RESUMO
Three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in Colombia during the last two decades, one of which is ongoing in the Caribbean region (northern Colombia). The earlier outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in Arauca (eastern Colombia) and in the Central region, ending in 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among rabies viruses isolated from the three areas were based on a comparison of cDNA fragments coding for the endodomain of protein G and a fragment of L protein obtained by RT-PCR. The sequenced amplicons which included the G-L intergenic region contained 902 base pairs. Phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct groups of viruses. Colombian genetic variant I viruses were isolated only from Arauca and the Central region, but are now apparently extinct. Colombian genetic variant II viruses were isolated in the Caribbean region and are still being transmitted in that area. The third group of bat rabies variants were isolated from two insectivorous bats, three domestic dogs and a human. This associates bat rabies virus with rabies in Colombian dogs and humans, and indicates bats to be a rabies reservoir of public health significance.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Colômbia , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Cães , Humanos , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/classificaçãoRESUMO
Three urban rabies outbreaks have been reported in Colombia during the last two decades, one of these is occurring in the Caribbean Region (northern Colombia), while the other two occurred almost simultaneously in Arauca (eastern Colombia) and in the Central Region and ended in 1997. In order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in these three areas, 902 nt cDNA fragments encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein G and a fragment of protein L were obtained by RT-PCR. These amplicons contained the G-L intergenic region and were sequenced to draw phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct groups of viruses in the study sample. Colombian genetic variant I viruses were isolated in both Arauca and the Central Region. These viruses are apparently extinct in Colombia. Colombian genetic variant II viruses were isolated in the Caribbean Region and are still being transmitted in that area. The third group of viruses consists of viruses isolated from two insectivorous bats, three domestic dogs and a human. According to sequence analysis, the data here indicate that the isolates in this third group are bat rabies virus variants. This finding is the first that associates bats to rabies in Colombian dogs and humans, showing an unsuspected vector threatening animal and public health.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/virologia , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães/virologia , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/veterinária , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Colômbia/epidemiologia , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Humanos , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas Virais/genética , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
Tres brotes de rabia canina han sido informados en Colombia durante las pasadas dos décadas, uno de los cuales aún ocurre en la Región Caribe. Los otros dos ocurrieron en el departamento de Arauca y en la Región Central (departamentos de Boyacá y Cundinamarca) hasta 1997. Con la finalidad de investigar las relaciones filogenéticas existentes entre los virus r bicos aislados en las regiones mencionadas, se empleó la técnica de RT-PCR para obtener fragmentos de ADN de 902 nucleótidos complementarios a una región del ARN rábico codificante para el endodominio de la proteína G, para una parte de la proteína L, fragmentos que, además, contienen la región intergénica no codificante G-L. Los amplificados fueron secuenciados y agrupados en árboles filogenéticos. Los resultados mostraron la existencia de tres grupos de virus. Los virus r bicos pertenecientes a la variante genética colombiana I fueron aislados exclusivamente en el departamento de Arauca y la Región Central colombiana hasta 1997 y, aparentemente, se encuentran extintos. Los virus rábicos pertenecientes a la variante genética colombiana II fueron aislados exclusivamente en la Región Caribe, en donde actualmente su transmisión continúa. Un tercer grupo se compone de variantes rábicas originarias de quirópteros, que fueron aisladas de dos murciélagos insectívoros, tres perros y un humano. Con este trabajo se estableció una asociación entre los quirópteros y la rabia en perros y humanos en Colombia, lo cual los muestra como reservorios de importancia en salud pública.
Assuntos
Humanos , Cães , Quirópteros , Epidemiologia Molecular , Raiva , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
In order to improve the diagnosis and typification of rabies viruses at the Instituto Nacional de Salud National Reference Laboratory for rabies, we standardized techniques for the amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment, complementary to a selected region of the rabies virus genomic RNA. This region codes for a segment of both the glycoprotein and protein L, and contains the G-L intergenic noncoding region known as Pseudogen Psi. The standardized techniques included: 1) biological amplification of rabies viruses by intracerebral mouse inoculation; 2) total RNA extraction from the brains of infected mice, 3) RT-PCR amplification of a 902 nucleotide DNA fragment complementary to the selected RNA region. The study sample consisted of 30 rabies virus strains isolated from dogs and selected from the virus bank of the Virology Laboratory. Due to their simplicity the methods described have several advantages when compared to methods reported in previous papers. The technology proposed is a precise complement to rabies diagnosis techniques, and can be applied to the identification of phylogenetic relations among rabies isolates, and, therefore, it is also used to identify rabies transmission dynamics and geographical distribution.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Epidemiologia Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/normas , RNA Viral/genética , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Animais , Encéfalo/virologia , Camundongos , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Raiva/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Este trabajo se realiza como una actualización de otro anteriormente hecho por la Cátedra de Radioterapia y Medicina Nuclear de la Universidad Central de Venezuela de 1986. Con este fin se visitaron 18 centros públicos de radioterapia, obteniéndose información sobre ambiente físico, unidades de tratamiento, braquiterapia, personal médico y paramédico, registro de dator clínicos de pacientes. Resultado: solo 4 de 7 unidades de altovoltaje funcionan; existen 20 unidades de Co60, de las cuales 17 funcionan y únicamente 2 lo hacen en forma adecuada. De los 7 aceleradores lineales y 7 simuladores existentes, únicamente funcionan 5 de cada uno. Unicamente 3 centros hacen dosimetría por computación el resto lo hace en forma manual. En el 50 por ciento de los servicios de radioterapia, los equipos de braquiterapia intracavitaria se encuentran en condiciones precarias. Dos hospitales poseen equipos de braquiterapia a control remoto. Existe un déficit importante de técnicas en radioterapia, físicos en radiaciones y dosimetristas. en conclusión la radioterapia en Venezuela confronta serios problemas debido a la falta de recursos materiales y humanos. Recomendamos la sustitución de equipos con DFP menor de 80 cm., el cambio de las fuentes de Co60 con rendimientos menores de 100 cGy/min., el remplazo de las fuentes y de los equipos de radioterapia intracavitaria, la dotación de simuladores, entrenamiento de personal técnico y formación de físicos y dosimetristas