Estatus funcional de adultos mayores de Tláhuac, Ciudad de México / Functional status of senior adults in Tlahuac, Mexico City / Status funcional de idosos de Tláhuac, Cidade do México

Resumen La identificación de la capacidad de funcionalidad en el adulto mayor es una valoración conveniente. Se concibe que la funcionalidad está relacionada con lograr satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, bienestar emocional y social, significa independencia y, por lo tanto, con calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el grado de funcionalidad que presentan los adultos mayores de 60 años y mayores que asisten a consulta en 4 centros de salud ubicados en la delegación Tláhuac, Ciudad de México durante el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2014. Fue una investigación exploratoria, en una muestra por conveniencia de 754 adultos mayores; se utilizaron 5 ítems del apartado A del instrumento "Evaluación Funcional del Adulto Mayor" el cual fue aplicado en los centros de salud. Para el procesamiento de la información se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 82% de los adultos mayores fueron independientes y el 18% están en riesgo de dependencia. Las actividades que presentaron menor porcentaje de dependencia fueron preparar sus alimentos y realizar tareas domésticas. Conclusión: Los resultados arrojados en el presente estudio implican sensibilizar a los profesionales de los centros de salud para que incorporen en sus programas propuestas para mantener la funcionalidad en este grupo etario como son ejercicio mental y físico, hábitos alimentarios, ocupación del tiempo y el manejo de situaciones estresantes.

Abstract It is important to address the functional status of senior adults because this is an indicator of their capacities to fulfill their basic needs, as well as to have emotional and social wellbeing, and thus to live a life with quality and independence. The objective of this study was to identify the degree of functionality in seniors 60 years and older who visit four health centers in Tlahuac, Mexico City. Data were collected from June to December 2014. This was an exploratory study on a convenience sample of 754 senior adults. Five items from the section A of the instrument Senior Adult Functional Status (Evaluación Funcional del Adulto Mayor (EFAM)) were used. The questions were asked in the health centers. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results: 82% of the seniors showed being independent while 18% were at risk of being dependent. The activities which demonstrated lower percentage of dependence were preparation of their food and performing their domestic tasks, Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that health professionals should be sensitized to incorporate proposals in their programs to help maintain the functional status of this population. These activities should focus on: physical and mental exercise, good dietary habits, adequate use of time, and stress management.

Resumo A identificação da capacidade de funcionalidade em idosos é uma valorização conveniente. Concebendo que a funcionalidade está relacionada em conseguir satisfazer suas necessidades básicas, bem-estar emocional e social, significa independência, neste conceito a qualidade de vida está considerada. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o grau de funcionalidade que apresentam os idosos de 60 anos e mais velhos, que assistem a consulta em quatro centros de saúde localizados no município Tláhuac, Cidade de México, durante o período de junho a dezembro de 2014. Foi uma pesquisa exploratória, em uma amostra de conveniência de 754 idosos, utilizaram-se cinco itens do apartado A do instrumento "Avaliação Funcional do Idoso" (EFAM), o qual foi aplicado nos centros de saúde. Para o processamento da informação utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Resultados: O 82% dos idosos foram independentes e o 18% estão em risco de dependência. As atividades que apresentaram menor porcentagem de dependência foram preparar seus alimentos e realizar fazeres domésticos. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo procuram sensibilizar aos professionais dos centros de saúde para que incorporem nos seus programas, propostas para manter a funcionalidade neste grupo etário como são o exercício físico e mental, hábitos alimentares, ocupação do tempo e o manejo de situações estressantes.

Telomerase activity in well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma correlates with advanced clinical stage of the disease.

Clinical relevance and stage correlation of telomerase activity in well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma (WD PTC) has not been well determined, as its reported activity could be due to the analysis of tumors with lymphocytic infiltrates or aggressive variants of papillary carcinomas. We conducted a prospective study of telomerase activity in WD PTC without inflammatory infiltrates and correlated it with clinical stage. Fifty WD PTCs were analyzed for telomerase activity by PCR-based TRAP (telomeric repeat amplification protocol) assay. Results were correlated with stage and other clinicopathologic variables. Twenty-one (42%) WD PTCs demonstrated telomerase activity. The enzyme was detected more frequently in stage III/IVa WD PTCs (p = 0.02) and in tumors with extra thyroidal extension (p = 0.04). The risk of presenting advanced disease (stage III/IVa) and extrathyroidal growth was significantly increased in telomerase-positive tumors (p = 0.01; odds ratio [OR] 4.4 [95%CI 1.3-14.7]) and (p = 0.04; OR 3.6 [95%CI 1.1-11.7]), respectively. Also, a correlation was found between telomerase activity and age. There was no correlation of telomerase activity with gender, histologic variant, tumor size, or cervical lymph node metastasis. Telomerase activity was observed in 42% of WD PTC and was detected more frequently in AJCC TNM stage III/IVa cases. This finding suggests that telomerase deregulation could be involved in tumor progression.

Interleukin-10 promotes B16-melanoma growth by inhibition of macrophage functions and induction of tumour and vascular cell proliferation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which interleukin-10 (IL-10) induces tumour growth in a mouse-melanoma model. A B16-melanoma cell line (B16-0) was transfected with IL-10 cDNA and three clones that secreted high (B16-10), medium and low amounts of IL-10 were selected. Cell proliferation and IL-10 production were compared in vitro, and tumour growth, percentages of necrotic areas, tumour cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC-I) and II (MHC-II), as well as infiltration of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and blood vessels were compared in vivo among IL-10-transfected and non-transfected tumours. Proliferation and tumour growth were greater for IL-10-transfected than for non-transfected cells (P < 0.001), and correlated with IL-10 concentration (r > or =0.79, P < 0.006). Percentages of tumour cells positive for PCNA and IL-10R were 4.4- and 16.7-fold higher, respectively, in B16-10 than in B16-0 tumours (P < 0.001). Macrophage distribution changed from a diffuse pattern in non-transfected (6.4 +/- 1.7%) to a peripheral pattern in IL-10-transfected (3.8 +/- 1.7%) tumours. The percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes was 7.6 times higher in B16-10 than in B16-0 tumours (P = 0.002). The expression of MHC-I molecules was present in all B16-0 tumour cells and completely negative in B16-10 tumour cells. In B16-0 tumours, 89 +/- 4% of the whole tumour area was necrotic, whereas tumours produced by B16-10 cells showed only 4.3 +/- 6% of necrotic areas. IL-10-transfected tumours had 17-fold more blood vessels than non-transfected tumours (61.8 +/- 8% versus 3.5 +/- 1.7% blood vessels/tumour; P < 0.001). All the effects induced by IL-10 were prevented in mice treated with a neutralizing anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. These data indicate that IL-10 could induce tumour growth in this B16-melanoma model by stimulation of tumour-cell proliferation, angiogenesis and immunosuppression.