Efecto de los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos sobre marcadores moleculares de inflamación en la obesidad / Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics on molecular markers of inflammation in obesity

FUNDAMENTOS: La obesidad es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en el mundo y resulta una de las principales causas de mortalidad. El uso de prebióticos y probióticos promete una alternativa en el tratamiento de la obesidad, a pesar de los efectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos encontrados, aunque no está aún esclarecido el mecanismo molecular. Por lo que, en la presente revisión, se analizaron artículos que sugerían la activación de vías relacionadas al metabolismo de grasas y azúcares, así como el impacto en los mecanismos antinflamatorios, como parte del mecanismo de acción de los prebióticos y probióticos, con la finalidad de conocer las posibles vías de acción por las cuales se puede obtener el efecto observado. MÉTODOS: Fue realizada una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos comprendidos en el periodo 2005-2021 relacionados con el efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad y las enfermedades tanto inflamatorias como metabólicas. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidos un total de sesenta y tres artículos, los cuales fueron clasificados en: información básica de marcadores moleculares de obesidad; efecto de prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad; artículos de relación efectos antinflamatorios y metabolismo de grasas observados en la obesidad y otras enfermedades inflamatorias. Se identificó un efecto sobre las citoquinas antinflamatorias y la modulación de los PPAR, con consecuente disminución de la inflamación y degradación de grasas. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad se sugiere está ligado al mecanismo antinflamatorio que producen, lo que a su vez conlleva a un aumento en la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo de grasas.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is widely distributed in the world’s population and is related to the leading causes of death. The use of prebiotics and probiotics can be an alternative treatment against obesity. Although there have been found physiological and biochemical effects of its use, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present review analyzed articles that suggested the activation of pathways related to the metabolism of the fatty acids, as well as the impact on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as part of the mechanism of action of prebiotics and probiotics, to know therefore the possible pathways activated by the prebiotics and probiotics. METHODS: Exhaustive research was made on articles included in the period 2005-2021 related to the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. Identifying an effect on anti-inflammatory cytokines and PPAR modulation, with a consequent decrease in inflammation and fat degradation. RESULTS: A total of sixty-three articles were obtained, which were classified as basic information on molecular markers of obesity, the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, and articles related to anti-inflammatory effects and fatty acid metabolism observed in obesity and other inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity can be linked to the anti-inflammatory mechanism produced, and this effect leads to an increase in the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism.(AU)

[Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics on molecular markers of inflammation in obesity.] / Efecto de los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos sobre marcadores moleculares de inflamación en la obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is widely distributed in the world's population and is related to the leading causes of death. The use of prebiotics and probiotics can be an alternative treatment against obesity. Although there have been found physiological and biochemical effects of its use, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present review analyzed articles that suggested the activation of pathways related to the metabolism of the fatty acids, as well as the impact on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as part of the mechanism of action of prebiotics and probiotics, to know therefore the possible pathways activated by the prebiotics and probiotics. METHODS: Exhaustive research was made on articles included in the period 2005-2021 related to the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. Identifying an effect on anti-inflammatory cytokines and PPAR modulation, with a consequent decrease in inflammation and fat degradation. RESULTS: A total of sixty-three articles were obtained, which were classified as basic information on molecular markers of obesity, the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, and articles related to anti-inflammatory effects and fatty acid metabolism observed in obesity and other inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity can be linked to the anti-inflammatory mechanism produced, and this effect leads to an increase in the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism.

OBJETIVO: La obesidad es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en el mundo y resulta una de las principales causas de mortalidad. El uso de prebióticos y probióticos promete una alternativa en el tratamiento de la obesidad, a pesar de los efectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos encontrados, aunque no está aún esclarecido el mecanismo molecular. Por lo que, en la presente revisión, se analizaron artículos que sugerían la activación de vías relacionadas al metabolismo de grasas y azúcares, así como el impacto en los mecanismos antinflamatorios, como parte del mecanismo de acción de los prebióticos y probióticos, con la finalidad de conocer las posibles vías de acción por las cuales se puede obtener el efecto observado. METODOS: Fue realizada una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos comprendidos en el periodo 2005-2021 relacionados con el efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad y las enfermedades tanto inflamatorias como metabólicas. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidos un total de sesenta y tres artículos, los cuales fueron clasificados en: información básica de marcadores moleculares de obesidad; efecto de prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad; artículos de relación efectos antinflamatorios y metabolismo de grasas observados en la obesidad y otras enfermedades inflamatorias. Se identificó un efecto sobre las citoquinas antinflamatorias y la modulación de los PPAR, con consecuente disminución de la inflamación y degradación de grasas. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad se sugiere está ligado al mecanismo antinflamatorio que producen, lo que a su vez conlleva a un aumento en la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo de grasas.

The Symbiosis Between Lactobacillus acidophilus and Inulin: Metabolic Benefits in an Obese Murine Model.

Obesity is defined as having an excess of adipose tissue and is associated with the development of diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, which are the main causes of death worldwide. Research shows that probiotics and prebiotics reduce the metabolic alterations caused by high-fat diets. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of the incorporation of Lactobacillus acidophilus (probiotic) and inulin (prebiotic) in the diet through obesity markers (biochemical, anthropometric, and molecular markers) in an obese murine model. Four treatments were administered: (1) hypocaloric diet (HD), (2) HD + L. acidophilus, (3) HD + inulin, and (4) DH supplemented with L. acidophilus + inulin for 8 weeks. After treatment, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C in plasma were determined. In addition, the total body weight and adipose tissue were taken to calculate the body mass index. Following RNA extraction from adipose tissue, the expression of PPAR gamma, PPAR alpha, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF1ß) was evaluated by semiquantitative PCR. All treatments showed an improvement in biochemical markers compared to the values of the obese model (p < 0.05). Optimal values for blood glucose (133.2 ± 14.3 mg/dL), triglycerides (71 ± 4.6 mg/dL), total cholesterol (48.9 ± 6 mg/dL), HDL-C (40.9 ± 4.8 mg/dL), and LDL-C (8.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL) were obtained in the mixed treatment. Regarding fat mass index (FMI), prebiotic treatment caused the greatest reduction. On the other hand, mixed treatment increased the gene expression of PPARα and TGF1ß in adipose tissue with DH with L. acidophilus and inulin treatment. This work demonstrates that the use of L. acidophilus and inulin as a complementary treatment is a viable alternative for prevention and action as a complementary treatment for obesity given the reduction in biochemical parameters and anthropometric indices; these reductions were greater than those found in the classic treatment of obesity due to the induction of the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to reducing the high levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol caused by obesity.

Design of new hole transport materials based on triphenylamine derivatives using different π-linkers for the application in perovskite solar cells. A theoretical study.

New organic molecules containing five different compounds, commonly called p-linkers, located between the triphenylamine units, were theoretically designed and analyzed in order to be proposed as new hole transport materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells, in total ten new molecules were analyzed. The electronic, optical and hole transport properties were determined, similarly, the relationship of these properties with their molecular structure was also investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB) calculations. Eight of the ten analyzed compounds exhibited the main absorption band out of the visible region; therefore these compounds did not present an overlap with the absorption spectra of the typical methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) hybrid-perovskite. The results showed that the Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of the compounds are higher than the perovskite HOMO level, and in some cases these are even higher than the Spiro-OMeTAD HOMO. The calculated electronic couplings and the reorganization energy values provided useful information in order to determine if the systems were hole or electron transport materials.

Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, which is expressed in most biological fluids with particularly high levels in mammalian milk. Its multiple activities lie in its capacity to bind iron and to interact with the molecular and cellular components of hosts and pathogens. Lf can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharides, thus preventing pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis and tissue damages. Lf is also considered a cell-secreted mediator that bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses. In the recent years much has been learned about the mechanisms by which Lf exerts its activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of Lf, and provides a future perspective on its potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications.

Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: an overview.

BACKGROUND: Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80kDa iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family. It is abundant in milk and in most biological fluids and is a cell-secreted molecule that bridges innate and adaptive immune function in mammals. Its protective effects range from anticancer, anti-inflammatory and immune modulator activities to antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms. This wide range of activities is made possible by mechanisms of action involving not only the capacity of Lf to bind iron but also interactions of Lf with molecular and cellular components of both hosts and pathogens. SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the activities of Lf, its regulation and potential applications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The extensive uses of Lf in the treatment of various infectious diseases in animals and humans has been the driving force in Lf research however, a lot of work is required to obtain a better understanding of its activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The large potential applications of Lf have led scientists to develop this nutraceutical protein for use in feed, food and pharmaceutical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.