Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity Levels and Health Parameters in Young Adults with Cancer.

The lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted physical activity (PA) levels around the world, affecting health parameters in young adults with cancer (YAC). To our knowledge, there is no evidence of the impact of the lockdown on the Spanish YAC. To analyse the changes in PA levels before, during, and after the lockdown of the YAC and its impact on health metrics in Spain, in this study, we utilized a self-reported web survey. PA levels decreased during the lockdown, and a significant increase in PA was observed after the lockdown. Moderate PA had the largest reduction (49%). Significant increases in moderate PA were noted after the lockdown (85.2%). Participants self-reported more than 9 h of sitting per day. HQoL and fatigue levels were significantly worse during the lockdown. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in this cohort of Spanish YAC showed a decrease in PA levels during the lockdown, affecting sedentarism, fatigue and HQoL. After lockdown, PA levels partially recovered, while HQoL and fatigue levels remained altered. This may have long-term physical effects such as cardiovascular comorbidities associated with sedentarism and psychosocial effects. It is necessary to implement strategies such as cardio-oncology rehabilitation (CORE), an intervention that can be delivered online, potentially improving participants' health behaviours and outcomes.

Lifestyle Behaviours Profile of Spanish Adolescents Who Actively Commute to School.

The aim of this study was to study different 'healthy profiles' through the impact of multiple lifestyle behaviours (sleep patterns, screen time and quality diet) on active commuting to school (ACS) in adolescents. Sixteen secondary schools from four Spanish cities were randomly selected. All participants filled in an "Ad-Hoc" questionnaire to measure their mode of commuting and distance from home to school and their lifestyle behaviours. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to analyse the main predictor variables of ACS. The final sample was 301 adolescents (50.2% girls; mean age ± SD: 14.9 ± 0.48 years). The percentage of ACS was 64.5%. Multiple logistic regressions showed: boys were more active commuters than girls [OR = 2.28 (CI 95%: 1.12−4.64); p = 0.02]; adolescents who lived farther had lower probability to ACS [OR = 0.74 (CI 95%: 0.69−0.80); p < 0.001]; adolescents who met sleep duration recommendations were more likely to ACS [OR = 3.05 (CI 95%: 1.07−8.69); p = 0.04], while with each hour of sleep, the odds of ACS was reduced [OR = 0.51 (CI 95%: 0.30−0.89); p = 0.02]; higher odds were shown to ACS in adolescents who have more adherence to MD [OR = 1.16(CI 95%: 1.00−1.33); p = 0.05]; and habitual breakfast consumption was inversely associated with ACS [OR = 0.41 (CI: 95%: 0.18−0.96); p = 0.04]. ACS was associated with being a boy, living at a shorter distance to school, a daily sleep time ≥ 8 h and presented a higher adherence to MD.

Gender-Differentiated Analysis of the Correlation between Active Commuting to School vs. Active Commuting to Extracurricular Physical Activity Practice during Adolescence.

Active commuting to school in children and adolescents can help achieve compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for physical activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the mode of transport used to go to school and the mode of transport used to go to extracurricular sports practice. Multistage random cluster sampling was conducted to include 128 schools with the participation of 11,017 students between the ages of 5 and 19. Participants completed the survey of sports habits designed by the National Sports Council. The results revealed that the mode of transport used to go to school is significantly related to the mode of transport used to go to sports practice. A total of 54.3% of students aged 5 to 19 years walk to school. A total of 23.7% of boys walk and 7.9% bike to extracurricular physical activities vs. 24.1% of girls who walk. The fact that girls only walk to extracurricular physical activities implies that the organized sports activities were nearby. Therefore, it seems crucial to have a wide range of physical activities on offer locally to promote extracurricular physical activity participation for girls.

Competition Seriousness and Competition Level Modulate Testosterone and Cortisol Responses in Soccer Players.

This study aimed to analyze the modulating effect of competition seriousness and competition level in the testosterone and cortisol responses in professional soccer player. Ninety five (95) soccer players were included in this study (professional, n = 39; semiprofessional, n = 27; amateur, n = 29) before and after training, friendly game and official games. Repeated measures ANOVA showed higher testosterone levels (F(1,89) = 134, p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.75) in professional soccer players, when compared with semiprofessional (p < 0.0001) or amateur athletes (p < 0.0001). After winning a competition game an increase in testosterone levels was observed in professionals (t = -3.456, p < 0.001), semiprofessionals (t = -4.400, p < 0.0001), and amateurs (t = -2.835, p < 0.009). In contrast, this momentary hormonal fluctuation was not observed after winning a friendly game or during a regular training day. Additionally, statistical analysis indicated that cortisol levels were lower in professional (t = -3.456, p < 0.001) and semiprofessional athletes (t = -4.400, p < 0.0001) than in amateurs (t = -2.835, p < 0.009). In soccer players a rise in testosterone was only observable when the team was faced with an actual challenge but did not support a different response between categories. Thus, the desire to achieve a goal (and keep the social status) may be one of the key reasons why testosterone levels rise promptly. Conversely, testosterone did not change after friendly games, which suggests these situations are not real goals and the players do not perceive an actual threat (in terms of dominance) more than the preparation for their next competitive game.

Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style.

The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in the psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level, young swimmers depending on whether an autocratic and democratic coaching style was applied. Modifications in cortisol and the motivational climate of 18 young swimmers (15.3 ± 1.86 years, 10 females and 8 males) were analysed before and after two training sessions with equivalent training loads but directed by two coaches applying different approaches, i.e., autocratic (A) and democratic (D). The basal testosterone levels of the coaches were also assessed. The basal testosterone concentration was higher in coach A than in coach D; the athletes perceived them as autocratic and democratic, respectively. Swimmers under coach A's instructions showed higher cortisol levels, suggesting higher cortisol production related to coaching style. Furthermore, differences in the motivational climate concerning ego (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with that of other athletes) were observed with coach A, whereas differences in motivational climate concerning the task (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with their own past performance) were observed with coach D. Cognitive variables showed negative perceptions affecting athletes' training experience and performance when they were screamed at or insulted by coach A. There were no gender or age differences in cortisol production or motivational climate. In conclusion, this study suggests that an autocratic coaching style modulates cortisol release in both genders, affecting young elite swimmers' motivational climate and training experience.

Inteligencia Emocional en el Deporte: Validación española del Schutte Self Report Inventory (SSRI) en deportistas españoles / Emotional Inteligence in Sport: Validation of the Schutte Self Report Inventory (SSRI) in Spanish athletes / Inteligência emocional no esporte: validação espanhola do schutte self report inventory (SSRI) em esportistas espanhois

El propósito del estudio fue validar el Inventario de Inteligencia Emocional (SSRI) de Schutte et al. (1998) en una muestra de deportistas españoles de diferente nivel de pericia. Participaron 2091 deportistas (1519 hombres y 572 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 59 años (M= 20.8; DT= 6.14). Los resultados de los AFE y AFC mostraron que el cuestionario presenta una estructura de cuatro dimensiones (percepción emocional, gestión auto-emocional, gestión hetero-emocional y utilización emocional), además de permitir obtener un valor de la escala general denominado Inteligencia Emocional en el Deporte. Las propiedades psicométricas y fiabilidad de la escala permiten presentar un inventario apto para la medición de la inteligencia emocional en el deporte (AU)

In this study we analyzed the validation and reliability of the SSRI Schutte's et al. (1998) Inventory of Emotional Intelligence using EFA and CFA with Spanish athletes of different expertise level. This sample was comprised of 2091 athletes (1519 males and 572 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years (ST: 6.14) and an age range of 11 to 59 years. The results obtained in this study presented a four dimensions structure (Emotional perception, self-emotional management, hetero-emotional management and emotional utilization), and a global score of emotional intelligence in Sport. Psychometric properties and reliability of this instrument permits to offer an inventory apt to be applied in sport contexts (AU)

O propósito desse estudo foi de validar o inventario de Inteligência Emocional (SSRI) de Schutte et al. (1998), em uma mostra de esportista espanhóis de diferentes níveis de habilidades. Participaram 2091 esportistas (1519 homens e 572 mulheres) de idades compreendidas entre 11 e 59 anos de idade (M= 20.8; DT= 6.14). Os resultados dos AFE e AFC mostraram que o questionário apresenta uma estrutura de quatro dimensões (percepção emocional, gestão auto- emocional gestão hetero-emocional e utilização emocional), ademais de permitir obter um valor de escala geral denominada Inteligência Emocional no Esporte. As propriedades psicométricas e fiabilidade da escala permitiram apresentar um inventario apto para medir a inteligência emocional de esportistas (AU)

Development and validation of a Spanish version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28 / Desarrollo y validación de la versión española del Inventario de Habilidades Deportivas de Afrontamiento, ACSI-28

This study involved the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) for a Spanish-speaking sport environment. The sample was made up of 1,253 Spanish athletes, 967 males and 286 females. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the 7-factor structure found in the English version was replicated in the Spanish translation in both males and females. Likewise, the reliability coefficients were similar to those of the English version, with values exceeding .80 for the total score. Several of the subscales correlated positively with sports experience and performance level. The Spanish version of the ACSI-28 thus maintains the factor structure of the original and exhibits similar psychometric properties. Consequently, it can reliably be applied to Spanish-speaking athletes for research and evaluation purposes (AU)

Se ha realizado la traducción, adaptación cultural y validación del Inventario de Habilidades Deportivas de Afrontamiento (ACSI-28) en el ámbito deportivo de habla hispana. Se ha contado con una muestra de 1.253 deportistas españoles, 967 hombres y 286 mujeres. Se ha comprobado mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio que la estructura de siete factores del test original presenta un buen ajuste en la muestra española, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad obtenidos fueron semejantes a los de la versión inglesa y superiores a .80 en la escala total del test. Varias de las escalas del test se relacionaron positivamente con la experiencia deportiva y el nivel de rendimiento. En conclusión, la versión española del ACSI-28 mantiene la estructura factorial del original y tiene unas propiedades psicométricas semejantes. Por lo tanto, puede resultar aplicable y útil para la evaluación de los deportistas del ámbito cultural de habla hispana (AU)

Development and validation of a Spanish version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, ACSI-28.

This study involved the translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) for a Spanish-speaking sport environment. The sample was made up of 1,253 Spanish athletes, 967 males and 286 females. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the 7-factor structure found in the English version was replicated in the Spanish translation in both males and females. Likewise, the reliability coefficients were similar to those of the English version, with values exceeding .80 for the total score. Several of the subscales correlated positively with sports experience and performance level. The Spanish version of the ACSI-28 thus maintains the factor structure of the original and exhibits similar psychometric properties. Consequently, it can reliably be applied to Spanish-speaking athletes for research and evaluation purposes.

Respuestas agudas al entrenamietno de fuerza máxima en deportistas femeninas / Acute effects of high intensity strength training in female players

Las respuestas agudas al ejercicio determinan como el organismo responde a una sesión de entrenamiento, mientras que cuando se repite en el tiempo se produce adaptación crónica. El objetivo de este estudio es comprobar las adaptaciones agudas al entrenamiento de fuerza utilizando cargas concentradas de alta intensidad (variable independiente), dos días a la semana durante 2 semanas con una semana de descanso entre microciclos de trabajo. 12 mujeres, estudiantes de ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte (19-21 años) que practican deportes de tipo combinado de fuerza-velocidad a niveles medios y bajos de competición, realizaron los siguientes ejercicios al 90-100% de IRM (4 series, 3 repeticiones con un descanso entre ellas de 3´- 5´). Se realizaron 3 sesiones de evaluación (pretest, postest 1 y postest 2). Las variables dependientes medidas fueron: 1 repetición máxima (IRM) expresada en KG; producción de fuerza (Nw) y velocidad (m/s). Se realizaron 3 sesiones de evaluación (pretest, postest 1 y postest 2). Los resultados muestran como el entrenamiento de fuerza de cargas concentradas de alta intensidad provoca mejoras significativas entre las variables medidas tanto en press de banca como en semisquat (p0.05). Después de las sesiones, se produjo un incremento del miembro inferior del 23,23% en postest 1 y de un 27,43% en postest 2, así como un incremento del 2,16% y del 9,09% de los extensores de brazo respectivamente. Por lo tanto concluimos que la utilización de un protocolo de cargas concentradas de alta intensidad, dos días a la semana durante 2 semanas con una semana de descanso entre microciclos de trabajo provoca mejoras significativas en la producción de fuerza máxima en deportistas femeninas de niveles medios y bajos de competición

the acute responses to training involve how the body responds to one bout of exercise, the chronic adapatations to training mark how the body responds over time to the stress of repeated exercise bouts. The purpose of this investigation was to examine acute effects of high intensity strength training. The sessions of strength training (independent variable) involved 4 sets/3 repetitions with a range of rest 3´- 5´between exercise, 2 days per week. 12 women (19-21 yrs) participated in the study, sport sciences students and athletes of sports velocity-strength, these women competed in middle or lower levels of competition. The dependent variables measured were: 1 maximum repetition (1RM) (kg); force production (Nw) and velocity (m/s) in two exercises: bench press and semi-squat. We realized 3 testing sessions (pretest, postest1, postest2). The high intensity strength training caused significantly improve in all variables tested (p<0.05). Exist a significant improves inlower extremity in comparison with upper extremity (p<0.05). We reported before and after 3 maximum voluntary contractions of the leg extensors an increase 23.23% inpostest 1 and 27.43% inpostest 2 and an increase 2,16% inpostest 1 and 9.09% inpostest 2 of the arm extensors due to increase in neuromuscular activation, but we suggested it has validity with middle and low trained athletes in speed-strength. So, this study have suggested that inclusion of a set squats with 3 RM load in a warm-up might result in improve performance in activities dominated by the power output. It was concluded that acute effects of high intensity strength training is advantageous for increasing power output in athletes of middle or lower level of competition