasons of several diseases. In the present study, the anti-stress effect of betaine was evaluated with reference to its antioxidant property. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups such as control, betaine, restraint stress (6 h/day for 30 days), and betaine + restraint stress. The oxidative damage was assessed by measuring the protein and corticosterone in plasma, lipid peroxidation, non-enzymic (reduced glutathione), and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in the lymphoid organs of thymus and spleen. Followed by the induction of restraint stress, the non-enzymic and enzymic antioxidants were significantly decreased with concomitant increase observed in the levels of corticosterone and lipid peroxidation. Oral pretreatment with betaine (250 mg/kg body weight daily for a period of 30 days) significantly (P < 0.001) prevented the restraint stress-induced alterations in the levels of protein and corticosterone in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the restraint stress-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the antioxidant defense system in the lymphoid tissues at near normal. The findings suggest that betaine possesses significant anti-stress activity, which may be due to its antioxidant property.

Protective effect of betaine on changes in the levels of membrane-bound ATPase activity and mineral status in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats.

Cardiovascular diseases are emerging as a major public health problem in most parts of the world even in developing countries still afflicted by infectious diseases, undernutrition, and other illnesses related to poverty. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of betaine, a potent lipotropic molecule, on changes in the levels of membrane-bound ATPase activities, lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl activities, and mineral status in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, an animal model of myocardial infarction in man. Oral administration of betaine (250 mg/kg body weight/day for a period of 30 days) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the isoprenaline-induced abnormalities noted in the levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium in plasma and heart tissue. Pretreatment with betaine significantly attenuated isoprenaline-induced membrane-bound ATPase depletion in the heart tissue and preserved the myocardial membrane-bound ATPase activities at levels comparable to that of control rats. Oral administration of betaine significantly attenuated the isoprenaline-altered sulfhydryl groups in the heart tissue and preserved the myocardial sulfhydryl activities at levels comparable to that of control rats. It also significantly counteracted the isoprenaline-mediated lipid peroxidation and maintained the level at near normal. In the results of the present study, betaine administration significantly prevented the isoprenaline-induced alterations in the activities of membrane-bound ATPases, lipid peroxides, myocardial sulfhydryl levels, and maintained the mineral status at near normal.

Protective effect of betaine on changes in the levels of lysosomal enzyme activities in heart tissue in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats.

Myocardial infarction is one of the most common manifestations of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of betaine, a potent lipotropic molecule, on changes in the levels of lysosomal enzymes and lipid peroxidation in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats, an animal model of myocardial infarction in man. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with betaine (250 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 30 days. After the treatment period, isoprenaline (11 mg/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to rats at intervals of 24 h for 2 days. The activities of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in plasma with a concomitant decline in the activities of these enzymes in heart tissue of isoprenaline-administered rats. Also, the level of lipid peroxidation was higher in heart lysosomes of isoprenaline-injected rats. Pretreatment with betaine daily for a period of 30 days to isoprenaline-induced rats prevented the changes in the activities of these lysosomal enzymes. Oral treatment with betaine (250 mg/kg body weight) to normal control rats did not show any significant effect in all the biochemical parameters studied. Thus, the results of our study show that betaine protects the lysosomal membrane against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The observed effects might be due to the free radical-scavenging and membrane-stabilizing properties of betaine.