Estrés Percibido y Consumo de Alcohol en Indígenas / Perceived Stress and Alcohol Consumption in Indigenous

Introducción: En Latinoamérica el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas es causante de problemas relacionados con la salud física, mental y social. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas señala que las poblaciones indígenas son vulnerables a presentar problemas con el consumo de alcohol derivado de algunas características como pobreza extrema y rezago educativo, nuestro objetivo fue conocer el efecto del estrés percibido sobre el consumo de alcohol en una población indígena. Material y método: El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional, predictivo. Resultados: El estrés percibido se relacionó positiva y significativamente con el número de copas consumidas en un día típico (rs = .211, p‹.01), y con el consumo de alcohol AUDIT (rs= .328, p ‹ .01), sin embargo, se relacionó negativa y significativamente con la edad (rs = -.135, p ‹.05). El Modelo final presentó un efecto significativo en la totalidad del modelo (F (1,110) = 20.126, p = .001), explica el 39.3% de la varianza del consumo de alcohol. Se encontró que el estrés percibido tuvo un efecto positivo y significativo sobre el consumo de alcohol (B =.229, p ‹ .001). Conclusiones: El estrés percibido es un factor que influye en el consumo excesivo de alcohol en las poblaciones indígenas, se considera que el consumo de drogas es una estrategia de afrontamiento para hacer frente a problemas estresantes en la vida diaria. La población presento problemas con el consumo de alcohol excesivo episódico, prevalencias altas en consumo en el último año y consumo dañino (AU)

Introduction: In Latin America, alcoholic beverages consumption is a main reason of problems related to physical, mental and social health. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples states that indigenous populations are vulnerable problems related to alcohol consumption because a set of characteristics such as extreme poverty and educational backwardness. Our objective was to determine the effect of perceived stress on alcohol consumption in an indigenous population.Method: Study design was descriptive, correlational, and predictive.Results: Perceived stress was positively and significantly related to the number of drinks consumed in a typical day (rs = .211, p‹.01), it’s also related with alcohol consumption (AUDIT) (rs= .328, p ‹ .01), however, it was negatively and significantly related to age (rs = -.135, p ‹.05). The final Model presented a significant effect in the whole model (F (1,110) = 20.126, p = .001), explaining 39.3% of the variance of alcohol consumption. Perceived stress was found to have a positive and significant effect on alcohol consumption (B =.229, p ‹ .001).Conclusions: Perceived stress is a factor influencing excessive alcohol consumption in indigenous populations, drug use is considered a coping strategy to deal with stressful problems in daily life. The population presented problems with heavy episodic drinking, past year drinking with high prevalence and harmful drinking (AU)

Síndrome de Contarini: ¿una entidad olvidada? / Contarini’s syndrome: a forgotten entity?

El síndrome de Contarini es una presentación infrecuente de derrame pleural bilateral en la cual el líquido pleural en cada hemitórax presenta diferentes características, y puede explicarse por diferentes causas. Hay escasa literatura al respecto, por lo que presentamos un caso de derrame pleural bilateral que sería compatible con dicho síndrome (AU)

Contarini’s syndrome is an infrequent presentation of bilateral pleural effusion, in which the pleural fluid in each hemithorax has different characteristics and can be explained by different causes. There is limited literature on this syndrome, so we present a case of bilateral pleural effusion that would be compatible with this syndrome (AU)

Oxygen in the neonatal period: Oxidative stress, oxygen load and epigenetic changes.

Preterm infants frequently require positive pressure ventilation and oxygen supplementation in the first minutes after birth. It has been shown that the amount of oxygen provided during stabilization, the oxygen load, if excessive may cause hyperoxia, and oxidative damage to DNA. Epidemiologic studies have associated supplementation with pure oxygen in the first minutes after birth with childhood cancer. Recent studies have shown that the amount of oxygen supplemented to preterm infants after birth modifies the epigenome. Of note, the degree of DNA hyper-or hypomethylation correlates with the oxygen load provided upon stabilization. If these epigenetic modifications would persist, oxygen supplied in the first minutes after birth could have long term consequences. Further studies with a robust power calculation and long-term follow up are needed to bear out the long-term consequences of oxygen supplementation during postnatal stabilization of preterm infants.

The effect of short period high-intensity circuit training-modified FIFA 11+ program on physical fitness among young football players.

BACKGROUND: Studies showed that FIFA 11+, the football injury prevention program, can improve physical fitness components through resistance and neuromuscular exercise. Currently, resistance training using High Intensity Circuit Training (HICT) is considered beneficial in increasing physical fitness component, including maintaining cardiopulmonary fitness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of HICT modified- FIFA 11+ training on the physical fitness components and cardiovascular (CV) training intensity of young football players. METHODS: Thirty-nine football players were recruited by purposive random sampling to the football academies in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The players were randomized into two groups; 20 players were in the experiment (EXP) group and 19 players were in the control (CON) group. The EXP group performed HICT-modified FIFA 11+ exercise and the CON group performed standard FIFA 11+. HICT modification was performed in the EXP group only in part 2 of FIFA 11+ (strength, power, and balance training) while the other parts were regular. Both groups performed the intervention 3 times per week for 4 weeks. All players completed a pre- and post-intervention physical fitness tests comprising the core strength (plank test), leg strength (leg dynamometer) and agility (Illinois test). Heart rate (HR) was monitored in both groups while exercise was being implemented to measure the CV training intensity. Changes in performance (pre- versus post-intervention) of each group were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Statistical significance was set to P<0.05. Twelve players dropped out in this research. RESULTS: This study showed that core strength increased significantly in both groups (P=0.00). The EXP group had higher CV training intensity (HR max 91%; mean HR 74%) than the CON group (HR max 90%; mean HR 66%). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that HICT modified FIFA 11+ can be implemented as an alternative program to increase the physical fitness components and also CV training intensity among young football players.

Oxigenoterapia domiciliaria en enfermedades pulmonares Restrictivas (neumopatías intersticiales en general) Y al esfuerzo enpacientes sin insuficiencia Respiratoria crónica / No disponible

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Effect of dsRNA on growth rate and reproductive potential of Monosporascus cannonballus.

The effect of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) infection on growth rate and the reproductive potential of Monosporascus cannonballus was studied in 21 isolates collected in cucurbit growing areas of Spain and Tunisia. The isolates were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) under different conditions of temperature, pH, and water potential (Ψ(s)). They showed optimal growth temperatures over the range of 27-34°C and perithecia formation was obtained mainly at 25 and 30°C, although some isolates were able to produce perithecia at 35°C. All isolates were able to produce perithecia in a broad range of pHs (4-8). Regarding the effect of Ψ(s,) the isolates were more tolerant to grow on KCl than on NaCl. For each solute, radial growth decreased progressively as Ψ(s) decreased and was severely limited at -5.0 to -6.0MPa. Perithecia formation was highest at -0.5MPa, decreased at -1.0MPa and occurred just in some isolates at -2.0MPa. Nine of the M. cannonballus isolates harboured dsRNA with 2-6 bands each and a size range of 1.9-18.0Kb. Phenotypical data were subjected to multivariate factorial analysis. Most of the isolates clustered in two groups corresponding with the presence/absence of dsRNA elements. Isolates without detectable dsRNA produced more perithecia. However, isolates with dsRNA produced lower number of perithecia depending on the pH, Ψ(s,) or solute used. These results improve our understanding of the behaviour and growth of this pathogen in soil, and can be useful to implement effective disease control.

Tasa de sudoración y niveles de deshidratación en jugadores profesionales de fútbol sala durante competición oficial / Sweat rate and levels of dehydration in elite futsal players during official competition

La deshidratación es una de las causas principales de la reducción del rendimiento de los deportistas, debido a una insuficiente ingesta de líquidos durante la actividad física. La pérdida de líquidos que provoca la disminución del 1 al 2% del peso corporal puede comprometer funciones fisiológicas y cognitivas de los deportistas, motivando una reducción en su rendimiento. En deportes colectivos, el nivel de deshidratación alcanzado puede variar entre miembros de un mismo equipo, dependiendo del puesto específico ocupado por el jugador. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha consistido en determinar la tasa de sudoración y el grado de deshidratación medio alcanzado en jugadores de campo, excluyendo a los porteros, en competición oficial de fútbol sala. Para ello, se midió el peso perdido, líquido ingerido y orina excretada en 9 jugadores pertenecientes a la primera plantilla de El pozo Murcia Turística Fútbol Sala durante seis partidos oficiales (22-26º C y 32-42,33%HR) correspondientes a la Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala (LNFS). Para el análisis de los datos se ha aplicado estadística descriptiva y no paramétrica. La tasa de sudoración media fue de 43,83±14,70 ml/min, la ingesta de líquido 1635,21±785,04ml. y la media de porcentaje de peso perdido 0,99±1,12%, no observándose diferencias significativas en este parámetro en los seis encuentros analizados (p=0,997). La ingesta de líquido fue suficiente para compensar las pérdidas producidas por sudor, motivando niveles de deshidratación que no se asocian con reducciones en el rendimiento. Existe una relación significativa entre el tiempo de juego y el nivel de deshidratación alcanzado (Rho de Spearman=0,413 p=0,004). Concluimos que, en estos jugadores de campo, el nivel de hidratación en partidos oficiales puede mantenerse mediante sustituciones regulares y una correcta ingesta de líquidos. Las estrategias de hidratación deberán tener en cuenta la cantidad de minutos jugados y la posición que ocupe el jugador (AU)

Dehydration is one of the leading causes of the performance reduction in athletes, due to an inadequate fluid intake during physical activity. Fluid loss leading to a decrease of 1-2% of body weight can compromise physiological and cognitive functions in athletes, and lead to a reduction in performance. In team sports, level of dehydration can vary between players from the same team, depending on their specific position. The objective of this study has been to determine the sweat rate and level of dehydration in field players during official competition. Body mass loss, fluid intake and excreted urine were measured in 9 field players from the first team of El pozo Murcia Turística Fútbol Sala after having played 6 official matches (22-26ºC and 32-42,33% HR) in the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala (LNFS). To analyze this data has been applied a descriptive statistics and no parametric. Sweat rate was 43,83±14,70 ml/min, fluid intake 1635,21±785,04 ml. and percentage of weight loss 0,99±1,12%, there are no significant differences between this value during six analyzed matches (p=0,997). Fluid intake in players was enough to offset losses caused by sweat, so they were aware of the impact that dehydration has on performance. There is a significant correlation between time of play and percentage of weight lost (Spearman’s rho=0,413 p=0,004).To conclude, in these futsal field players, hydration status can be well maintained with regular substitutions and correct fluid intake. Hydration strategies for athletes must take into account game time and playing position (AU)

Ingesta de líquidos y deshidratación en jugadores profesionales de fútbol sala en función de la posición ocupada en el terreno de juego / Fluid intake and dehydration in professional indoor football players depending on the specific position on the field

Introducción y objetivosLa deshidratación es una de las causas principales de la reducción del rendimiento de los deportistas, debido a una insuficiente ingesta de líquidos durante la práctica. En deportes de equipo, la ingesta de líquido así como el nivel de deshidratación alcanzado por un jugador puede estar influenciado por la posición que ocupe en el campo. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido cuantificar la cantidad de líquido ingerido y el nivel de deshidratación en porteros, defensores y atacantes de fútbol sala durante la disputa de tres partidos oficiales.MétodosLa cantidad de líquido ingerido y el porcentaje de peso perdido fue medido en 3 porteros, 5 defensores y 6 atacantes, pertenecientes a la primera plantilla de Elpozo Murcia Turística Fútbol Sala, durante la disputa de 3 partidos correspondientes a la Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala.ResultadosLos resultados mostraron como son los porteros quienes menos líquido ingirieron (1.205±333,32ml) frente a defensores (1.446±735,88ml) y atacantes (1.747,33±789,28ml). Porteros y atacantes alcanzaron un porcentaje mayor de pérdida de peso (1,27±0,61% y 1,27±1,1%), seguidos por defensores (0,55±1,1%). La ingesta de líquido en porteros y atacantes fue insuficiente para compensar las pérdidas producidas por sudoración, alcanzando niveles de deshidratación que suponen una reducción del rendimiento, mientras que los defensores mantuvieron niveles de euhidratación.ConclusionesLas estrategias de reposición hídrica deberán estar basadas en las características individuales de cada jugador, puesto que existe gran variabilidad en los resultados dentro de un mismo deporte, e incluso dentro de un mismo puesto específico(AU)

Introduction and objectivesDehydration is one of the leading causes of the reduction in physical and mental performance, due to an insufficient fluid intake whilst playing. In team sports, fluid intake and level of dehydration can be influenced by the specific position of player. The objective of this work has been to determine the quantity of fluid intake and level of dehydration of goalkeepers, defenders and forwards.MethodsFluid intake and body mass loss was measured in 3 goalkeepers, 5 defenders and 6 forwards from Elpozo Murcia Fútbol Sala during three official matches in the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala (LNFS).ResultsResults showed that goalkeepers drank the least amount of liquid (1205±333.32ml) opposite defenders (1446±735.88ml) and forwards (1747.33±789.28 ml). Goalkeepers and forwards reached the highest dehydration (1.27±0.61% and 1.27±1.1%), followed by defenders (0.56±1.04%). Fluid intake by goalkeepers and forwards was insufficient to compensate for losses caused by sweating, finishing the matches with levels of dehydration which gave rise to a reduction of performance, while defenders maintained their hydration.ConclusionsFluid replacement strategies should be based on individual characteristics of players. It has been shown that there is variability of results within the same sport, even within a specific position(AU)

A Multiplex PCR System for the Specific Detection of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri, C. macrodidymum, and C. pauciseptatum from Grapevine.

Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum are the causal agents of grapevine black foot disease. Recently, a third species, C. pauciseptatum, has been isolated from roots of grapevine showing decline symptoms. Currently, reliable identification of isolates of these species through phenotypical characteristics has not been possible. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method developed in this study allows a quick and easy detection of Cylindrocarpon spp. associated with grapevine. Three primer pairs annealing to variable, partly species-specific sites of the internal transcribed spacer regions amplified species-specific PCR fragments of different sizes in C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum, and C. pauciseptatum in a multiplex assay with DNA obtained with both quick and traditional extraction methods. They did not generate any PCR product in other fungal trunk pathogens or contaminants commonly associated with grapevines. When universal fungal ITS primers were used in a nested multiplex PCR, the three primer pairs also detected C. liriodendri, C. macrodidymum, and C. pauciseptatum in total DNA extracted from roots of inoculated grapevines. The designed methods can be used for the diagnosis of these fungi from pure culture or infected grapevines.

Analysis of genetic and virulence diversity of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum associated with black foot disease of grapevine.

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 87 Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum isolates, the causal agents of black foot disease of grapevine. The four ISSR primers (GT)7, (CCA)5, (CGA)5 and (TCG)5, were able to provide reproducible and polymorphic DNA fingerprint patterns and detected relevant genetic diversity in C. macrodidymum. The cluster analysis of ISSR data showed 21 different genotypes that were grouped in seven ISSR groups, from which two corresponded to C. liriodendri (G1 and G2) and five to C. macrodidymum (G3-G7). Nineteen isolates selected from the seven ISSR groups were inoculated in grapevine seedlings obtained from cv. 'Tempranillo'. The pathogenicity tests detected virulence diversity in C. macrodidymum. The isolates belonging to ISSR groups G6 and G7 were significantly more virulent than the other C. macrodidymum and C. liriodendri isolates.

[Etanercept as a possible trigger of fatal pulmonary fibrosis]. / Fibrosis pulmonar mortal, con etanercept como posible desencadenante.

Pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by external agents, including certain drugs. For some time now, tumor necrosis factor antagonists such as etanercept have been used to treat certain autoimmune diseases. Fibrosis caused by medication responds to withdrawal of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. Very rarely, fibrosis is irreversible. We present the case of a patient who developed pulmonary fibrosis after initiating treatment with etanercept. The clinical course was fulminant despite withdrawal of the drug and high doses of corticosteroids.

Fibrosis pulmonar mortal, con etanercept como posible desencadenante / Etanercept as a possible trigger of fatal pulmonary fibrosis

La fibrosis pulmonar es una enfermedad que puede estar causada por agentes externos como determinados fármacos. Desde hace un tiempo se utilizan fármacos antagonistas del factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF) para ciertas enfermedades autoinmunitarias, siendo un ejemplo de estos fármacos el etanercept. Las fibrosis secundarias a medicamentos se caracterizan por la respuesta a la retirada del fármaco y a esteroides. En muy raras ocasiones se produce una fibrosis irreversible. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que desarrolló una fibrosis pulmonar tras iniciar tratamiento con etanercept y que tuvo un curso clínico nefasto a pesar de la retirada del anti-TNF y dosis altas de esteroides

Pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by external agents, including certain drugs. For some time now, tumor necrosis factor antagonists such as etanercept have been used to treat certain autoimmune diseases. Fibrosis caused by medication responds to withdrawal of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. Very rarely, fibrosis is irreversible. We present the case of a patient who developed pulmonary fibrosis after initiating treatment with etanercept. The clinical course was fulminant despite withdrawal of the drug and high doses of corticosteroids (AU)

Characterization of Fusarium circinatum from Pinus spp. in northern Spain.

Pitch canker caused by Fusarium circinatum was recently reported on Pinus spp. in Spain. In this study, a collection of 157 isolates of F. circinatum obtained from different geographical origins and hosts in northern Spain were identified and characterized by cultural and morphological features, PCR-RFLPs of the histone H3 gene, IGS region, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF). Mating types were determined by multiplex PCR and sexual compatibility was performed under laboratory conditions. Both mating types were present in Spain and were able to form the teleomorph Gibberella circinata. Morphological differences between mating types, not previously reported, were observed: MAT-1 isolates showed clear, coiled, sterile hyphae characteristic of F. circinatum, whereas MAT-2 isolates presented sterile hyphae but not coiled. Virulence of representative isolates was tested on seven to eight-month-old P. nigra, P. pinaster and P. sylvestris seedlings. All isolates tested were pathogenic to these pine species, MAT-1 isolates being more virulent than MAT-2 isolates.

[Arterial blood gases study in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in accordance with spirometric values]. / Gasometría arterial en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica estable según los valores de la espirometría.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the need to assess arterial blood gases in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in accordance with spirometric values. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Transverse study in stable COPD patients with spirometry and pulse oximetry assessment. Specific exclusion criteria were: diagnosis of asthma, sleep apnea syndrome or respiratory failure not due to COPD. Diagnostic of respiratory failure was established when pulse oximetry saturation was < or = 92%; we evaluated the best predicted FEV1 cut-off value. RESULTS: 467 patients (age = 64 [8] yr) were evaluated. FEV1 was 44 (14) % predicted. Two patients (1.5%) with FEV1 > 50 % and 29 patients (23.6%) with FEV1 between 41 and 50% had respiratory failure. Sensitivity (0.98) and rate of false-negative (0.98) at a cut-off of 50% predicted value FEV1 was superior to sensitivity (0.75%) and rate of false-negative (0.87) at a cut-off of 40% predicted value FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: In stable COPD patients, the rate of respiratory failure increases when the predicted value FEV1 is below 50%. Therefore, we recommend this spirometric cut-off to evaluate arterial blood gases.

Gasometría arterial en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica estable según los valores de la espirometría / Arterial blood gases study in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in accordance with spirometric values

Fundamento y objetivo: Conocer cuándo debemos realizar gasometría arterial en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) estable según los valores espirométricos. Pacientes y método: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal en pacientes diagnosticados de EPOC, en fase estable, con espirometría y pulsioximetría. Se excluyó a los pacientes con asma, síndrome de apneas del sueño o insuficiencia respiratoria secundaria a otro proceso. Consideramos insuficiencia respiratoria si la saturación de oxígeno por pulsioximetría era del 92% o menor y analizamos el valor del volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (FEV1) en porcentaje del teórico que mejor sirve de punto de corte. Resultados: Incluimos a 467 pacientes, con una edad media (desviación estándar) de 64 (8) años y FEV1 medio del 44% (14%). Presentaron insuficiencia respiratoria 2 pacientes (1,5%) con FEV1 mayor del 50% y el 23,6% de los pacientes con FEV1 entre el 41 y el 50%. El punto de corte del FEV1 del 50% presentó una sensibilidad (0,98) y un valor predictivo negativo (0,98) superiores al punto de corte del FEV1 del 40% (sensibilidad de 0,75 y valor predictivo negativo de 0,87). Conclusiones: La proporción de pacientes con EPOC estable con insuficiencia respiratoria aumenta a partir de valores del FEV1 menores del 50%, por lo que aconsejamos realizar gasometría arterial a partir de este punto de corte

Background and objetive: The aim of this study was to evaluate the need to assess arterial blood gases in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in accordance with spirometric values. Patients and method: Transverse study in stable COPD patients with spirometry and pulse oximetry assessment. Specific exclusion criteria were: diagnosis of asthma, sleep apnea syndrome or respiratory failure not due to COPD. Diagnostic of respiratory failure was established when pulse oximetry saturation was ¾92%; we evaluated the best predicted FEV1 cut-off value. Results: 467 patients (age = 64 [8] yr) were evaluated. FEV1 was 44 (14) % predicted. Two patients (1.5%) with FEV1 > 50 % and 29 patients (23.6%) with FEV1 between 41 and 50% had respiratory failure. Sensitivity (0.98) and rate of false-negative (0.98) at a cut-off of 50% predicted value FEV1 was superior to sensitivity (0.75%) and rate of false-negative (0.87) at a cut-off of 40% predicted value FEV1. Conclusions: In stable COPD patients, the rate of respiratory failure increases when the predicted value FEV1 is below 50%. Therefore, we recommend this spirometric cut-off to evaluate arterial blood gases

Genetic and Virulence Diversity in Verticillium dahliae Populations Infecting Artichoke in Eastern-Central Spain.

ABSTRACT Severe Verticillium dahliae attacks have occurred in artichoke crops in the Comunidad Valenciana region of eastern-central Spain since the late 1990s. Knowledge of genetic and virulence diversity in the pathogen population is a key factor for the management of the disease through disease risk assessment as well as development and use of resistant cultivars. V. dahliae isolates from artichoke (109 isolates) and cotton (three isolates) in that region were characterized by vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG), and specific polymerase chain reaction assays using three sets of primer pairs that differentiate the cotton-defoliating (D) and -nondefoliating (ND) V. dahliae pathotypes. In all, 35 and 39 V. dahliae isolates representative of the identified VCGs and geographic origins were tested for virulence to artichoke cvs. Nun 6374 and Nun 9444, and cotton cv. Acala SJ-2, respectively. Four VCGs were identified among 107 artichoke isolates, and 2 isolates were heterokaryon self-incompatible: VCG1A (one isolate), VCG2A (31 isolates), VCG2B (72 isolates), and VCG4B (three isolates). The three cotton isolates were VCG1A. Isolates in VCG2B were distributed across the region and were the most prevalent isolates in the northern part. Conversely, 83.9% of isolates in VCG2A were recovered from the southern part of the region. Two subgroups of isolates were identified in VCG2B based on heterokaryon compatibility with either international or local tester isolates, which further showed diversity in the amplification of 334- and 824-bp DNA fragments which are markers of the D and ND pathotypes, respectively. Virulence of isolates to artichoke and cotton correlated with VCG but the pattern of correlation varied with the host. VCG1A isolates from artichoke and cotton induced defoliation in cotton but not in artichoke. Collectively, isolates of VCG2B and VCG4B were the most virulent and isolates of VCG1A or HSI were the least virulent to artichoke; but isolates of VCG1A were more virulent to cotton than those of any other VCG. Also, molecular subgrouping in VCG2B determined by amplification of the 334- and 824-bp markers correlated with virulence of isolates to the two hosts tested.

Tratamiento del empiema y del derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado con fibrinolíticos intrapleurales / Treatment of empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions with pleural fibrinolytics

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