Effect of estrous cycle phases on gene expression in bovine oviduct epithelial cells.

Background and Aim: The oviduct environment is of particular importance because it is the site of fertilization and early embryo development. The oviduct, as a component of the reproductive system, responds to ovarian hormone (estradiol [E2] and progesterone [P4]) stimuli depending on the estrous cycle phase. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of estrous cycle phases (follicular and early and late luteal phases) on gene expression patterns in bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOECs). Materials and Methods: Oviducts were obtained from healthy slaughterhouse animals, corresponding to ipsilateral ovaries with dominant follicles or corpus luteum during early and late luteal phases. BOECs were recovered from the isthmus (IST) and ampulla (AMP), and the expression patterns of genes related to cytokinesis and mitosis mechanisms (rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase and cellular communication network factor 2 [CCN2]), growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], vascular endothelial growth factor A, and EGFR), antioxidant mechanisms (glutathione peroxidase 4 [GPX4]), apoptosis (B-cell lymphoma 2), complement component (C3), energy metabolism (aldose reductase gene family 1-member b1 [AKRIB1] and solute carrier family 2), hormone receptors (estrogen receptor 1 and luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor), and specific glycoproteins (oviductal glycoprotein 1) were analyzed. Results: High P4 levels (late luteal phase) affected the expression of important genes related to antioxidant mechanisms (GPX4), energy metabolism (AKRIB1), growth factors (IGBP3 and EGFR), and cell growth regulation (CCN2) in the AMP. Low P4 levels (early luteal phase) affected the expression of AKR1B1, IGBP3, and CCN2. In addition, estrogen likely had an effect on OVPGP expression in the cattle oviduct. Conclusion: Differential gene expression patterns of BOECs in the AMP during the luteal phase (antioxidant mechanisms, energy metabolism, growth factors, and immunological regulators) and in the IST during the follicular phase (glycoproteins) may influence their renewal and population proportions, modulating the oviduct environment as well as gamete and embryo physiology.

Semisynthesis of Dolabellane Diterpenes: Oxygenated Analogues with Increased Activity against Zika and Chikungunya Viruses.

Brown algae and soft corals represent the main marine sources of dolabellane diterpenes. The antiviral activity of dolabellanes has been studied for those isolated from algae, whereas dolabellanes isolated from soft corals have been barely studied. In this work, a collection of dolabellane diterpenes consisting of five natural and 21 semisynthetic derivatives was constructed, and their antiviral activities against Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses were tested. Dolabellatrienone (1) and (1R,7R,8R,11S)-7,8-epoxy-13-keto-dolabella-3,12(18)-diene (2), isolated from Eunicea genus soft corals, were employed to obtain 21 dolabellane and dolastane diterpenes by reactions such as allylic oxidations, reductions, acid-catalyzed epoxide ring opening, and acetylations. All of the compounds were identified by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction experiments. The cytotoxicites against Vero cells and the antiviral activities against ZIKV and CHIKV was tested to calculate the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) and selectivity indexes (SIs). In general, the addition of oxygen-containing functional groups improved the bioactivity of dolabellane and dolastane diterpenes against ZIKV and CHIKV replication. Compound 9 showed an EC50 = 0.92 ± 0.08 µM and SI = 820 against ZIKV.

Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Withiidae), a new pseudoscorpion from the Central Andes of Colombia

A new species of the pseudoscorpion genus Cystowithius Harvey, 2004 is described based on several males and females collected in the Cordillera Central near Manizales and Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia. The type series was collected under or on the bark of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (Myrtaceae). Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. is the fifth species in the genus, differing from its four congeners by several characters, including the position of the male sternal invaginations, the length of the movable finger of the pedipalp, and the tactile setae of tarsus IV situated subdistally. A revised identification key to the five species of Cystowithius is also presented. The first barcode (COI gene) of a species of this genus is also provided.(AU)

Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Withiidae), a new pseudoscorpion from the Central Andes of Colombia

A new species of the pseudoscorpion genus Cystowithius Harvey, 2004 is described based on several males and females collected in the Cordillera Central near Manizales and Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia. The type series was collected under or on the bark of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (Myrtaceae). Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. is the fifth species in the genus, differing from its four congeners by several characters, including the position of the male sternal invaginations, the length of the movable finger of the pedipalp, and the tactile setae of tarsus IV situated subdistally. A revised identification key to the five species of Cystowithius is also presented. The first barcode (COI gene) of a species of this genus is also provided.

Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Withiidae), a new pseudoscorpion from the Central Andes of Colombia

ABSTRACT A new species of the pseudoscorpion genus Cystowithius Harvey, 2004 is described based on several males and females collected in the Cordillera Central near Manizales and Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia. The type series was collected under or on the bark of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (Myrtaceae). Cystowithius ankeri sp. nov. is the fifth species in the genus, differing from its four congeners by several characters, including the position of the male sternal invaginations, the length of the movable finger of the pedipalp, and the tactile setae of tarsus IV situated subdistally. A revised identification key to the five species of Cystowithius is also presented. The first barcode (COI gene) of a species of this genus is also provided.

Influencia de la lengua dispar (tutunakú y español) en los mensajes e instrucciones que emite el personal de salud y la de las receptoras de la información / Influence of disparate language (Tutunakú and Spanish) in messages and instructions issued by health personnel and those receiving the information

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar la influencia de la lengua dispar (tutunakú y español) entre los mensajes e instrucciones que emite el personal de salud y la de las receptoras de esa información, en particular la dirigida a la práctica de la autoexploración con fines de prevención del cáncer de mama. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, efectuado en mujeres indígenas, mayores de 20 años, a quienes se aplicó un instrumento semiestructurado para la identificación de factores de riesgo y protección de cáncer de mama. Para determinar la asociación de las variables de hablantes de totonakú con el nivel de conocimiento, prevención y riesgo de cáncer de mama se utilizó la prueba de χ2. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 187 mujeres; de las que 109 (58.5%) solo hablaban tutunakú y 78 (41.5%) eran bilingües (tutunakú y español). La edad promedio de las participantes fue de 43.4 años (DE ± 14.8), con límites de 20 y 80 años. En relación con la escolaridad: 93 de 109 (85.5%) de las monolingües eran analfabetas y solo 44 de las 78 (57.1%) mujeres bilingües habían concluido la educación básica. Por lo que se refiere al conocimiento del cáncer de mama, las mujeres monolingües tuvieron menor nivel de conocimiento y menor práctica de la autoexploración; solo 34 de las 78 bilingües practicaban la autoexploración. CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien el riesgo de cáncer de mama no muestra asociación con el hecho de hablar una lengua sí lo tiene, directamente, con la escolaridad, con la capacidad necesaria para comprender instrucciones que permitan la práctica de la autoexploración.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of the disparate language (tutunaku and Spanish) between the messages and instructions issued by health personnel and those of the recipients of this information, in particular that directed at the practice of self-examination for the purpose of breast cancer prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out on indigenous women over 20 years of age, to whom a semi-structured instrument was applied for the identification of risk factors and protection from breast cancer. To determine the association of Totonaku speakers' variables with the level of knowledge, prevention and risk of breast cancer, the test of 2 was used. RESULTS: A total of 187 women were studied; 109 (58.5%) spoke only tutunaku and 78 (41.5%) were bilingual (tutunaku and Spanish). The average age of participants was 43.4 years (SD 14.8), with limits of 20 and 80 years. With regard to schooling: 93 of 109 (85.5%) of the monolingual women were illiterate and only 44 of 78 (57.1%) of the bilingual women had completed basic education. With regard to knowledge of breast cancer, monolingual women had a lower level of knowledge and less practice of self-examination; only 34 of the 78 bilingual women practiced self-examination. CONCLUSION: Although the risk of breast cancer is not associated with speaking a language, it is directly associated with schooling, with the ability to understand instructions that allow the practice of self-examination.

Lessons about the reliability of congenital syphilis and vertical HIV transmission data learned from case reviews in Uruguay: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In Uruguay it is mandatory to review all cases of positive HIV or reactive syphilis tests in pregnancy and peripartum. We compared the rates of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis and HIV detected by case reviews to those obtained from the usual surveillance system and described the characteristic of vertical transmission cases. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed with secondary data obtained from official government sources, for all the country cases of maternal to child transmission of HIV and syphilis from 2012 to 2017, with descriptive analyses. For congenital syphilis analyses, the following pregnancy characteristics were investigated: number of antenatal checks, gestational age at pregnancy diagnosis, gestational age at syphilis test and diagnosis, adequate treatment, and treatment of partners. Sociodemographic characteristics included type of health care (public/private), maternal age, distribution of ethnic minorities, maximum educational attainment, presence of partner, planned pregnancy, drug and alcohol use, domestic violence, previous maternal diagnosis of syphilis, and previous children with congenital syphilis. RESULTS: Coverage of syphilis case reviews increased from 82% in 2014 to 97.4% in 2017. For HIV, this coverage reached 100% in 2017 and elimination of mother to child transmission was achieved. A marked decline in congenital syphilis was noted in the public health care sector, especially in the capital Montevideo, whereas the private sector has remained below the elimination target. Variables related with congenital syphilis in exposed children were late pregnancy diagnosis, < 5 antenatal checks, delayed diagnosis of gestational syphilis, lower rate of correct treatment for gestational syphilis, untreated partner, low maternal schooling, unplanned pregnancy, history of syphilis, and having other children with syphilis. CONCLUSION: The use of case reviews provided knowledge regarding the accurate number of mother-to-child transmission cases and the evolution of elimination of mother to child transmission in the country. The results suggest that rates must be adjusted, providing an opportunity to improve the reliability of surveillance data, and point the need to address specific gaps in order to improve the quality of care during pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period.

Screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in marine organisms from the Caribbean Sea.

The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of 89 organic extracts from marine organisms was evaluated through a TLC bioautography methodology. Extracts from soft corals (Eunicea and Plexaura) were the most active compared with extracts from sponges. The bioguided chemical study of the most active extract, obtained from Pseudoplexaura porosa, led to the isolation of a diterpene with spectroscopic properties consistent to those published to the cembrane Steylolide. However, further analysis by X-ray diffraction indicated that the compound was the 14-acetoxycrassine (1), correcting the structure reported to the Styelolide. Additionally, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of fourteen cembranoids (2-15) isolated from soft corals Eunicea knighti and Pseudoplexaura flagellosa was evaluated. Cembranoids 2, 3 and 4 were the most active compounds in the TLC bioassay. Then, the most promising cembranoids, 14-acetoxycrassine (1) and asperdiol (2), were tested quantitatively and they exhibited IC50 values of 1.40 ± 0.113 and 0.358 ± 0.130 µM, respectively.

Checklist of the false scorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) of Colombia, with new records and a key to the identification of the families.

Colombia is a mega-biodiverse country and rich in ecosystems as different as the Amazon and the Andes. Much is known of the vertebrate fauna, however there is still an information-gap for many arthropod groups including the arachnids. Here, we compile all the information available for pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) recorded from Colombia and include several new records and distribution extensions. For each described species, we present information on taxonomic history, type localities, global and local distributions, repository of Colombian specimens, and collection numbers when available. We document 12 families, 45 genera and 65 species of pseudoscorpions for Colombia and most species belong to the families Chernetidae (27 species) and Olpiidae (8 species). We record Beierolpium venezuelense Heurtault, 1982, Geogarypus amazonicus Mahnert, 1979, Sathrochthonius venezuelanus Muchmore, 1989, and Semeiochernes armiger (Balzan, 1892) for the first time for Colombia. We further extend the known ranges of Parachernes melonopygus Beier, 1959 and Paratemnoides nidificator (Balzan, 1888). The data suggest that the Caribbean region of Colombia has the highest number of records. Total numbers are not complete and many other new pseudoscorpion species are expected.

Dolabellane diterpenes from the Caribbean soft corals Eunicea laciniata and Eunicea asperula and determination of their anti HSV-1 activity / Dolabellanos de los octocorales caribenos Eunicea laciniata y Eunicea asperula y determinación de su actividad anti VHS-1 / Dolabellanos dos octocorais caribenhos Eunicea laciniata e Eunicea asperula e determinação de sua atividade anti HSV-1

Abstract Dolabellane diterpenes have considerable antiviral activity, but most studies have been focused towards compounds isolated from Dictyota brown algae. Although soft corals are also a significant source of these diterpenes, their antiviral potential has not been studied in detail. With the aim of assessing the biological activity of marine sources, we evaluated the dolabellane content in the soft corals Eunicea laciniata and E. asperula collected in Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean. Dolabellanes 1-6 were isolated from E. laciniata while compounds 2, 4 and 5 were isolated from E. asperula. All compounds were identified by NMR, GC-EIMS, optical rotation and comparison with previously reported dolabellanes. GC-EIMS analyses showed that dolabellatrienone (2) transforms into compounds 4 and 5 as oxidation products upon prolonged storage; however, those compounds were also naturally present in the extract of the studied organisms. Pure dolabellanes were tested in vitro in antiviral assays against HSV-1. Compound 6 inhibited virus replication in infected cells (73.7% of inhibition at 50 µM) without cytotoxic effect (CC50 = 95 9), showing similar activity to the positive control Acyclovir®. Thus, compound 6 is an interesting candidate for further studies of dolabellanes as antivirals.

Resumen Los dolabellanos son diterpenos con actividad antiviral, la mayor parte de los estudios se han realizado con compuestos aislados de algas pardas del genero Dictyota. Los corales blandos son también una importante fuente de dolabellanos, pero el potencial antiviral de estos ha sido muy poco estudiado. Se llevó a cabo el estudio químico de los dolabellanos presentes en los octocorales Eunicea laciniata y Eunicea asperula, recolectados en Santa Marta, Caribe colombiano. Los dolabellanos 1-6 fueron aislados del octocoral E. laciniata mientras que en E. asperula se encontraron los compuestos 2, 4 y 5. La elucidaci6n estructural se llev6 a cabo mediante RMN, espectrometría de masas, rotaci6n 6ptica y comparaci6n con reportes previos. El análisis por CG-EM evidenci6 que la dolabellatrienona (2) se puede transformar en los compuestos 4 y 5 como producto del almacenamiento prolongado, no obstante, tales compuestos también estuvieron presentes en los extractos de los organismos estudiados. El compuesto 6 inhibi6 la replicaci6n del VHS-1 (73,7% de inhibición en células infectadas a una concentraci6n de 50 µM) sin efecto citot6xico (CC50 = 959), mostrando una citotoxicidad similar al Aciclovir®, un control positivo, por lo cual es un candidato para la realizaci6n de estudios adicionales sobre el potencial antiviral de los dolabellanos.

Resumo Os dolabellanos são diterpenos que têm mostrado atividade antiviral, os estudos neste campo estão centrados nos compostos isolados de algas do gênero Dictyota. Os octocorais também são uma fonte importante de dolabellanos, mas não tem sido estudados. Foirealizado o estudo químico dos octocorais Eunicea laciniata e Eunicea asperula, coletados em Santa Marta, Caribe Colombiano. O estudo químico dos dois organismos permitiu o isolamento dos dolabellanos 1-6 de E. laciniata, enquanto que para E. aspérula foram identificados os compostos 2, 4 e 5. A elucidação estrutural foi realizada mediante RMN, espectrometria de massas, rotação óptica e comparação com os dados da literatura. A análise por GC-MS evidenciou que a dolabelatrienona (2) pode gerar os compostos 4 e 5 como produto de degradação, a partir de um armazenamento prolongado. No entanto, os compostos também estavam presentes nos extratos dos organismos estudados. O composto 6 mostrou uma citotoxicidade similar ao Aciclovir®, um controle positivo, numa porcentagem de inibição da replicação do HVS-1 (73,7% de inibição em células infectadas na concentração de 50 µM) sem efeito citotóxico (CC50 = 959), o quetorna esse composto um candidato para o desenvolvimento de antivirais.

Acute Mental Discomfort Associated with Suicide Behavior in a Clinical Sample of Patients with Affective Disorders: Ascertaining Critical Variables Using Artificial Intelligence Tools.

AIM: In efforts to develop reliable methods to detect the likelihood of impending suicidal behaviors, we have proposed the following. OBJECTIVE: To gain a deeper understanding of the state of suicide risk by determining the combination of variables that distinguishes between groups with and without suicide risk. METHOD: A study involving 707 patients consulting for mental health issues in three health centers in Greater Santiago, Chile. Using 345 variables, an analysis was carried out with artificial intelligence tools, Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining processes, and decision tree techniques. The basic algorithm was top-down, and the most suitable division produced by the tree was selected by using the lowest Gini index as a criterion and by looping it until the condition of belonging to the group with suicidal behavior was fulfilled. RESULTS: Four trees distinguishing the groups were obtained, of which the elements of one were analyzed in greater detail, since this tree included both clinical and personality variables. This specific tree consists of six nodes without suicide risk and eight nodes with suicide risk (tree decision 01, accuracy 0.674, precision 0.652, recall 0.678, specificity 0.670, F measure 0.665, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) 73.35%; tree decision 02, accuracy 0.669, precision 0.642, recall 0.694, specificity 0.647, F measure 0.667, ROC AUC 68.91%; tree decision 03, accuracy 0.681, precision 0.675, recall 0.638, specificity 0.721, F measure, 0.656, ROC AUC 65.86%; tree decision 04, accuracy 0.714, precision 0.734, recall 0.628, specificity 0.792, F measure 0.677, ROC AUC 58.85%). CONCLUSION: This study defines the interactions among a group of variables associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. By using these variables, it may be possible to create a quick and easy-to-use tool. As such, psychotherapeutic interventions could be designed to mitigate the impact of these variables on the emotional state of individuals, thereby reducing eventual risk of suicide. Such interventions may reinforce psychological well-being, feelings of self-worth, and reasons for living, for each individual in certain groups of patients.

Chromosomal differences in Sabaletas (Brycon henni) from the upper basins of the Cauca and Patia rivers / Diferencias cromosómicas en sabaletas (Brycon henni) procedentes de las cuencas altas de los ríos Cauca y Patía / Diferenças cromossômicas de sabaletas (Brycon henni) procedentes das bacias altas dos rios Cauca e Patía

This research chromosomically compared Sabaletas (Brycon henni) from the upper basins of the Cauca and Patia rivers in the Cauca department. For the study 6 specimens were captured in each site and transported to the Genetic toxicology laboratory of the Universidad del Cauca. Once there, kidney cells were extracted and cultivated, spreads of cells in metaphase were done, pictures were taken with an optical microscope, and the modal chromosome number and types of chromosomes were determined according to the position of the centromere, manually and using an assisted segmentation system for image processing. The results showed that Brycon henni has a chromosomal number of 2n=52, and two karyological formulas specific to each of the basins studied: Brycon henni from the Cauca river had the kariotype formula 22m+16sm+14st, while from the Patia river basin the formula was 8m+10sm+26st+8t. These differences suggest that the specimens studied from both basins are probably in a speciation process due to geographical isolation. Moreover, no differences in the chromosome number were found between males and females on both basins. Additionally, the physico-chemical parameters of the water from the upper basins of the Cauca and Patia rivers have not shown significant changes that could affect the physiological conditions of these fishes.

Esta investigación realizó la comparación cromosómica de la sabaleta (Brycon henni) pertenecientes a las cuencas altas de los ríos Cauca y Patía en el departamento del Cauca. Para el estudio fueron capturados seis ejemplares de cada sitio y se trasladaron al Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética de la Universidad del Cauca, una vez allí se procesaron cultivos celulares in vitro extraídos del riñón 5, 9, 16, realizados los extendidos de las metafases, se tomaron las fotografías con microscopio óptico y se determinó el número cromosómico modal y el tipo de cromosomas según la posición del centrómero, en forma manual y con ayuda de un sistema asistido de segmentación para el procesamiento de imágenes 23 (López y Pinto, 2007), mediante este método se obtuvo: que la especie Brycon henni presenta un número cromosómico de 2n=52 y dos fórmulas cariológicas específicas para cada una de las cuencas estudiadas así: Brycon henni del rio Cauca su fórmula cariológica fue: (22m+16sm+14st) y para Brycon henni de la cuenca del rio Patía (8m+10sm+26st+8t). Estas diferencias sugieren que los ejemplares estudiados en las dos cuencas probablemente se encuentren en proceso de especiación debido al aislamiento geográfico. Por otra parte no se presentaron diferencias en el número de cromosomas entre machos y hembras de Brycon henni en las dos cuencas estudiadas. Asimismo los parámetros físico-químicos del agua de las cuencas altas de los ríos Cauca y Patía no han mostrado cambios significativos que afecten las condiciones fisiológicas de estos peces.

Esta pesquisa realizou a comparação cromossômica da sabaleta (Brycon henni) pertencentes as bacias altas dos rios Cauca e Patía no departamento de Cauca. Para realizar o estudo foram capturados 6 exemplares de cada lugar e se trasladaram ao Laboratório de Toxicologia e Genética da Universidad del Cauca (Popayán, Cauca), uma vez ali, se processaram os cultivos celulares in vitro extraídos do rim, se realizaram os estendidos da metáfase, se tiraram as fotografias com microscópio ótico e se determinou o número cromossômico modal e o tipo de cromossomos segundo a posição do centrômero. Isto se fez em forma manual e com a ajuda de um sistema assistido de segmentação para o processamento de imagens. Com a utilização desta técnica encontrou-se que: a espécie Brycon henni apresenta um número cromossômico de 2n=52 e dois formulas cariológicas especificas para cada uma das bacias estudadas, assim: a formula cariológica do Brycon henni do rio Cauca foi: (22m+16sm+14st) e do Brycon henni do rio Patía: (8m+10sm+26st+8t). Estas diferenças sugerem que os exemplares estudados nas duas bacias provavelmente se encontram em processo de especiação devido ao isolamento geográfico. De outro lado, não se apresentaram diferenças no número de cromossomos entre machos e fêmeas de Brycon henni nas duas bacias estudadas. Do mesmo jeito, os parâmetros físico-químicos da agua das bacias dos rios Cauca e Patía não mostraram mudanças significativas que afetem as condições fisiológicas desta espécie de peixe.

Efectos inmunotoxicológicos e histopatológicos de la exposición a concentraciones subletales de cloruro de mercurio (HgCl2) en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) / Immunotoxicological and histopathological effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) / Avaliação imunotoxicológica e histopatológica da exposição a concentrações subletais de cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) em Pirapitinga branca (Piaractus brachypomus)

Resumen El mercurio es un contaminante xenobiótico encontrado frecuentemente en ecosistemas naturales, representando un aspecto relevante en salud pública y ambiental debido a los niveles encontrados en fuentes de agua en correlación con la bioacumulación en organismos vivos. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos inmunotoxicológicos e histopatológicos de la exposición a concentraciones subletales de Cloruro de Mercurio (HgCl2) en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). Se utilizaron alevinos de cachama blanca, con un peso de 10 ± 2,1 g, distribuidos en acuarios con aireación constante, sin filtro. El periodo experimental fue de 18 días, utilizando 4 concentraciones basadas en la décima parte de la CL50 descrita para cachama, así como un grupo control. Se realizaron seis muestreos (días 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 y 18) en los cuales se tomaron muestras de sangre para la evaluación de la explosión respiratoria y la capacidad bactericida del plasma. Se calculó el índice hepatosomático y se tomaron muestras para procesamiento histopatológico. Se evidenció una elevación del nivel de explosión respiratoria (estrés oxidativo) en animales expuestos a HgCl2 de una manera dependiente de la concentración, siendo más marcado este efecto al día 12 de exposición. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores de índice hepatosomático (IHS). En la actividad bactericida del plasma se halló una actividad menor en animales expuestos a HgCl2. En el análisis histopatológico se encontraron cambios como hiperplasia, aneurismas y sinequias en branquias; inclusiones hialinas en hígado y centros melanomacrófagos en riñón. Los alevinos de cachama blanca expuestos a dosis subletales de HgCl2, muestran un incremento significativo en la explosión respiratoria (estrés oxidativo), así como cambios en la actividad bactericida del plasma, además de cambios anatomopatológicos a nivel branquial, hepático y renal.

Mercury is a xenobiotic contaminant often found in natural ecosystems. It is relevant for public and environmental health because of the existing correlation between its content in water sources and mercury bioaccumulation in living organisms. This work assessed the immune and histopathological effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2) in Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Pacu fingerlings weighing 10 ± 2.1 g were distributed in constantly aerated tanks with no filter. The experimental period was 18 days. A negative control group and four Hg levels were used based on the tenth of LC50 for Pacu. Six blood samples were taken on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 and 18 to measure respiratory burst and bactericidal activity of the plasma. The hepatosomatic index was calculated and samples were taken for histopathological examination. Increased respiratory burst (oxidative stress) was observed in animals exposed to HgCl2 in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was more pronounced at day 12 of exposure. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) values showed no significant differences. Animals exposed to HgCl2 showed low bactericidal activity of plasma. Histopathological changes such as hyperplasia, aneurysms and synechiae were found in gills, while hyaline inclusions were observed in liver and melanomacrophage centers in kidney. Pacu fingerlings exposed to sublethal doses of HgCl2 had a significant increase in oxidative stress and changes in plasma bactericidal activity in addition to pathological changes in the gills, hepatic and renal tissues.

O mercúrio é um contaminante xenobiótico encontrado frequentemente nos ecossistemas naturais, o qual representa um aspecto muito importante na saúde pública e ambiental devido aos níveis encontrados nas fontes de agua, as quais além, tem correlação com a bioacumulação em organismos vivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos imunotoxicológicos e histopatológicos da exposição a concentrações subletais de Cloreto de Mercúrio (HgCl2) em Pirapitinga branca (Piaractus brachypomus). Utilizaram-se alevinos de Pirapitinga branca com um peso médio de 10 ± 2,1 g, distribuídos em aquários com tanques de aireação constante sem filtro. O período experimental foi de 18 dias, utilizando quatro concentrações baseadas na decima parte da CL50 descrita para Pirapitinga branca assim como no grupo controle. Realizaram-se seis amostragens (dias 1, 2, 4, 7, 12 e 18) nos quais tomaram-se amostras de sangue para a avaliação da explosão respiratória e a capacidade bactericida do plasma. Calculou-se o índice hepatosomático e pegaram-se amostras para processamento histopatológico. Evidenciou-se uma elevação do nível de explosão respiratória (estresse oxidativo) em animais expostos ao HgCl2 de uma maneira dependente da concentração, sendo mais marcado este efeito ao dia 12 da exposição. Não se encontraram diferenças significativas nos valores do índice hepatosomático (IHS). Na atividade bactericida do plasma achou-se uma atividade menor em animais expostos ao HgCl2. Na análise histopatológica encontraram-se mudanças como hiperplasia, aneurisma e sinéquias em brânquias, inclusões hialinas no fígado e centros melanomacrófagos nos rins. Os alevinos de Pirapitinga branca expostos a doses sub-letais de HgCl2, amostraram um incremento significativo na explosão respiratória (estresse oxidativo) assim como mudanças na atividade bactericida do plasma, além de mudanças anatomopatológicas no nível branquial, hepático e renal.

Situación actual de la cirugía video-toracoscópica / Current status of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

La práctica de la cirugía torácica ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo. Inicialmente se utilizaba la toracotomía como único abordaje para tratar las enfermedades torácicas de indicación quirúrgica. En el último siglo, el avance tecnológico y las nuevas técnicas de video han permitido el progreso de la video-toracoscopia, convirtiéndola en la actualidad en el método estándar para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de un importante número de enfermedades torácicas. Este método permite una recuperación rápida de los pacientes, con disminución del trauma quirúrgico, el estrés metabólico, los analgésicos, el tiempo de hospitalización, y las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Aunque se considera un procedimiento seguro, no está exento de presentar complicaciones que pueden requerir, en un muy bajo porcentaje, la toracotomía, razón por la cual los cirujanos entrenados en video-toracoscopia nunca deben desconocer la técnica de abordaje a cielo abierto.

The practice of thoracic surgery has evolved over time. Initially thoracotomy was performed as the only approach in the management of thoracic pathologies amenable to surgical treatment. The technological progress and the advent of video assisted techniques have allowed the advancement of video-assisted thoracic thoracoscopy, positioning it as the gold standard in the diagnosis and treatment of an important number chest diseases. This method permits a rapid recovery, diminution in the surgical trauma and metabolic stress, lesser analgesic requirements, shorter hospital stay, and lower morbidity and mortality rates. Although considered a safe approach, it is not void complications that may require, in a very low percentage, thoracotomy, for which reason surgeons trained in video-assisted thoracic surgery should never ignore the open approach technique.

Vejiga neurogénica en pacientes con lesiones medulares / In patients with espinal cord injuries neurogenic bladder

Los pacientes que sufren lesiones medulares son proclives a padecer, entre otros problemas, trastornos urinarios. El sistema urinario regulado por los centros nerviosos puede encontrarse alterado cuando se produce una lesión medular. En la vejiga neurogénica, los nervios que llevan estos mensajes no funcionan adecuadamente. El tratamiento puede consistir en una cirugía o en maniobras específicas basadas en la educación del paciente para promover el autocuidado. Este trabajo presenta una muestra de las opciones que tiene el paciente para mitigar estos problemas con las alternativas de cuidados de enfermería. El presente artículo consta de dos partes. La Primera intenta reflejar algunas posibilidades técnicas con las que cuenta la ciencia hoy para aliviar y tratar este trastorno que puede significar un cambio radical en la vida del paciente.

Vejiga neurogénica en pacientes con lesiones medulares. parte ii. paciente con lesión medular por traumatismo / Neurogenic bladder in patients with spinal cord injury. part ii. patient with traumatic spinal cord injury

Los programas de adiestramiento o reeducación vesical son esenciales para el éxito de las metas de rehabilitación final de cada persona. Estos programas deben incorporarse al plan total de asistencia de enfermería, de modo que todos los tur- nos de personal de enfermería asistan al paciente en unaforma coherente y significativa. Por supuesto, si el paciente alcanza finalmente el control de la vejiga dependerá de la causa de la pérdida de su control, del grado de lesión cerebraly de las infecciones u otras complicaciones que existan. Laintervención de la enfermera en esta cuestión debe individua- lizarse, ser ingeniosa y rigurosa.

Simple, general, and efficient synthesis of meso-substituted borondipyrromethenes from a single platform.

An unprecedented synthesis of 8-substituted-borondipyrromethenes is described starting from 8-thiomethylbodipy 1. Aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and organometallic boronic acids smoothly reacted with 1 in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(0) and a stoichiometric amount of Cu(I)-2-thienylcarboxylate under neutral conditions to give the corresponding Bodipy analogues in good to quantitative yields (20 examples). A remarkable reactivity was observed in some cases, e.g., ferrocenylboronic acid gave the product in 98% isolated yield after only 10 min at 55 degrees C.