Leishmaniasis cutánea / Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Las leishmaniasis son enfermedades causadas por protozoos del género Leishmania. España es uno de los países en los que la leishmaniasis es endémica. Los casos adquiridos en nuestro país (tanto cutáneos como viscerales) se deben a Leishmania infantum, pero puede haber otros causados por otras especies en viajeros o inmigrantes. Las lesiones cutáneas aparecen fundamentalmente en áreas expuestas y tienden a la curación espontánea dejando cicatriz. El diagnóstico es difícil por la inespecificidad de la clínica y el lento crecimiento del parásito en cultivo. Existen distintas opciones terapéuticas, por lo que cada caso debe ser valorado individualmente según las características de la lesión, la especie causante y el potencial de afectación mucosa. En nuestro país, la primera línea de tratamiento está constituida por los antimoniales pentavalentes intralesionales. En casos refractarios o con riesgo de diseminación mucosa debe emplearse un tratamiento sistémico (AU)

Leishmaniasis are a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Spainis one of the countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. All cases acquired in our country(both cutaneous and visceral) are caused by Leishmania infantum, although cases due to other species may appear in travelers or immigrants. Cutaneous lesions appear mainly in exposed areas and tend to heal spontaneously leaving scars. Diagnosis is often difficult due to the non-specific clinical manifestations and the slow growth of the parasite when cultured. There are different available treatment options and each case should be individually considered,taking into account the characteristics of the lesion, the species of Leishmania and the potential for mucosal spread. In Spain, intralesional pentavalent antimonials are the first-line therapeutic option. In those cases at risk for mucosal dissemination or refractory to local therapy,systemic treatment must be given (AU)

Síndrome de escaldadura estafilocócia en un neonato / Staphylococcal scalded síndrome in a newborn

Se presenta un caso de escaldadura estafilocócica en un neonato de 12 días. El diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, basado en las lesiones cutáneas características (signo de Nikolski). La inmadurez fisiológica del neonato hace necesarios un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces (AU)

A case of staphylococcal scalded syndrome in a 12 day old newborn is presented. The diagnosis is principally clinical, based on the characteristic skin lesions (Nikolski sign). The physiological immaturity of the newborn makes an early diagnosis and treatment necessary (AU)

[Increase in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia between 2001 and 2004]. / Incremento de la incidencia de neumonía bacteriana entre 2001 y 2004.

AIM: To study patients with typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2004 in order to analyze the incidence of this disease in our health area during this period. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2004. Only those patients who fulfilled the criteria for typical pneumonia of possible bacterial origin based on clinical and radiological features and laboratory data were included. The annual incidence rates of CAP were analyzed using demographic data from our health area and from all children admitted to the infectious diseases unit of our hospital during this period. RESULTS: During the study period, 569 children were diagnosed with typical CAP: 116 in 2001, 133 in 2002, 154 in 2003 and 166 in 2004. The incidence rate was 1.3 cases/1,000 children under 14 years old/year in 2001, 1.51 in 2002, 1.69 in 2003 and 1.72 in 2004. These findings represent an increment of 25% in the incidence per 1,000/children/year and an increment of 53% in the incidence per 100 children admitted to our unit. Blood cultures were performed before antibiotic therapy was administered in 487 patients and were positive in 22 (4.5%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 21 patients and Streptococcus pyogenes in one. Chest radiographs revealed lobar consolidation in 95% of the patients and 15 % developed pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of CAP of probable pneumococcal etiology increased in our health area during the study period. The number of complicated cases also increased.

[Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]. / Síndrome de escaldadura estafilocócica.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a rare disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus that produces exfoliative toxins. There are few epidemiological data in our environment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present an observational cohort study. We review the cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome monitored at La Paz Children Hospital during the last ten years (January 1997 to December 2006). RESULTS: We obtained 26 patients, 7 in the first 5 years and 19 more in the following years. The mean age at diagnosis was 19 months. Four cases (15%) occurred during the neonatal period. Sixty-seven percent of the cases were diagnosed during spring and summer. Main clinical signs were: erythroderma with blisters and posterior desquamation (100%), perioral fissures (54%), fever (46%), conjunctivitis (42%) and palpebral edema (31%). No significant increases in leukocytes (mean: 11,341/.l) or C-reactive protein (mean: 9 mg/l) were found on blood analysis. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings. S. aureus was isolated in nasal or conjunctival samples on 59% of cases. All strains were sensitive to cloxacillin, clindamycin and vancomycin. The patients were treated with cloxacillin with good progress. CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome seems to be more common in the last few years. It must be suspected in children with acute erythroderma and perioral or conjunctival lesions. Treatment with cloxacillin leads to healing without sequelae.

Incremento de la incidencia de neumonía bacteriana entre 2001 y 2004 / Increase in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia between 2001 and 2004

Objetivo: Estudiar los pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital por neumonía típica adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en los últimos 4 años y analizar la incidencia en este período. Métodos: Se seleccionaron retrospectivamente todas las NAC ingresadas en nuestro hospital entre los años 2001 y 2004. Se analizaron exclusivamente aquellas que cumplían criterios clínico-analítico-radiológicos de neumonía típica de posible origen bacteriano. Se analiza la incidencia de NAC según los datos de población de nuestra área sanitaria y del número de ingresos totales en la unidad de enfermedades infecciosas. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron un total de 569 NAC que cumplían criterios de bacteriana: 116 casos en 2001, 133 casos en 2002, 154 casos en 2003 y 166 casos en 2004. La incidencia fue de 1,38 casos/1.000 niños < 14 años de edad/año en 2001, 1,51 en 2002, 1,69 en 2003 y 1,72 en 2004. Esto supone un incremento de la incidencia del 25 % por 1.000 niños/año en nuestra área sanitaria y un incremento de la incidencia del 53 % por 100 ingresos en la unidad. Se realizó hemocultivo antes de la antibioterapia en 487 casos, de los cuales fueron positivos 22 (4,5 %), 21 para Streptococcus pneumoniae y 1 para Streptococcus pyogenes. El 95 % de los pacientes presentaba en la radiografía de tórax una imagen de consolidación. El 15 % de los pacientes tuvo derrame pleural. Conclusiones: En los últimos años hemos observado un aumento del número de casos de neumonía de posible origen neumocócico en España, al mismo tiempo que también se ha producido un incremento de los casos complicados (AU)

Aim: To study patients with typical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2004 in order to analyze the incidence of this disease in our health area during this period. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2004. Only those patients who fulfilled the criteria for typical pneumonia of possible bacterial origin based on clinical and radiological features and laboratory data were included. The annual incidence rates of CAP were analyzed using demographic data from our health area and from all children admitted to the infectious diseases unit of our hospital during this period. Results: During the study period, 569 children were diagnosed with typical CAP: 116 in 2001, 133 in 2002, 154 in 2003 and 166 in 2004. The incidence rate was 1.3 cases/1,000 children under 14 years old/year in 2001, 1.51 in 2002, 1.69 in 2003 and 1.72 in 2004. These findings represent an increment of 25 % in the incidence per 1,000/children/year and an increment of 53 % in the incidence per 100 children admitted to our unit. Blood cultures were performed before antibiotic therapy was administered in 487 patients and were positive in 22 (4.5 %). Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in 21 patients and Streptococcus pyogenes in one. Chest radiographs revealed lobar consolidation in 95 % of the patients and 15 % developed pleural effusion. Conclusions: Cases of CAP of probable pneumococcal etiology increased in our health area during the study period. The number of complicated cases also increased (AU)

[Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the pediatric age group]. / Tuberculosis mutirresistente en la edad pediátrica.

AIMS: To study the clinical and epidemiological features in eight pediatric patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diagnosed from 1994 to 2005 in three hospitals in Madrid (Spain). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in patients aged less than 15 years old with positive culture for multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and patients with negative cultures diagnosed after contact with MDR-TB. RESULTS: Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in seven patients and arthritis in one. Fifty percent of the patients were immigrants and an adult source case was found in four (50%). M. tuberculosis was isolated in gastric juice in four patients and in synovial biopsy in one. In three patients cultures were negative but these patients had previously been in contact with MDR-TB. Two strains were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, four were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin, one was resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide, and one was resistant to 11 drugs. Six patients initially received conventional treatment without improvement. Patients received therapy for 15 months (range: 12 to 18) with 3 to 5 drugs according to the sensitivity study. The following adverse effects were observed: creatine phosphokinase increase (one patient), tendinitis (one patient), alteration of visual evoked responses (one patient) and transitory psychosis (one patient). One patient required pulmonary lobectomy. All patients responded satisfactorily to medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MDR-TB should be suspected in patients not responding to TB treatment, especially those from countries with high resistance rates. In patients with negative cultures, treatment should rely on the results of a sensitivity study in the adult source case. MDR-TB requires the use of second-line anti-TB drugs for prolonged periods with possible toxic effects.

Tuberculosis mutirresistente en la edad pediátrica / Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the pediatric age group

Objetivos Estudiar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de 8 pacientes pediátricos con tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) diagnosticados en 3 hospitales de Madrid entre 1994 y 2005. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo que incluye pacientes menores de 15 años con aislamiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis multirresistente y sin aislamiento que empezaron tras contacto con TB-MDR. Resultados Se diagnosticaron 7 tuberculosis pulmonares y una artritis. El 50 % eran inmigrantes y en el 50 % se confirmó contacto con adulto enfermo. Se aisló M. tuberculosis en jugo gástrico (4) y biopsia sinovial (1). En 3 pacientes no se consiguió aislamiento, pero se confirmó contacto con TB-MDR. Dos cepas presentaron resistencia a isoniazida (H) y rifampicina (R), cuatro a H, R y estreptomicina (S), una a H, R, S y pirazinamida (Z) y una a 11 fármacos. Seis pacientes recibieron tratamiento convencional inicial sin presentar mejoría. Una vez conocida la sensibilidad de la cepa, se administró tratamiento durante una media de 15 meses (rango: 12-18 meses) con 3-5 fármacos efectivos. Los efectos secundarios observados fueron: aumento de creatinfosfocinasa (1), tendinitis (1), alteración de potenciales visuales (1) y psicosis transitoria (1). Un paciente requirió lobectomía. Todos los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones La TB-MDR debe sospecharse en casos con mala evolución, especialmente si proceden de zonas con altas tasas de resistencia. En niños enfermos con cultivos negativos y expuestos a TB-MDR, el tratamiento se realizará según el estudio de resistencias del caso índice. La resistencia limita las opciones terapéuticas y conlleva la utilización de fármacos con posibles efectos tóxicos

Aims To study the clinical and epidemiological features in eight pediatric patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) diagnosed from 1994 to 2005 in three hospitals in Madrid (Spain). Methods A retrospective study was performed in patients aged less than 15 years old with positive culture for multidrugresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and patients with negative cultures diagnosed after contact with MDR-TB. Results Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in seven patients and arthritis in one. Fifty percent of the patients were immigrants and an adult source case was found in four (50 %). M. tuberculosis was isolated in gastric juice in four patients and in synovial biopsy in one. In three patients cultures were negative but these patients had previously been in contact with MDR-TB. Two strains were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, four were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and streptomycin, one was resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide, and one was resistant to 11 drugs. Six patients initially received conventional treatment without improvement. Patients received therapy for 15 months (range: 12 to 18) with 3 to 5 drugs according to the sensitivity study. The following adverse effects were observed: creatine phosphokinase increase (one patient), tendinitis (one patient), alteration of visual evoked responses (one patient) and transitory psychosis (one patient). One patient required pulmonary lobectomy. All patients responded satisfactorily to medical treatment. Conclusions MDR-TB should be suspected in patients not responding to TB treatment, especially those from countries with high resistance rates. In patients with negative cultures, treatment should rely on the results of a sensitivity study in the adult source case. MDR-TB requires the use of second- line anti-TB drugs for prolonged periods with possible toxic effects

[Acute neonatal parotitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae]. / Parotiditis aguda neonatal por Streptococcus agalactiae.

We report two cases of group B streptococcal acute neonatal parotitis. Both patients showed late-onset infections in association with acute parotid swelling, without cellulitis or purulent drainage from Stensen's duct. Neither of the infants had meningitis, and Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from blood cultures. Differential diagnosis with cellulitis-adenitis syndrome was based on clinical manifestations with supporting radiographic findings, which revealed parotid swelling with increased vascularization. Both infants were treated with a 2-week-course of intravenous cefotaxime, with complete recovery. Although the most common cause of acute neonatal bacterial parotitis is Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae should be included in the differential diagnosis, especially in infants with late-onset sepsis.

[Nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis]. / Adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features, epidemiology and outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis (NTML). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients under 14 years old diagnosed with atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis between 1987 and 2004. Inclusion criteria were: (i) positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or culture; (ii) positive sensitin skin test 6 mm above Mantoux; (iii) histopathologic features compatible with mycobacterial infection and/or positive direct smear for acid-fast bacilli, Mantoux reaction less than 15 mm, a normal chest radiograph, absence of exposure to an adult with tuberculosis, negative Mantoux test reactions in family members, and exclusion of other causes of granulomatous adenitis. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were included in the study. The number of NTML cases increased notably from 1996, coinciding with a decrease in cases of tuberculous adenitis. The mean age was 35 months (range: 14 months-6 years). Submandibular nodes were involved in 22 of 63 cases of adenitis (34.9%) and cervical nodes were involved in 21 (33.3%). In 8/42 patients (19%) the tuberculin skin test was larger than 10 mm. Cultures were positive in 52.9% of the cases (18/34) and PCR in 53.3% (8/15). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was Mycobacterium avium (61%). Therapy failed in 8/21 patients receiving antibiotics (38%), in 10/13 patients with drainage alone (77%) and in none of the patients who underwent surgery (8/8). CONCLUSIONS: Nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis has become more frequent in our hospital since 1996. Cultures do not always allow isolation of mycobacteria and the Mantoux test frequently yields false positive results, thus hampering diagnosis. The most effective treatment was surgical excision. Nevertheless, when the surgical approach is difficult or there is postoperative recurrence, pharmacological treatment can be useful.

Adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas / Nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis

Objetivo Estudiar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolutivas de las linfadenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 54 pacientes menores de 14 años diagnosticados de linfadenitis por micobacterias atípicas entre 1987 y 2004. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: a) reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) o cultivo positivo; b) test de sensitinas positivo con valor superior en 6 mm al Mantoux, y c) hallazgos anatomopatológicos compatibles con infección micobacteriana, junto con Mantoux menor de 15 mm, radiografía de tórax normal, ausencia de contacto tuberculoso, Mantoux negativo en familiares directos, y exclusión de otras causas de adenitis granulomatosa. Resultados Se detectaron 54 casos de adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Estas infecciones aumentaron desde 1996 coincidiendo con una disminución de adenitis tuberculosas. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 35 meses (rango: 14 meses-6 años). La localización más frecuente fue submaxilar en 22 de 63 adenitis (34,9 %) y laterocervical en 21 adenitis (33,3 %). El Mantoux fue superior a 10 mm en 8/42 (19 %). El cultivo fue positivo en 18/34 de los casos (52,9 %) y la PCR en 8/15 (53,3 %). La micobacteria más aislada fue Mycobacterium avium (61 %). Se produjo fracaso terapéutico en 8 de los 21 pacientes tratados inicialmente con antibióticos (38 %) y en 10 de los 13 tratados con drenaje (77 %). En el 100 % (8/8) de los casos en los que se realizó exéresis quirúrgica se consiguió la curación definitiva. Conclusiones Los casos de adenitis por micobacterias no tuberculosas han aumentado desde 1996 en nuestro hospital. La rentabilidad de los cultivos es baja y el Mantoux presenta falsos positivos con frecuencia, lo cual dificulta el diagnóstico. La exéresis quirúrgica fue el tratamiento más eficaz. Sin embargo, en adenitis que presenten difícil abordaje quirúrgico y en recurrencias postexéresis el tratamiento farmacológico puede ser útil

Objective To study the clinical features, epidemiology and outcome of nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis (NTML). Methods A retrospective study was performed on 54 patients under 14 years old diagnosed with atypical mycobacterial lymphadenitis between 1987 and 2004. Inclusion criteria were: (i) positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test or culture; (ii) positive sensitin skin test 6 mm above Mantoux; (iii) histopathologic features compatible with mycobacterial infection and/or positive direct smear for acid-fast bacilli, Mantoux reaction less than 15 mm, a normal chest radiograph, absence of exposure to an adult with tuberculosis, negative Mantoux test reactions in family members, and exclusion of other causes of granulomatous adenitis. Results Fifty-four patients were included in the study. The number of NTML cases increased notably from 1996, coinciding with a decrease in cases of tuberculous adenitis. The mean age was 35 months (range: 14 months-6 years). Submandibular nodes were involved in 22 of 63 cases of adenitis (34.9 %) and cervical nodes were involved in 21 (33.3 %). In 8/42 patients (19 %) the tuberculin skin test was larger than 10 mm. Cultures were positive in 52.9 % of the cases (18/34) and PCR in 53.3 % (8/15). The most frequently isolated mycobacteria was Mycobacterium avium (61 %). Therapy failed in 8/21 patients receiving antibiotics (38 %), in 10/13 patients with drainage alone (77 %) and in none of the patients who underwent surgery (8/8). Conclusions Nontuberculous mycobacterial adenitis has become more frequent in our hospital since 1996. Cultures do not always allow isolation of mycobacteria and the Mantoux test frequently yields false positive results, thus hampering diagnosis. The most effective treatment was surgical excision. Nevertheless, when the surgical approach is difficult or there is postoperative recurrence, pharmacological treatment can be useful

Coagulación intravascular diseminada asociada a varicela: una complicación poco frecuente / Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with varicella: An infrequent complication

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Derrame pleural paraneumónico: revisión de 11 años / Parapneumonic pleural effusion: An 11-year review

Introducción En los últimos años parece existir un aumento en la incidencia del derrame pleural asociado a neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron describir la etiología y las características clínicas de los derrames paraneumónicos y determinar su incidencia a lo largo de 11 años. Material y métodos Estudio retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de los pacientes menores de 15 años con derrame pleural paraneumónico en el período comprendido entre 1993 y 2003. Se calcularon incidencias anuales por cada 100.000 niños menores de 15 años del Área 5 de la Comunidad de Madrid y por cada 100 ingresos en la Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas del hospital y se evaluó su tendencia a aparecer a lo largo del período de estudio mediante el test de asociación lineal. Resultados Se diagnosticaron 130 derrames pleurales paraneumónicos. La edad media fue de 4,7 años. El 41 % recibieron tratamiento antibiótico previo al diagnóstico. Se descubrió la etiología en 42 pacientes (32,3 %). El mejor método diagnostico fue el cultivo de líquido pleural (18 aislamientos de 58 muestras, 31 %). Las bacterias más frecuentes fueron Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Streptococcus pyogenes (3), Haemophilus influenzae (3) y Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2). El 32 % requirieron drenaje pleural y el 16 %, toracoscopia. De los 12 antibiogramas de S. pneumoniae disponibles, 91,7 % fueron sensibles a penicilina y 75 % a eritromicina. La incidencia anual de derrame pleural paraneumónico por cada 100.000 niños aumentó de 18,1 en 1993 a 42,9 en 2003 (p < 0,005) y de 0,76 en 1993 a 3,3 en 2003 (p < 0,005) por cada 100 niños hospitalizados en nuestra unidad. Conclusión Existe un aumento estadísticamente significativo en la incidencia de derrame pleural paraneumónico entre 1993 y 2003. S. pneumoniae es el microorganismo causal más frecuente con un bajo porcentaje de resistencia a penicilina

Introduction In the last few years, the incidence of parapneumonic effusions in children with community-acquired pneumonia seems to have increased. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical features and incidence of parapneumonic effusions throughout an 11-year period. Material and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged < 15 years old with parapneumonic effusions from 1993 to 2003. Annual incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 children < 15 years old from Health Area 5 of Madrid and per 100 children hospitalized in the Infectious Diseases Department of our hospital. The linear association test was used to compare the incidence rates over the previous 11 years. Results There were 130 patients with parapneumonic pleural effusions. The mean age was 4.7 years. Forty-one percent received antibiotics before diagnosis. The causative organisms were identified in 42 patients (32.3 %). The most effective diagnostic method was pleural-fluid culture (18/58, 31 %). The most common organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (18), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Streptococcus pyogenes (3), Haemophilus influenzae (3) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2). Thirty-two percent of the patients required pleural drainage and 16 % underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Of 12 S. pneumoniae antibiograms available, 91.7 % showed full susceptibility to penicillin and 75 % were susceptible to erythromycin. The annual incidence of parapneumonic effusions rose from 18.1 in 1993 to 42.9 in 2003 (p < 0.001) per 100,000 children and from 0.76 in 1993 to 3.3 in 2003 (p < 0.001) per 100 children hospitalized in our unit. Conclusion The incidence of parapneumonic effusions in children with community-acquired pneumonia showed a statistically significant increase between 1993 and 2003. The most common causal organism was S. pneumoniae, with a low rate of penicillin resistance

Meningitis tuberculosa: revisión de 27 años / Tuberculous meningitis: a review of 27 years

Objetivos: Analizar las características de los pacientes con meningitis tuberculosa en un hospital terciario, con especial interés en el posible impacto de la supresión de la vacuna de bacilo de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (1987), la inmigración y de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los casos de meningitis tuberculosa diagnosticados a lo largo de 27 años (1977-2003). Se consideró meningitis tuberculosa cuando existía un líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) con una citoquímica compatible, más: a) aislamiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en jugo gástrico o LCR; b) prueba de tuberculina positiva, o c) contacto con tuberculosis activa. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 28 casos de meningitis tuberculosa. Durante los primeros 14 años hubo 24 casos (85 %), y durante los últimos 13 años tan sólo 4 casos (15%). No hubo ningún niño coinfectado por el VIH. La mediana de la edad fue 3 años y 4 meses. En dos de ellos existía vacunación previa con BCG. En el 64 % de los casos se localizó el foco de contagio. Al ingreso, el 57 % presentaba signos meníngeos, el 46 % focalidad neurológica y el 54 % radiografía de tórax anormal. La prueba de tuberculina fue positiva en el 89% de los casos. La tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen en LCR fue positiva en el 3,5 %. Se cultivó el bacilo en LCR en el 32 % de los pacientes. La tomografía computarizada (TC), practicada en 22 pacientes, mostró hidrocefalia en el 91 % de los niños. Todos fueron tratados durante un año, sin efectos secundarios significativos. Como tratamientos complementarios se han utilizado corticoterapia (89 %), derivación ventriculoperitoneal (43 %) y anticomiciales (39 %). Fallecieron 3 pacientes (12 %). El 50 % de los casos tuvo secuelas, en su mayoría permanentes; la más grave y frecuente fue el retraso psicomotor (21 %), principalmente en niños con estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La meningitis tuberculosa ha disminuido durante los últimos 15 años, a pesar de la emergencia del VIH y a la inmigración desde países endémicos para tuberculosis. Estos datos se corresponden con la disminución general de la incidencia de meningitis tuberculosa en nuestro medio. La supresión de la vacuna BCG en 1987 en Madrid no ha llevado a un aumento en los casos vistos en nuestro hospital; al contrario, han disminuido. Hay un porcentaje importante de secuelas graves en niños con estadios avanzados

Objectives: To analyze the features and outcome of children with tuberculous meningitis (TM) in a tertiary hospital in Madrid, with special emphasis on the possible influence of HIV infection, immigration and withdrawal of the Bacille-Calmette- Guérin (BCG) vaccine in Madrid in 1987. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with TM diagnosed over a 27-year period (1977-2003). TM was diagnosed on the basis of compatible cytochemical findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plus a) isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF or gastric fluid; b) positive Mantoux test, or c) previous contact with active tuberculosis. Results: Twenty-eight cases of TM were diagnosed. There were 24 cases (85 %) in the first 14 years versus only four cases (15 %) in the last 13 years. None of the children was co-infected with HIV. The median age was 3 years and 4 months. Only two of these had received the BCG vaccine. The source of infection was identified in 64 %. At admission, 57 % had nuchal rigidity, 46 % had neurological focality, and 54 % had an abnormal chest roentgenogram. The Mantoux purified protein derivative (PPD) test was positive in 89 % at diagnosis. Zhiel-Nielsen smear in CSF was positive in 3.5 %, and a positive culture from CSF was obtained in 32 %. Computed tomography scan was performed in 22 children and showed hydrocephalus in 90%. All patients were treated with four drugs, with no significant adverse events. Corticoids (89 %), ventricular-peritoneal shunt (43 %) and antiepileptic drugs (39 %) were widely used as complementary treatments. Mortality was 12 %. Half of the patients had sequels, which were mostly permanent. The most frequent and severe complication was neurodevelopmental delay (21 %). Severe sequels occurred in children with more advanced stages of illness. Conclusions: The frequency of TM has decreased in the last 15 years, despite the emergence of HIV and immigration from countries where tuberculosis is endemic. These data are in agreement with the general reduction of the incidence of TM in our environment. Withdrawal of the BCG vaccine in Madrid in 1987 did not increase cases of TM in our hospital; on the contrary, these have decreased. A considerable percentage of children with advanced stages of TM show severe sequels

Adenomatosis quística pulmonar tipo I. Presentación de un caso / Type I cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: report of a case

Se presenta el caso de una niña con adenomatosis quística pulmonar, que fue diagnosticada a los dos años de edad al sobreinfectarse los quistes (AU)

Aumento de la incidencia de neumonía de posible origen bacteriano en el último trienio / Increased frequency of pneumonia of possible bacterial etiology during the last three years

Objetivo: Estudiar a los pacientes ingresados por neumonía en el último trienio, considerando sólo la neumonía definida previamente como típica o bacteriana. Métodos: Se estudiaron retrospectivamente todas las neumonías típicas adquiridas en la comunidad ingresadas durante los años 1998, 1999 y 2000. Se consideró como neumonía típica o de origen bacteriano aquella que cumplía 3 de 5 criterios: Fiebre >39 °C y de presentación brusca, dolor de costado o equivalentes (dolor abdominal o meningismo); auscultación de condensación, radiología de consolidación; leucocitosis >-12.000 mm3 con neutrofilia >-6.000 mm. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron un total de 271 neumonías, 75 en 1998, 85 en 1999 y 111 en 2000. La incidencia por 100.000 niños al año <5 años de nuestra Area Sanitaria era de 87,9, 98,6 y 126,3, respectivamente, y el porcentaje de ingresos por neumonía típica en relación con el número total de ingresos al año en la Unidad era de 5,8, 6,8 y 8 por ciento, respectivamente. Se realizó hemocultivo en 155 pacientes, que era positivo en 8 casos (5 por ciento): Streptococcus pneumoniae (n= 6), Haemophilus in fluenzae (n= 1) y Streptococcus pyogenes (n= 1): En la radiología, el 93,4 por ciento de los pacientes tenía una consolidación y el 6,6 por ciento presentaba un infiltrado. Se diagnóstico un derrame pleural en el 10 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: Existe un aumento de la frecuencia de niños ingresados en nuestro hospital por neumonía de características bacterianas en el último trienio. Consideramos que este aumento es debido, fundamentalmente, a neumonías causadas por neumococo (AU)

Neurocisticercosis: una enfermedad en auge / Neurocystercosis: a disease at its peak

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[Incidence and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki's disease]. / Incidencia y características clínicas de la enfermedad de Kawasaki.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and clinical spectrum of Kawasaki's disease in children attended in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all children with Kawasaki's disease evaluated in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Hospital La Paz (Madrid, Spain) from January 1999 to June 2002. Information included clinical manifestations, age, sex, seasonal occurrence, treatment, development of cardiovascular abnormalities, and incidence rate. RESULTS: Forty-five patients with Kawasaki's disease were analyzed during the study period. Age ranged between 4 months and 13 years. Thirty-seven children were aged 5 years old or less and 15 children were younger than 2 years. The most common symptom was fever in 98 % of the patients. Five patients developed coronary aneurysms. Of these, four were aged less than 2 years and three were treated after the first week of onset of fever. The annual incidence rate in our health area was estimated at 15.1 cases per 100,000 children aged 5 years or less. CONCLUSIONS: The annual incidence rate for Kawasaki's disease in our area was similar to that in Europe and the United States. Coronary aneurysms were more common in children aged less than 2 years and in patients who received treatment after 1 week of the onset of fever.