Does HPV biotype influence the characteristics and evolution of plantar warts?

BACKGROUND: Few studies have addressed the relationship of human papillomavirus (HPV) biotypes to patient characteristics and the clinical signs, course, and response to the treatment of plantar warts. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the HPV types associated with plantar warts and their relationship with warts characteristics, patient characteristics and response to treatment. METHODS: A total of 372 patients sampled for hyperkeratosis of a plantar wart were included. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the HPV biotype. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV was 81.2%, and HPV1 was the most prevalent biotype (36.1%). HPV1 was the most prevalent biotype in patients < 70 years old (90.9% in < 10 years), and biotypes 2, 19 and 27 were the most prevalent in patients > 70 years old (p = 0.012). HPV1 was the most frequent in patients with one (39,9%) or two (47.1%) warts and HPV5 (33.3%) in patients with three warts (p < 0.001). Cure, spontaneous resolution, and recurrence were higher in HPV1 (p < 0.001). HPV14 warts healed the fastest (2 months quartile 1-3 (2.0-2.0)), and HPV5 (10.977 (6.0-20.0)) and HPV27 (7.5 (3.0-10.0)) warts (p = 0.033) took the longest to heal. CONCLUSIONS: HPV biotype is associated with age and the number of warts and appears to influence the natural history of warts and their response to treatment.

Inter-observer reliability of the Onychomycosis Severity Index depending on clinical experience: A review of 50 cases.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis (ONM) is the most prevalent nail unit pathology, and its severity and monitoring are often based on the visual judgement of clinicians. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the reliability of the Onychomycosis Severity Index (OSI) classification when utilized by three clinicians with varying levels of clinical experience: an experienced podiatrist (with 5 years of experience), a moderately experienced podiatrist (with 2 years of experience) and an inexperienced podiatrist (a recent graduate familiar with the OSI classification but lacking clinical experience). Additionally, we compared the severity assessments made through visual inspection with those determined using the OSI by different clinicians. METHODS: We evaluated reliability using the intraclass correlation index (ICC), analysing 50 images of ONM. RESULTS: The OSI demonstrated a very high level of reliability (ICC: 0.889) across clinicians, irrespective of their experience levels. Conversely, a statistically significant increase in severity was observed when comparing visual assessments with the OSI (p < .001) for ONM severity evaluation. CONCLUSION: The OSI proves to be a reproducible classification system, regardless of the clinical experience of the practitioner employing it.

Cryotherapy versus topical nitric-zinc complex solution for the treatment of plantar warts: A randomized controlled trial.

Cryotherapy is commonly regarded as the primary treatment method for plantar warts. A new medical device called nitric-zinc complex solution (NZCS) has also emerged as a potential alternative for wart treatment. The main aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effectiveness of cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen and NZCS in treating plantar warts. We conducted a randomized and controlled clinical trial involving patients with plantar warts. A total of 62 patients were enrolled in the study and monitored for 12 weeks or until their warts were completely resolved. The patients received either cryotherapy or NZCS, with a maximum of six treatment applications. The cure rate was 65.5% in the group treated with cryotherapy and 56.6% in the group treated with NZCS. The average number of treatment applications required for curing warts was significantly lower in the cured group (3.28 ± 1.63) than in the group with unresolved warts (5.5 ± 1.27) (p < 0.01). Moreover, the average number of applications was lower in the cryotherapy group (3.6 ± 1.8) than in the NZCS group (4.8 ± 1.8) (p < 0.01). Based on the findings, NZCS could be considered a favorable first-line treatment option for plantar warts.

Microbiological culture combined with PCR for the diagnosis of onychomycosis: Descriptive analysis of 121 patients.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is the most common nail pathology, involving various pathogens such as dermatophytes, moulds and yeasts. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of onychomycosis, analyse the most appropriate diagnostic test, and assess the distribution of pathogens based on age, sex, quarter of the year, duration of symptoms and previous treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, mycological culture and PCR data and results were collected from 121 patients. RESULTS: Of the 121 samples, 57% (69/121) tested positive when both microbiological study techniques were combined. The prevalence of onychomycosis was higher when PCR was performed (52.1%) compared to microbiological culture (33.1%). Among the 81 samples negative by microbiological culture, 31 were positive by PCR. Similarly, of the 58 samples negative by PCR, eight were positive by microbiological culture. Diagnostic accuracy data (with 95% confidence intervals) for PCR, using microbiological culture as the gold standard, were as follows: sensitivity of 0.8, specificity of 0.62, positive predictive value of 0.51 and negative predictive value of 0.86. The most frequently identified pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum, and the hallux nail plate was the most commonly affected location. However, no statistically significant associations were found between sex, age, quarter of the year and affected area with culture and PCR results. CONCLUSION: Combining microbiological culture and PCR can increase the detection rate of onychomycosis and help avoid false-negative results.

Onychomycosis associated with diabetic foot syndrome: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: A systematic review was conducted to investigate the prevalence of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes. The association of onychomycosis with risk factors in patients with diabetic foot syndrome was also examined. METHODS: The recommendations in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist were applied, and the included studies were assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) method. Searches were conducted in October 2022 using PubMed (Medline) and Scopus for clinical studies, clinical trials, comparative studies, observational studies, and randomised clinical trials or controlled clinical trials addressing the prevalence and consequences of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes, diagnoses or treatments. Two authors performed the study selection and data extraction, and any discrepancies between the two reviewers were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. RESULTS: The systematic review included ten studies that met the inclusion criteria, and these studies enrolled 5664 patients with diabetes. Among these patients, 29.18% had onychomycosis that was mainly caused by Trichophyton rubrum. A significant association was found between the occurrence of onychomycosis and the presence of diabetic neuropathy (p = .012) and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin values (p = .039). There was no significant association between onychomycosis and ulceration (p = .185). Eight studies had a grade 4 level of evidence and a grade C recommendation, and one study had a grade 1b level of evidence and a grade A recommendation. CONCLUSION: The information described in the literature is insufficient and heterogeneous regarding the association of risk factors and ulceration in patients with diabetic foot compared with developing onychomycosis. There is also a need to implement onychomycosis diagnostic testing instead of relying only on a clinical diagnosis. Additional prospective, randomised, comparative studies are needed to increase the quality of studies in the literature.

Cantharidin-Podophyllin-Salicylic Acid Formulation as a First-Line Treatment for Plantar Warts? A Case Report with Multiple Plantar Warts of Human Papillomavirus Biotype 27 and Previous Failed Treatments.

BACKGROUND Plantar warts are benign skin tumors caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are multiple treatments, but none ensure absolute success. Successful treatment depends on several factors, such as the location, number of lesions, HPV biotype, and the patient's health condition. This report presents a 53-year-old woman who had multiple recalcitrant plantar warts with HPV biotype 27 that were treated using a cantharidin-podophyllin-salicylic acid (CPS) formulation after 2 failed treatments. CASE REPORT A 53-year-old woman was seen on October 25, 2021. She had 6 plantar warts due to HPV biotype 27, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using a sample of hyperkeratosis scales obtained from the wart after debridement. Five cryotherapy sessions were applied, without clinical improvement. Two sessions of nitric-acid-zinc complex were then applied, from which the patient reported severe pain, without clinical improvement. Finally, 3 sessions of CPS formulation were applied, and the HPV remitted in all warts. CONCLUSIONS Conservative treatments, such as cryotherapy, have not been effective in a case of multiple recalcitrant plantar warts. The combined action of the 3 compounds of CPS formulation was key in the resolution of this case. Plantar wart treatment should be easy to apply, effective, fast, and efficient. In cases of recalcitrant or numerous warts, treatment should be more aggressive from the beginning if the patient's lifestyle allows it. It would be interesting to conduct randomized clinical trials to find out which patients could be indicated for the CPS formulation as a first line of treatment.

Efficacy of cryotherapy for plantar warts: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recent systematic reviews of plantar warts continue to consider cryotherapy as one of the treatments of choice, but this method appears to have lower cure rates than alternative treatments. A systematic review using meta-analyses of the efficacy of cryotherapy in plantar warts treatment was performed. Systematic electronic searches were conducted. The primary endpoint was complete clearance of plantar warts. Risk-of-bias assessment was based on Cochrane Handbook recommendations. Meta-analyses used Review Manager v5.4.1 software. Cryotherapy appears to have lower cure rates than other treatments (odds ratio [OR] 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.78) with substantial heterogeneity (I2  = 80%). A second subgroup analysis had low heterogeneity (I2  = 28.2%). Subgroup analysis showed that plantar wart cure rates were significantly lower with cryotherapy compared to the physical treatment group (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.49) with substantial heterogeneity (I2  = 79%), and antiviral, chemotherapy, and retinoid group (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.66) without heterogeneity (I2  = 0%). Intralesional versus spray-on cryotherapy appears to be more effective (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09-0.48). No difference in efficacy between two rounds of 10-s and four rounds of 5-s freeze-thaw cycles in cryotherapy was found. Evidence of the superiority of antivirals and chemotherapy over cryotherapy in the treatment of plantar warts was found. However, no evidence supports the superiority or inferiority of cryotherapy compared to other treatments.

A non-invasive method for diagnosing plantar warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).

The methods that are used for the diagnostic confirmation of human papillomavirus (HPV) include excisional biopsy and histopathological studies or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). They are invasive, laborious, and subject to ethical restrictions due to the benign nature of these warts. This study aims to analyse the accuracy of noninvasive swab samples to diagnose plantar warts. Fifty plantar warts were included in the study. Skin swabs and hyperkeratosis skin scales were collected from each wart. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect and type the HPVs. The prevalence of HPV in this study was 90% when the sample was obtained using the wart scraping method and 94% when it was obtained using swabs and the new method. In 45 of the 45 positive samples (sensitivity: 100%), the result between the wart scab and wart swab were almost identical. The genotyping result was identical in all 46 patients who had a positive result using both methods. The swab method appears to be a simple and accurate technique to diagnose plantar warts due to HPV. It is a noninvasive technique that could be performed even by inexperienced professionals and in patients with pain or a fear of needles.

Topical treatment for plantar warts: A systematic review.

There are a wide variety of treatments for plantar warts, but none has been shown to be effective in all patients. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the efficacy of different topical treatments on plantar warts. Systematic electronic searches (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science) were conducted in April 2020. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and retrospective or prospective clinical trials of the effects of topical and nonsurgical treatments of plantar warts were included. Two authors performed the study selection and data extraction. Any discrepancies between the two reviewers were discussed with a third reviewer. Forty-four studies were included. The average cure rates of the most frequent treatments were variable across the studies: cryotherapy (45.61%), salicylic acid (13.6%), cantharidin-podophyllin-salicylic acid formulation (97.82%), laser (79.36%), topical antivirals (72.45%), intralesional bleomycin (83.37%), and intralesional immunotherapy (68.14%). Twenty-two studies (50%) had a level of evidence 1b and grade of recommendation A, five studies (11.4%) had a level of evidence 2b and grade of recommendation B, two studies (4.5%) had a level of evidence 3b and grade of recommendation B, and 15 studies (34,1%) with a level of evidence 4 and grade of recommendation C. First-choice treatments for common warts, such as cryotherapy and salicylic acid, have low-cure rates for plantar warts. Other treatments, such as CPA formulation, immunotherapy, and intralesional bleomycin, which have compassionate use, have higher cure rates. This review should stimulate future high-quality research to evaluate these specialized treatments.