Implications of accounting for marker-based population structure in the quantitative genetic evaluation of genetic parameters related to growth and wood properties in Norway spruce.

BACKGROUND: Forest geneticists typically use provenances to account for population differences in their improvement schemes; however, the historical records of the imported materials might not be very precise or well-aligned with the genetic clusters derived from advanced molecular techniques. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of marker-based population structure on genetic parameter estimates related to growth and wood properties and their trade-offs in Norway spruce, by either incorporating it as a fixed effect (model-A) or excluding it entirely from the analysis (model-B). RESULTS: Our results indicate that models incorporating population structure significantly reduce estimates of additive genetic variance, resulting in substantial reduction of narrow-sense heritability. However, these models considerably improve prediction accuracies. This was particularly significant for growth and solid-wood properties, which showed to have the highest population genetic differentiation (QST) among the studied traits. Additionally, although the pattern of correlations remained similar across the models, their magnitude was slightly lower for models that included population structure as a fixed effect. This suggests that selection, consistently performed within populations, might be less affected by unfavourable genetic correlations compared to mass selection conducted without pedigree restrictions. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the results of models properly accounting for population structure are more accurate and less biased compared to those neglecting this effect. This might have practical implications for breeders and forest managers where, decisions based on imprecise selections can pose a high risk to economic efficiency.

Inbreeding Effects on the Performance and Genomic Prediction for Polysomic Tetraploid Potato Offspring Grown at High Nordic Latitudes.

Inbreeding depression (ID) is caused by increased homozygosity in the offspring after selfing. Although the self-compatible, highly heterozygous, tetrasomic polyploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) suffers from ID, some argue that the potential genetic gains from using inbred lines in a sexual propagation system of potato are too large to be ignored. The aim of this research was to assess the effects of inbreeding on potato offspring performance under a high latitude and the accuracy of the genomic prediction of breeding values (GEBVs) for further use in selection. Four inbred (S1) and two hybrid (F1) offspring and their parents (S0) were used in the experiment, with a field layout of an augmented design with the four S0 replicated in nine incomplete blocks comprising 100, four-plant plots at Umeå (63°49'30″ N 20°15'50″ E), Sweden. S0 was significantly (p < 0.01) better than both S1 and F1 offspring for tuber weight (total and according to five grading sizes), tuber shape and size uniformity, tuber eye depth and reducing sugars in the tuber flesh, while F1 was significantly (p < 0.01) better than S1 for all tuber weight and uniformity traits. Some F1 hybrid offspring (15-19%) had better total tuber yield than the best-performing parent. The GEBV accuracy ranged from -0.3928 to 0.4436. Overall, tuber shape uniformity had the highest GEBV accuracy, while tuber weight traits exhibited the lowest accuracy. The F1 full sib's GEBV accuracy was higher, on average, than that of S1. Genomic prediction may facilitate eliminating undesired inbred or hybrid offspring for further use in the genetic betterment of potato.

[The effect of age and sex on factors associated with dementia]. / Efecto de la edad y el sexo en los factores asociados a la demencia.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently no cure for dementia and its prevention is considered to be crucial. The aim is to analyse the association between risk factors and dementia, and how this varies according to age and sex. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study includes 1,048,956 people aged 65 and over. Data were obtained from the SIDIAP pseudonymised clinical database. The response variable was dementia and cases were identified using a validated algorithm. Exposure to the following risk factors was assessed: smoking, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, alcoholism, high blood pressure, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, Parkinson's disease, depressive disorder and rurality. Logistic regression models were estimated to assess the association between risk factors and dementia, and they were stratified by age, sex and both jointly. RESULTS: The association between a medical history of cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson, depressive disorder or hyperthyroidism and dementia was more pronounced in men. The inverse association between coronary heart disease, heart failure or smoking and dementia was significant only in women. A stronger association was observed in younger age groups for most risk factors, but hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure or smoking were negatively associated among the older age groups. CONCLUSION: Sex and age both condition the association between risk factors and dementia. We recommend promoting effective control of cardiovascular risk factors in order to prevent dementia.

TITLE: Efecto de la edad y el sexo en los factores asociados a la demencia.Introducción. Actualmente no existe ningún tratamiento curativo para la demencia por lo que se considera que su prevención es clave. El objetivo es analizar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo y la demencia, y su variación según la edad y el sexo. Pacientes y métodos. Este estudio transversal incluye a 1.048.956 personas de 65 años o más. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos clínicos pseudoanonimizados SIDIAP. La variable respuesta fue la demencia y se identificaron los casos mediante un algoritmo validado. Se evaluó la exposición a los siguientes factores de riesgo: tabaquismo, enfermedad coronaria, enfermedad cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca, arteriopatía periférica, alcoholismo, hipertensión arterial, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, hipertiroidismo, Parkinson, trastorno depresivo y ruralidad. Se calcularon modelos de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación de los factores de riesgo y la demencia, y se estratificó por edad, sexo y ambos conjuntamente. Resultados. La asociación entre los antecedentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular, el Parkinson, el trastorno depresivo o el hipertiroidismo y la demencia fue más pronunciada en los hombres. La asociación inversa entre la enfermedad coronaria, la insuficiencia cardíaca o el tabaquismo con la demencia fue significativa sólo en las mujeres. Se observó una mayor asociación en los grupos de menor edad en la mayoría de los factores de riesgo. Conclusión. El sexo y la edad condicionan la asociación de los factores de riesgo y la demencia. Recomendamos promover el control eficaz de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular para prevenir la demencia.

Efecto de la edad y el sexo en los factores asociados a la demencia / The effect of age and sex on factors associated with dementia

Introducción: Actualmente no existe ningún tratamiento curativo para la demencia por lo que se considera que su prevención es clave. El objetivo es analizar la asociación entre los factores de riesgo y la demencia, y su variación según la edad y el sexo. Pacientes y métodos: Este estudio transversal incluye a 1.048.956 personas de 65 años o más. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos clínicos pseudoanonimizados SIDIAP. La variable respuesta fue la demencia y se identificaron los casos mediante un algoritmo validado. Se evaluó la exposición a los siguientes factores de riesgo: tabaquismo, enfermedad coronaria, enfermedad cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca, arteriopatía periférica, alcoholismo, hipertensión arterial, hiperlipidemia, diabetes, hipertiroidismo, Parkinson, trastorno depresivo y ruralidad. Se calcularon modelos de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación de los factores de riesgo y la demencia, y se estratificó por edad, sexo y ambos conjuntamente. Resultados: La asociación entre los antecedentes de enfermedad cerebrovascular, el Parkinson, el trastorno depresivo o el hipertiroidismo y la demencia fue más pronunciada en los hombres. La asociación inversa entre la enfermedad coronaria, la insuficiencia cardíaca o el tabaquismo con la demencia fue significativa sólo en las mujeres. Se observó una mayor asociación en los grupos de menor edad en la mayoría de los factores de riesgo. Conclusión: El sexo y la edad condicionan la asociación de los factores de riesgo y la demencia. Recomendamos promover el control eficaz de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular para prevenir la demencia.(AU)

Introduction: There is currently no cure for dementia and its prevention is considered to be crucial. The aim is to analyse the association between risk factors and dementia, and how this varies according to age and sex. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study includes 1,048,956 people aged 65 and over. Data were obtained from the SIDIAP pseudonymised clinical database. The response variable was dementia and cases were identified using a validated algorithm. Exposure to the following risk factors was assessed: smoking, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, alcoholism, high blood pressure, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, Parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder and rurality. Logistic regression models were estimated to assess the association between risk factors and dementia, and they were stratified by age, sex and both jointly. Results: The association between a medical history of cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson, depressive disorder or hyperthyroidism and dementia was more pronounced in men. The inverse association between coronary heart disease, heart failure or smoking and dementia was significant only in women. A stronger association was observed in younger age groups for most risk factors, but hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure or smoking were negatively associated among the older age groups. Conclusion: Sex and age both condition the association between risk factors and dementia. We recommend promoting effective control of cardiovascular risk factors in order to prevent dementia.(AU)

Life stage-specific inbreeding depression in long-lived Pinaceae species depends on population connectivity.

Inbreeding depression (ID) is a fundamental selective pressure that shapes mating systems and population genetic structures in plants. Although it has been shown that ID varies over the life stages of shorter-lived plants, less is known about how the fitness effects of inbreeding vary across life stages in long-lived species. We conducted a literature survey in the Pinaceae, a tree family known to harbour some of the highest mutational loads ever reported. Using a meta-regression model, we investigated distributions of inbreeding depression over life stages, adjusting for effects of inbreeding levels and the genetic differentiation of populations within species. The final dataset contained 147 estimates of ID across life stages from 41 studies. 44 Fst estimates were collected from 40 peer-reviewed studies for the 18 species to aid genetic differentiation modelling. Partitioning species into fragmented and well-connected groups using Fst resulted in the best way (i.e. trade-off between high goodness-of-fit of the model to the data and reduced model complexity) to incorporate genetic connectivity in the meta-regression analysis. Inclusion of a life stage term and its interaction with the inbreeding coefficient (F) dramatically increased model precision. We observed that the correlation between ID and F was significant at the earliest life stage. Although partitioning of species populations into fragmented and well-connected groups explained little of the between-study heterogeneity, the inclusion of an interaction between life stage and population differentiation revealed that populations with fragmented distributions suffered lower inbreeding depression at early embryonic stages than species with well-connected populations. There was no evidence for increased ID in late life stages in well-connected populations, although ID tended to increase across life stages in the fragmented group. These findings suggest that life stage data should be included in inbreeding depression studies and that inbreeding needs to be managed over life stages in commercial populations of long-lived plants.

Annulohypoxylon sp. strain MUS1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc., produces taxol and other bioactive metabolites.

The current study focuses on the isolation and in vitro characterization of bioactive metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from the Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana Zucc.). The endophytic fungi were isolated on artificial media from inner tissues of bark and needles. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, along with total phenolic- and flavonoid-content assays were used in the evaluation of bioactivity of the fermented crude extracts. The ability of the endophytes to produce the anticancer compound Taxol was also analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A total of 16 fungal morphotypes were obtained from asymptomatic inner tissues of the bark and needles of T. wallichiana. Among the 16 isolates, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of isolate MUS1, showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against all test-pathogens used (Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Candida albicans). MUS1 showed significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 250 µg/ml) and the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans (MIC: 125 µg/ml). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content as well as in vitro Taxol production were evaluated for EA fraction of isolate MUS1. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the % DPPH radical scavenging activity was 83.15 ± 0.40, 81.62 ± 0.11, and 62.36 ± 0.29, for ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and the EA fraction of MUS1, respectively. The DPPH-Half maximal inhibitory concentration (DPPH-IC50) value for the EA fraction was 81.52 ± 0.23 µg/ml, compared to BHT (62.87 ± 0.08 µg/ml) and ascorbic acid (56.15 ± 0.19 µg/ml). The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the EA fraction were 16.90 ± 0.075 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 11.59 ± 0.148 µg rutin equivalent (RE), per mg of dry crude extract, respectively. TLC and RP-HPLC analysis showed that the isolate MUS1 also produces Taxol (282.05 µg/l of fermentation broth). Isolate MUS1 was identified as Annulohypoxylon sp. by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Having the ability to produce antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites, as well as the anticancer compound Taxol, makes Annulohypoxylon sp. strain MUS1, a promising candidate for further study of naturally occurring bioactive metabolites. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02693-z.

Retinitis punctata albecens: a propósito de un caso / Retinitis punctata albecens: Presentation of a case

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