EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND EVOLUTION IN MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMORS AT THE LEVEL OF THE ELBOW.

Objective: To present the epidemiological profile of bone and soft tissue tumors that affect the elbow region treated at an oncology referral center in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective observational case series study to evaluate the results of elbow cancer undergoing clinical and/or surgical treatment with the first visit from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variables were benign bone tumor, malignant bone tumor, benign soft tissue tumor, malignant soft tissue tumor. Independent variables were sex, age; presence of symptoms (pain/increase in local volume/fracture); diagnosis; treatment and recurrence. Results: In total, 37 patients were included, 51.35% of whom were female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 33.5 years. Soft tissue neoplasms correspond to 51% of cases against 49% of bone tumors. Among the symptoms, the general prevalence of pain was 56.75%, the general increase in local volume occurred in 54.04% of the patients and the presence of fractures in 13.43%. Surgical treatment occurred in 75.67% of cases and recurrence in 16.21% of cases. Conclusion: The tumors that affect the elbow in our series correspond mostly to benign tumors, involving bone or soft tissues, with a higher occurrence in young adult patients. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Objetivo: Apresentar o perfil epidemiológico dos tumores ósseos e de partes moles que acometem a região do cotovelo. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de série de casos para avaliação dos resultados de neoplasia do cotovelo submetidos a tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico cujo primeiro atendimento se deu entre 1990 e 2020. As variáveis dependentes foram: tumor ósseo benigno, tumor ósseo maligno, tumor de partes moles benigno, tumor de partes moles maligno. A variáveis independentes foram: sexo; idade; presença de sintomas (dor, aumento de volume local, fratura); lateralidade; diagnóstico; tratamento; e recidiva. Resultados: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, sendo 51,35% do sexo feminino, com média de idade ao diagnóstico de 33,5 anos. As neoplasias de partes moles correspondem a 51% dos casos contra 49% de tumores ósseo. Dentre os sintomas a prevalência geral de dor foi de 56,75%, foi observado o aumento geral de volume local em 54,04% pacientes e a presença de fraturas em 13,43%. O tratamento cirúrgico ocorreu em 75,67% dos casos e a recidiva em 16,21%. Conclusão: Nesta série, os tumores que acometem o cotovelo são majoritariamente tumores benignos, de acometimento ósseo ou de partes moles, com maior ocorrência em pacientes adultos jovens. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Epidemiological profile and evolution in musculoskeletal tumors at the level of the elbow / Perfil epidemiológico e evolução nos tumores musculoesqueléticos ao nível do cotovelo

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the epidemiological profile of bone and soft tissue tumors that affect the elbow region treated at an oncology referral center in Brazil. Methods: Retrospective observational case series study to evaluate the results of elbow cancer undergoing clinical and/or surgical treatment with the first visit from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variables were benign bone tumor, malignant bone tumor, benign soft tissue tumor, malignant soft tissue tumor. Independent variables were sex, age; presence of symptoms (pain/increase in local volume/fracture); diagnosis; treatment and recurrence. Results: In total, 37 patients were included, 51.35% of whom were female, with a mean age at diagnosis of 33.5 years. Soft tissue neoplasms correspond to 51% of cases against 49% of bone tumors. Among the symptoms, the general prevalence of pain was 56.75%, the general increase in local volume occurred in 54.04% of the patients and the presence of fractures in 13.43%. Surgical treatment occurred in 75.67% of cases and recurrence in 16.21% of cases. Conclusion: The tumors that affect the elbow in our series correspond mostly to benign tumors, involving bone or soft tissues, with a higher occurrence in young adult patients. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar o perfil epidemiológico dos tumores ósseos e de partes moles que acometem a região do cotovelo. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de série de casos para avaliação dos resultados de neoplasia do cotovelo submetidos a tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico cujo primeiro atendimento se deu entre 1990 e 2020. As variáveis dependentes foram: tumor ósseo benigno, tumor ósseo maligno, tumor de partes moles benigno, tumor de partes moles maligno. A variáveis independentes foram: sexo; idade; presença de sintomas (dor, aumento de volume local, fratura); lateralidade; diagnóstico; tratamento; e recidiva. Resultados: Foram incluídos 37 pacientes, sendo 51,35% do sexo feminino, com média de idade ao diagnóstico de 33,5 anos. As neoplasias de partes moles correspondem a 51% dos casos contra 49% de tumores ósseo. Dentre os sintomas a prevalência geral de dor foi de 56,75%, foi observado o aumento geral de volume local em 54,04% pacientes e a presença de fraturas em 13,43%. O tratamento cirúrgico ocorreu em 75,67% dos casos e a recidiva em 16,21%. Conclusão: Nesta série, os tumores que acometem o cotovelo são majoritariamente tumores benignos, de acometimento ósseo ou de partes moles, com maior ocorrência em pacientes adultos jovens. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

JUXTACORTICAL OSTEOSARCOMA: CLINICAL EVOLUTION AND DEDIFFERENTIATION RELATED FACTORS.

Objective: Evaluate risk factors related to clinical evolution and dedifferentiation of parosteal (juxtacortical) osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study performed over a period of 25 years, using data from medical records of patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Results: Of the 326 patients treated for osteosarcoma, we identified 17 patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. Of these, 4 (23.5%) were not actually diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma and 4 did not have the minimum data required for analysis, being excluded from the study. Of the 9 patients studied, we observed that 3 (33.3%) evolved with tumor dedifferentiation to high-grade osteosarcoma. Moreover, 2 (66.7%) had local recurrence and 2 (66.7%) metastases. Conclusion: Age, sex, and the tumor size were not directly related to the dedifferentiation from parosteal osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. The most aggressive clinical evolution - presence of local recurrences and metastasis - in parosteal osteosarcoma occurred in tumors with dedifferentiation, however, we cannot associate each other as cause and effect, but as related factors. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Objetivo: Avaliar fatores de risco relacionados à evolução clínica e à desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma justacortical (parosteal, paraosteal) em osteossarcoma de alto grau. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado num período de 25 anos. Foram utilizados dados de prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal que, em seguida, foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e pelo Teste t de Student. Resultados: Foram tratados 326 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma, dos quais 17 (5,21%) receberam diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal, 4 (1,22%) foram diagnosticados com osteossarcoma convencional e 4 (1,22%) não tinham dados mínimos necessários para análise, sendo excluídos do estudo. Dos 9 (2,76%) pacientes estudados, 3 (0,92%) evoluíram com desdiferenciação do tumor para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Dois (0,84%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva local e 2 (0,84%%) apresentaram metástases. Conclusão: Os fatores idade, sexo e volume do tumor não estão diretamente relacionados com a desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma parosteal para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Apesar de a evolução clínica mais agressiva - presença de recidivas locais e metástase - no osteossarcoma parosteal ter ocorrido nos tumores com desdiferenciação, não é possível estabelecer uma relação de causa e efeito, apenas considerá-las como fatores relacionados. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND EVOLUTION OF ANKLE MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMORS.

Objective: Characterizing ankle tumors, presenting the epidemiological profile of these lesions. Methods: Retrospective observational case series study to evaluate the results of clinical and/or surgical treatments of patients with ankle tumors whose first visit occurred from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variables were: benign bone tumor, malignant bone tumor, benign soft tissue tumor, malignant soft tissue tumor, and infection. The independent variables were: sex, age; presence of symptoms (pain/local volume increase/fracture), duration of symptoms until treatment, diagnosis, treatment, and recurrence. Results: In total, 70 patients were included-58.5% were women, with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 21.66 years. Among all cases, 76% were bone tumor, 14% were soft tissue tumor, and 10% were infection. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 21.7 ± 2.29 years. The overall prevalence of pain was 77.1%. In total, 55.6% patients had a general local volume increase 13.4% had fractures. The mean time from symptoms to treatment was 17.4 ± 4.61 months and the mean diagnosis time was 10.13 ± 0.86 months. Of all cases, 73.44% underwent surgical treatment and 22.64% had recurrence. Conclusion: In this series, ankle tumors corresponded mainly to bone tumors. Benign tumors were the most prevalent type of tumor and the highest occurrence was among young people. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Objetivos: Caracterizar tumores da região do tornozelo apresentando o perfil epidemiológico destas lesões. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de série de casos para avaliação dos resultados de neoplasias do tornozelo submetidos a tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico em que o primeiro atendimento tenha ocorrido entre 1990 e 2020. As variáveis dependentes foram: tumor ósseo benigno, tumor ósseo maligno, tumor de partes moles benigno, tumor de partes moles maligno e infecção. As variáveis independentes foram: sexo, idade, presença de sintomas (dor/aumento de volume local/fratura), tempo de sintomas até o atendimento, diagnóstico, tratamento e recidiva. Resultados: Foram analisados 70 pacientes, sendo 58,5% do sexo feminino, com média de idade no momento do diagnóstico de 21,66 (21,7 ± 2,29) anos. As neoplasias ósseas correspondem a 76% dos casos, seguidas de tumor de partes moles com 14% e de infecção com 10%. A prevalência geral de dor foi de 77,1%. O aumento geral de volume local ocorreu em 55,6% pacientes e presença de fraturas em 13,4%. A média de tempo de sintomas até o atendimento foi de 17,4 ± 4,61 meses e a média de tempo para o diagnóstico foi de 10,13 ± 0,86 meses. O tratamento cirúrgico ocorreu em 73,44% dos casos e a recidiva em 22,64%. Conclusão: Os tumores ao nível do tornozelo nesta série correspondem majoritariamente a tumores ósseos, com prevalência do benigno e maior ocorrência em jovens. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Sedación administrada por médicos generales para procedimientos endoscópicos de baja complejidad: experiencia en una unidad de endoscopia de una clínica de alta complejidad en Cali / Sedation Administered by General Practitioners for Low Complexity Endoscopic Procedures: Experience in an Endoscopy Unit of a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Cali

Resumen Objetivos: en Colombia se ha venido implementando la sedación por médicos no anestesiólogos para procedimientos endoscópicos fuera del quirófano. Se describió la experiencia en la unidad de gastroenterología de una clínica de alto nivel de atención en Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, de tipo cohorte analítica para describir la frecuencia y el tipo de eventos adversos asociados a los procedimientos de sedación por médicos generales, y evaluar los factores asociados a su ocurrencia en pacientes que acudieron a la unidad de endoscopia de la Fundación Valle del Lili para la realización de estudios endoscópicos bajo sedación intravenosa que, por ser de bajo riesgo, fue aplicada por un médico no anestesiólogo entre noviembre de 2018 y junio de 2019. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, se calcularon mediana y rango intercuartílico para las variables numéricas, y frecuencias para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: se incluyeron 1506 participantes, 59,4 % ASA I y 40,6 % ASA II. En promedio, la dosis inicial de propofol fue de 60 mg y la dosis total, de 140 mg. Se registraron eventos adversos no serios en 46 pacientes (3,05 %) y el más común fue la desaturación transitoria (80,4 %). Ningún paciente presentó eventos adversos serios. El puntaje inicial promedio de la escala de Aldrete fue 8, mientras que al alta el puntaje promedio fue de 10. Conclusiones: la sedación para procedimientos endoscópicos dada por médicos no anestesiólogos es segura, siempre y cuando sea realizado por personal entrenado que realice una adecuada valoración de los antecedentes (cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y neurológicos) y factores de riesgo del paciente dentro del marco de los lineamientos institucionales vigentes.

Abstract Objectives: in Colombia, sedation by non-anesthesiologists for endoscopic procedures outside the operating room has been implemented. A description of an experience in the gastroenterology unit of a tertiary referral hospital in Cali, Colombia, was conducted. Materials and methods: an analytical cohort observational study to describe the frequency and type of adverse events associated with sedation procedures performed by general practitioners and evaluate the factors related to their occurrence in patients who attended the endoscopy unit of Fundación Valle del Lili for endoscopic studies under intravenous sedation. Between November 2018 and June 2019, non-anesthesiologist physicians performed this procedure due to the minimal risk implied. A descriptive analysis was completed, and the median and interquartile range were calculated for numerical variables and frequencies for qualitative variables. Results: There were 1506 participants, 59.4% ASA I and 40.6% ASA II in this study. On average, the starting dose of propofol was 60 mg, and the total dose was 140 mg. Forty-six patients (3.05%) reported non-severe adverse events; the most common occurrence was transient desaturation (80.4%). No patients experienced severe adverse events. The average initial Aldrete scale score was 8, while at discharge, the average score was 10. Conclusions: sedation for endoscopic procedures performed by non-anesthesiologists is safe provided that it is performed by trained personnel conducting a correct assessment of the patient's (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological) history and risk factors within the framework of the current institutional guidelines.

Comparative study of sugar extraction procedures for HPLC analysis and proposal of an ethanolic extraction method for plant-based high-protein ingredients.

BACKGROUND: The increasing importance of plant-based proteins in the food sector makes a reliable compositional analysis of plant-based high-protein ingredients a necessity. Specifically, the quantification of short-chain carbohydrates is relevant for multiple areas, including food product development, food labelling and fundamental food chemistry and food technology research. Commonly used extraction procedures for subsequent high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification of short-chain carbohydrates have been discussed controversially regarding a range of complications that can potentially lead to inaccurate sugar determination. The present study compares the sugar levels in wheat flour and wholemeal wheat flour determined with different aqueous and ethanolic extraction procedures. These procedures included measures to prevent enzyme activity and microbial growth, which represent two of the most relevant challenges in sugar extraction from food samples. RESULTS: Differences in sugar levels (sum of sucrose/maltose, glucose and fructose) as high as 1.8% dry matter (wheat flour) were observed between the employed extraction procedures. Ethanolic extraction (80% ethanol in ultrapure water) with the use of the antimicrobial agent sodium azide but without Carrez clarification was identified as most promising for sugar determination in plant-based high-protein ingredients. CONCLUSION: A screening of high-protein ingredients derived from cereals (wheat gluten), pseudocereals (quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat) and legumes (soy, pea, lupin, lentil, carob, chickpea, faba bean) concerning their levels of sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose confirmed the applicability of the chosen extraction procedure. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Epidemiological profile and evolution of ankle musculoskeletal tumors / Perfil epidemiológico e evolução nos tumores musculoesqueléticos ao nível do tornozelo

ABSTRACT Objective: Characterizing ankle tumors, presenting the epidemiological profile of these lesions. Methods: Retrospective observational case series study to evaluate the results of clinical and/or surgical treatments of patients with ankle tumors whose first visit occurred from 1990 to 2020. The dependent variables were: benign bone tumor, malignant bone tumor, benign soft tissue tumor, malignant soft tissue tumor, and infection. The independent variables were: sex, age; presence of symptoms (pain/local volume increase/fracture), duration of symptoms until treatment, diagnosis, treatment, and recurrence. Results: In total, 70 patients were included-58.5% were women, with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 21.66 years. Among all cases, 76% were bone tumor, 14% were soft tissue tumor, and 10% were infection. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 21.7 ± 2.29 years. The overall prevalence of pain was 77.1%. In total, 55.6% patients had a general local volume increase 13.4% had fractures. The mean time from symptoms to treatment was 17.4 ± 4.61 months and the mean diagnosis time was 10.13 ± 0.86 months. Of all cases, 73.44% underwent surgical treatment and 22.64% had recurrence. Conclusion: In this series, ankle tumors corresponded mainly to bone tumors. Benign tumors were the most prevalent type of tumor and the highest occurrence was among young people. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivos: Caracterizar tumores da região do tornozelo apresentando o perfil epidemiológico destas lesões. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de série de casos para avaliação dos resultados de neoplasias do tornozelo submetidos a tratamento clínico e/ou cirúrgico em que o primeiro atendimento tenha ocorrido entre 1990 e 2020. As variáveis dependentes foram: tumor ósseo benigno, tumor ósseo maligno, tumor de partes moles benigno, tumor de partes moles maligno e infecção. As variáveis independentes foram: sexo, idade, presença de sintomas (dor/aumento de volume local/fratura), tempo de sintomas até o atendimento, diagnóstico, tratamento e recidiva. Resultados: Foram analisados 70 pacientes, sendo 58,5% do sexo feminino, com média de idade no momento do diagnóstico de 21,66 (21,7 ± 2,29) anos. As neoplasias ósseas correspondem a 76% dos casos, seguidas de tumor de partes moles com 14% e de infecção com 10%. A prevalência geral de dor foi de 77,1%. O aumento geral de volume local ocorreu em 55,6% pacientes e presença de fraturas em 13,4%. A média de tempo de sintomas até o atendimento foi de 17,4 ± 4,61 meses e a média de tempo para o diagnóstico foi de 10,13 ± 0,86 meses. O tratamento cirúrgico ocorreu em 73,44% dos casos e a recidiva em 22,64%. Conclusão: Os tumores ao nível do tornozelo nesta série correspondem majoritariamente a tumores ósseos, com prevalência do benigno e maior ocorrência em jovens. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Juxtacortical osteosarcoma: clinical evolution and dedifferentiation related factors / Osteossarcoma justacortical: evolução clínica e fatores relacionados à desdiferenciação

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate risk factors related to clinical evolution and dedifferentiation of parosteal (juxtacortical) osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. Methods: Retrospective cohort study performed over a period of 25 years, using data from medical records of patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. The data were submitted to statistical analysis by Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test. Results: Of the 326 patients treated for osteosarcoma, we identified 17 patients diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma. Of these, 4 (23.5%) were not actually diagnosed with parosteal osteosarcoma and 4 did not have the minimum data required for analysis, being excluded from the study. Of the 9 patients studied, we observed that 3 (33.3%) evolved with tumor dedifferentiation to high-grade osteosarcoma. Moreover, 2 (66.7%) had local recurrence and 2 (66.7%) metastases. Conclusion: Age, sex, and the tumor size were not directly related to the dedifferentiation from parosteal osteosarcoma to high-grade osteosarcoma. The most aggressive clinical evolution - presence of local recurrences and metastasis - in parosteal osteosarcoma occurred in tumors with dedifferentiation, however, we cannot associate each other as cause and effect, but as related factors. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar fatores de risco relacionados à evolução clínica e à desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma justacortical (parosteal, paraosteal) em osteossarcoma de alto grau. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado num período de 25 anos. Foram utilizados dados de prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal que, em seguida, foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e pelo Teste t de Student. Resultados: Foram tratados 326 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma, dos quais 17 (5,21%) receberam diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parosteal, 4 (1,22%) foram diagnosticados com osteossarcoma convencional e 4 (1,22%) não tinham dados mínimos necessários para análise, sendo excluídos do estudo. Dos 9 (2,76%) pacientes estudados, 3 (0,92%) evoluíram com desdiferenciação do tumor para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Dois (0,84%) pacientes apresentaram recidiva local e 2 (0,84%%) apresentaram metástases. Conclusão: Os fatores idade, sexo e volume do tumor não estão diretamente relacionados com a desdiferenciação do osteossarcoma parosteal para osteossarcoma de alto grau. Apesar de a evolução clínica mais agressiva - presença de recidivas locais e metástase - no osteossarcoma parosteal ter ocorrido nos tumores com desdiferenciação, não é possível estabelecer uma relação de causa e efeito, apenas considerá-las como fatores relacionados. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Risk Factors Related to Poor Outcomes in the Treatment of Non-conventional Periprosthetic Infection.

Objectives To identify the main risk factors related to poor outcomes after the treatment for periprosthetic infection. Materials and Methods Medical records from 109 patients who underwent non-conventional endoprosthesis surgeries (primary and revision procedures) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2018, were retrospectively evaluated. In total, 15 patients diagnosed with periprosthetic infection were eligible to participate in the study. Variables including gender, age at diagnosis, affected bone, surgery duration, white blood cell (WBC) count before endoprosthesis placement, urinary tract infection during the first postoperative year, and time elapsed from endoprosthesis placement to infection diagnosis were related to outcomes using the Fisher exact test (for the bicategorical variables) or analysis of variance (ANOVA, for the tricategorical variables). The mean times from diagnosis to final outcome were compared using the Student t -test. Results These risk factors did not show a statistically significant correlation with the outcomes. The data revealed a trend towards a difference between the mean time for the onset of infection and the final outcome. Due to the limited sample, we believe that studies with larger cohorts can prove this trend. Conclusion We identified that the time from endoprosthesis placement to the onset of the symptoms of infection tends to be related to the outcome and evolution of the patient evolution during the treatment for periprosthetic infection. Although apparently correlated, other associated factors were not statistically linked to poor treatment outcomes.

Lessons for the clinical nephrologist: a rare case of unfused renal ectopia.

Right crossed inferior unfused renal ectopia is a rare developmental anomaly in which both kidneys are located on the left side of the body. It's the result of a halt in migration of kidneys to their normal location during the embryonic period and in ureteral bud faulty that migrates to the opposite side and induces the metanephric blastema on the wrong side. In this article, we aim to review embryology and complete description of renal ectopia anatomy and describe a rare case of right crossed unfused inferior renal ectopia with a left lower kidney artery originated directly from an abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA). The treatment consisted in AAA's exclusion with a custom-made endograft device shaped on purpose with a dedicated branch allowing perfusion of the ectopic lower left kidney.

Luchas por el derecho a la salud en Colombia. Vínculos con la salud para todos y todas / Struggles for the right to health in Colombia. Links with health for all

RESUMEN Se desarrolló una investigación en Colombia cuyo objetivo fue conocer el involucramiento de la sociedad civil en el trabajo por la salud para todos, en las siguientes dimensiones: construcción del movimiento por la salud en espacios locales y nacionales; campañas y abogacía; generación, diseminación y uso de conocimiento; entrenamiento y construcción de capacidades; y diálogo sobre las políticas e involucramiento de la sociedad civil en la gobernanza global. Fue una investigación cualitativa que contó con diferentes enfoques metodológicos y aplicación de métodos. Incluyó siete casos de experiencias del involucramiento de la sociedad civil en el logro de la salud para todos en espacios locales -urbanos y rurales- con comunidades indígenas, campesinas, LGTB, populares y trabajadoras. Los hallazgos permiten concluir que se da un enriquecido y heterogéneo panorama de involucramiento de procesos organizativos y movimientos sociales de la sociedad civil en la lucha por la salud para todos en el ámbito local, regional y nacional. Se identifican modos diversos de acción colectiva, según las condiciones de clase, género, étnicas, laborales y ciudadanas, que muestran variadas formas autóctonas de involucramiento de la sociedad civil, con sus propios elementos de actuación, resistencias y logros.

ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out in Colombia whose objective was to know the involvement of civil society in the struggle for health for all, in the following dimensions: construction of the movement for health in local and national spaces; campaigns and advocacy; generation, dissemination and use of knowledge; training and capacity building; and policy dialogue and the involvement of civil society in global governance.It was a qualitative investigation that had different methodological approaches and application of methods. It included seven cases of experiences of civil society involvement in achieving health for all in local spaces -urban and rural- with indigenous, peasant, LGTB, popular and working communities. The findings allow us to conclude that there is a rich and heterogeneous panorama of the involvement of organizational processes and social movements of civil society in the fight for health for all at the local, regional and national levels.Different modes of collective action were identified, according to the class, gender, ethnic, labor and citizenship conditions, which show various native forms of civil society involvement, with their own elements of action, resistance and achievements.

Producción de aceite de palma en Colombia: ¿trabajo decente y saludable? / Palm Oil Production in Colombia: Decent and Healthy Work? / Produção de óleo de palma na Colombia: trabalho decente e saudável?

Resumen Introducción: este artículo analiza la relación entre el proceso productivo del aceite de palma en Colombia y sus efectos en la salud de los trabajadores del sector. Método: entre marzo y septiembre de 2017, se llevaron a cabo un taller piloto con directivos sindicales y ocho grupos focales en los que participaron 165 trabajadores de diversas áreas y empresas del sector y un taller de revisión y retroalimentación con la participación de diez dirigentes sindicales. Igualmente, se efectuaron visitas a algunas empresas para observar los procesos productivos, tanto en las plantaciones como en las plantas extractoras. La Encuesta de Morbilidad Sentida, sobre la información suministrada por los trabajadores (percepciones e interpretaciones acerca de su estado de salud en vínculo con su trabajo), fue la base para identificar los factores de riesgo del sector, el desgaste, la fatiga y las condiciones de salud-enfermedad asociadas a los oficios del cultivo de la palma en campo y al proceso industrial en la planta de extracción del aceite. Conclusión: la morbilidad sentida sugiere que las cargas laborales, los patrones de desgaste asociados a la producción, la exposición a altas temperaturas y agrotóxicos, además de la intensificación productiva derivada de la forma de organización del trabajo afectan significativamente la salud de los trabajadores de la agroindustria de palma. Basados en estos resultados, sugerimos que los trabajadores del sector deberían ser cobijados por un régimen especial de pensión conjugado con políticas de prevención en salud y seguridad en el trabajo y cobertura de protección social.

Abstract Introduction: This article presents the examination of the relation between the production process of palm oil in Colombia and its impact on the health of workers. Method: Between March and September of 2017, one pilot workshop with union leaders was performed along with eight focus groups in which 165 workers from diverse work areas and palm oil firms participated and one workshop dedicated to the revision and feedback from ten union leaders. Additionally, visits were conducted to some palm oil firms as a means of observing the production process (in plantations and processing mills). Conclusion: The workers' reports of their health and working conditions or their 'felt morbidity' was the basis for identifying the risk factors in this sector, the experiences of health and illness, the patterns of wear-and-tear associated with the production, the exposure to high temperatures and pesticides, and the intensification of production due to the way in which the work process is organized, all of which significantly affect the health of palm oil workers.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo analisa a relação entre a forma em que se realiza o processo produtivo do óleo de palma na Colombia e seus impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores do setor. Método: realizaram-se, entre marco e setembro de 2017, um workshop piloto com diretivos sindicais e 8 grupos focais nos que participaram 165 trabalhadores de diversas áreas de trabalho e empresas do setor e um workshop de revisão e retroalimentação com a participação de 10 dirigentes sindicais. Igualmente, efetuaram-se visitas a algumas empresas para observar os processos produtivos, tanto nas plantações quanto nas plantas extratoras. O inquérito de "morbilidade sentida", que se refere á informação subministrada pelos trabalhadores, desde suas percepções e interpretações, acerca de seu estado de saúde em vínculo com seu trabalho, foi a base para identificar os fatores de risco do setor, o desgaste, a fatiga e as condições de saúde-doença associadas aos ofícios de cultivo da palma em campo e ao processo industrial na planta de extração do óleo. Conclusão: a morbilidade sentida sugere que as cargas laborais, os padrões de desgaste associados á produção, a exposição a altas temperaturas e agrotóxicos, além da intensificação produtiva derivada da forma de organização do trabalho afetam significativamente a saúde dos trabalhadores da agroindústria de palma.

Luchas por el derecho a la salud en Colombia. Vínculos con la salud para todos y todas / Struggles for the right to health in Colombia. Links with health for all

RESUMEN Se desarrolló una investigación en Colombia cuyo objetivo fue conocer el involucramiento de la sociedad civil en el trabajo por la salud para todos, en las siguientes dimensiones: construcción del movimiento por la salud en espacios locales y nacionales; campañas y abogacía; generación, diseminación y uso de conocimiento; entrenamiento y construcción de capacidades; y diálogo sobre las políticas e involucramiento de la sociedad civil en la gobernanza global. Fue una investigación cualitativa que contó con diferentes enfoques metodológicos y aplicación de métodos. Incluyó siete casos de experiencias del involucramiento de la sociedad civil en el logro de la salud para todos en espacios locales -urbanos y rurales- con comunidades indígenas, campesinas, LGTB, populares y trabajadoras. Los hallazgos permiten concluir que se da un enriquecido y heterogéneo panorama de involucramiento de procesos organizativos y movimientos sociales de la sociedad civil en la lucha por la salud para todos en el ámbito local, regional y nacional. Se identifican modos diversos de acción colectiva, según las condiciones de clase, género, étnicas, laborales y ciudadanas, que muestran variadas formas autóctonas de involucramiento de la sociedad civil, con sus propios elementos de actuación, resistencias y logros.

ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out in Colombia whose objective was to know the involvement of civil society in the struggle for health for all, in the following dimensions: construction of the movement for health in local and national spaces; campaigns and advocacy; generation, dissemination and use of knowledge; training and capacity building; and policy dialogue and the involvement of civil society in global governance.It was a qualitative investigation that had different methodological approaches and application of methods. It included seven cases of experiences of civil society involvement in achieving health for all in local spaces -urban and rural- with indigenous, peasant, LGTB, popular and working communities. The findings allow us to conclude that there is a rich and heterogeneous panorama of the involvement of organizational processes and social movements of civil society in the fight for health for all at the local, regional and national levels.Different modes of collective action were identified, according to the class, gender, ethnic, labor and citizenship conditions, which show various native forms of civil society involvement, with their own elements of action, resistance and achievements.

Descripción clínico-epidemiológica de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal en una clínica de cuarto nivel en Cali / Clinical-epidemiological description of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in a fourth level clinic in Cali

Resumen Introducción: en América Latina, la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) es poco frecuente y la información, limitada. Se describieron características de los pacientes con EII en una unidad de gastroenterología de una clínica de alto nivel de atención en Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de pacientes que consultaron con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Crohn (EC) o colitis ulcerativa (CU) a la Clínica Fundación Valle del Lili entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2015. Se realizó un análisis con Statistical Package for the Social Sciences de IBM (SPSS) versión 19, se calcularon la mediana y el rango intercuartílico para las variables numéricas, y frecuencias para las variables cualitativas. Resultados: se incluyeron 416 participantes, 115 con EC y 301 con CU. El 41 % se clasificó como enfermedad leve, 23,5 % moderada y 35,3 % grave. Se realizó cirugía a 24 pacientes (9,0 %) con CU y 53 (46,1 %) con EC. En esta última, el manejo más frecuente fue los medicamentos biológicos (32,2 %), seguidos de inmunomoduladores (27,8 %), esteroides (20 %) y ácido 5-aminosalicílico (5-ASA) (11,3 %). El tratamiento más frecuente de CU fue 5-ASA (84,8 %), seguido de esteroides (32,19 %), azatioprina (24,6 %) y biológicos (15,9 %). Conclusiones: el diagnóstico precoz sigue siendo un reto. La gravedad de la CU en los pacientes estudiados fue menor a la reportada en el mundo, lo cual no ocurrió con los pacientes con EC y podría estar en relación con el retraso diagnóstico. El uso de medicamentos biológicos se acercó a lo reportado en el primer mundo. Es difícil determinar si las menores tasas de cirugía se deben a una mejor respuesta clínica o a un difícil acceso a estas intervenciones.

Abstract Objectives: In Latin America, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rare, and information about it is limited. This article describes characteristics of IBD patients in a gastroenterology unit at a high-level clinic in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive study of patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) at the Clínica Fundación Valle de Lili between January 2011 and December 2015. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 19. Medians and interquartile ranges were calculated for numerical variables. Frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables. Results: The 416 participants included 115 with CD and 301 with UC. Of the total cases, 41% were classified as mild, 23.5% as moderate and 35.3% as severe. Surgery was performed in 24 patients (9.0%) with UC and 53 (46.1%) with CD. CD was most frequently managed with biologicals (32.2%), followed by immunomodulators (27.8%), steroids (20%) and 5-ASA (11.3%). The most frequent treatment for UC was 5-ASA (84.8%), but 32.19% received steroids, 24.6% received azathioprine and 15.9% received biologicals. Conclusions: Early diagnosis remains a challenge. The severity of UC but not CD in the patients studied was less than that reported elsewhere in the world. The difference could be related to diagnostic delay. The use of biologicals was close to that reported in the first world. It is difficult to determine if lower surgery rates are due to better clinical response or to difficult access to these interventions.

Prevalence of somatic and germline mutations of Fumarate hydratase in uterine leiomyomas from young patients.

AIMS: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the Fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. In young women, the syndrome often presents with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas, leading to myomectomy or hysterectomy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence and mutational profiles of FH-negative leiomyomas from young patients, thus allowing for early identification and triage of syndromic patients for surveillance. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 153 cases of uterine leiomyomas from women aged up to 30 years for loss of FH expression by tissue microarray (TMA)-based immunohistochemical staining. Mutational analysis of tumours with loss of FH was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 10 exons within the FH gene and subsequent Sanger sequencing. The status of promoter methylation was assessed by bisulphite sequencing. Loss of FH protein expression was detected in seven (4.6%) of 153 tested uterine leiomyomas from young patients. All FH-negative leiomyomas displayed staghorn vasculature and fibrillary/neurophil-like cytoplasm. We found that six (86%) of seven FH-negative tumours detected by immunohistochemistry harboured FH mutations, 50% of which contained germline mutations. In particular, the germline mutational rate in FH gene was 2.0% (three of 153 cases). Bisulphite sequencing analysis failed to detect promoter methylation in any of the seven tumours. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a relatively high rate of FH germline mutation in FH-negative uterine leiomyomas from patients aged up to 30 years. While genetic mutations confer protein expression loss, epigenetic regulation of the FH gene appears to be unrelated to this phenotype.

Consumo de líquidos en adultos mayores chilenos / Beverage consumption in chilean older adults

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una buena hidratación de los adultos mayores, además de una óptima salud, permite una buena función de transporte de nutrientes y de equilibrio de líquidos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el consumo de agua y líquidos en adultos mayores chilenos. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, realizado en adultos mayores autónomos, de ambos sexos. Los participantes se seleccionaron por conveniencia en la Región Metropolitana. A cada uno se le realizo una evaluación nutricional, basada en medidas antropométricas y se les aplico una encuesta de consumo cuantificada y adaptada para determinar la ingesta de líquidos. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron a 539 adultos mayores, 53,4% corresponde a mujeres, el promedio de edad es de 70,9 ± 6,4 años, y el 54,9 % de ellos presenta mal nutrición por exceso. Respecto al consumo de líquidos, el promedio es de 1656,2 ml/día, el mayor consumo corresponde al té con un 89,4%, seguido de leche 62,7% y bebidas carbonatadas 58,6%. Respecto a las diferencias por sexo, las mujeres presentan un mayor consumo de café, bebidas carbonatadas, leche y agua, y en el caso de los hombres, un mayor consumo de té. El consumo de leche y agua de hierbas es mayor en adultos mayores sobre los 80 años de edad. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo promedio de líquidos en los adultos mayores es inferior al recomendado, los líquidos más consumidos por ellos para hidratarse son; el té, jugos, mate, agua potable, leche y bebidas carbonatadas

INTRODUCTION: Good hydration of the elderly, in addition to optimal health, allows a good function of nutrient transport and fluid balance. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the consumption of water and liquids in Chilean elderly. METHODS: Descriptive study, conducted in autonomous elderly, of both sexes. Participants were selected for convenience in the Metropolitan Region. To each one a nutritional evaluation was carried out, based on anthropometric measures and a quantified and adapted consumption survey was applied to determine the fluid intake. RESULTS: They were evaluated at 539 elderly, 53.4% correspond to women, the average age is 70.9 ± 6.4 years, and 54.9% of them have excess malnutrition by excessive calories intake. Regarding the consumption of liquids, the average is 1656.2 ml / day, the highest consumption corresponds to tea with 89.4%, followed by 62.7% milk and 58.6% carbonated drinks. Regarding the differences by sex, women have a higher consumption of coffee, carbonated drinks, milk and water, and in the case of men, a higher consumption of tea. The consumption of milk and herbal water is higher in elderly over 80 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The average of liquid consumption of elderly is lower than recommended, the liquids most consumed by them to hydrate are tea, juices, mate, drinking water, milk and carbonated drinks

La actividad del salubrista: un análisis desde las clínicas del trabajo / Work activity of public health specialists: An analysis from a "Work Clinics" perspective

Resumen Introducción. La formulación y la implementación de políticas de salud pública son procesos que se ven afectados por las dificultades producto de un sistema de salud asistencialista y por cómo son resueltas en la actividad concreta del salubrista. Objetivos. Analizar la actividad de trabajo de los salubristas de la Secretaría Distrital de Salud de Bogotá D.C. para evidenciar cómo esta se relaciona con su estado de salud y/o malestar en el trabajo. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló un estudio interpretativo, inductivo y cualitativo orientado por una perspectiva ergológica. Participaron 4 trabajadores en 14 encuentros individuales en los que se implementó la técnica "instrucciones al sosias" propuesta por Oddone. La información obtenida fue interpretada dentro del análisis de discurso propuesto por Clot. Resultados. Se identificaron los desafíos de la actividad del salubrista; la distancia entre trabajo prescrito y real, y la singularidad de la profesión en tres niveles: institucional (macro), organizacional (meso) y personal (micro). Conclusiones. La fragmentación del colectivo de trabajo representa la pérdida de un recurso importante para mitigar el malestar en el trabajo. Por tanto, se sugiere realizar nuevas investigaciones que se centren en los colectivos de trabajadores como factor determinante para la transformación de la profesión del salubrista.

Abstract Introduction: The planning and implementation of public health policies are processes that are affected by both, problems resulting from an assistance-oriented health system and how these problems are solved by public health specialists in their specific work context. Objective: To analyze the work activity of public health specialists working in the Ministry of Health of Bogotá D.C. in order to show how it is associated with their health condition and their negative perception of the work environment. Materials and methods: An interpretive, inductive and qualitative study was conducted from an ergological perspective. 4 workers participated in 14 individual meetings in which the "instructions to the alter ego" technique was used. The information obtained from the meetings was interpreted using the discourse analysis technique proposed by Clot. Results: The challenges that public health specialists must face while performing their work, the gap between the real work they must engage in and what it is established in the official regulations, and the uniqueness of the profession in three different levels: institutional (macro-level), organizational (meso-level) and personal (micro-level), were identified. Conclusions: The fragmentation of the public health specialist workers group implies losing an important resource to mitigate the negative perception of the work environment. Therefore, further research addressing workers groups as a determinant of the transformation process of public health specialists' profession.

Biopsy Path Contamination in Primary Bone Sarcomas.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of contamination of the biopsy pathway in patients with primary bone sarcomas, as well as the clinical characteristics that influenced this outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anatomopathological reports of the patients who were treated by the Orthopedic Oncology Sector of the Orthopedic and Traumatology Department of this institution were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 148 patients included for evaluation in the present study, only 1 presented contamination by neoplastic cells in his biopsy pathway. CONCLUSION: The bone biopsy procedure in patients with primary bone sarcomas presents great safety regarding pathway contamination when performed in specialized centers that treat this type of pathology.

Trabajo decente y saludable en la agroindustria en América Latina. Revisión sistemática resumida / Decent and healthy agroindustry work in Latin America. Summarized systematic review / Trabalho digno e saudável na agroindústria na latino-américa.Revisão sistemática sucinta

Resumen Objetivos: Identificar los estudios relacionados con la salud de los trabajadores de la agroindustria de América Latina desde el año 1980 hasta 2018 y las evidencias de la relación entre precariedad laboral y salud. Metodología: Revisión sistemática resumida de la literatura disponible en Web of Science (incluye Scielo) y Scopus Lilacs-Bireme (Portal Regional de la Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud) con ayuda de un gestor de referencias bibliográficas, un programa para visualizar redes bibliométricas y un programa de análisis de datos cualitativos. Resultados: La búsqueda reportó 2056 registros publicados entre 1978 y 2018, alrededor de las categorías "agroindustria" y "salud". Fueron excluidos 1795 artículos, por no ajustarse al objetivo de la revisión. Los 261 artículos incluidos fueron sometidos a un análisis estadístico y 30 fueron escogidos para su revisión cualitativa. Se identificó una tendencia creciente de artículos, siendo Brasil el país con mayor cantidad en la región, dado el auge de la agroindustria en las últimas décadas. La caña de azúcar es el subsector más estudiado y, desde un punto de vista de la problemática, los efectos más dañinos son por la exposición a agrotóxicos, y los más frecuentes, por condiciones ergonómicas que generan problemas osteomusculares. Conclusiones: En el periodo analizado predomina un enfoque biomédico; sin embargo, la literatura se viene enriqueciendo con aportes de las ciencias sociales. Esto ha permitido avanzar en la problematización de las condiciones de salud-enfermedad de los trabajadores de la agroindustria, a la luz de los cambios en los modelos productivos y el aumento de la precariedad laboral en el sector.

Abstract Objectives: To identify the studies regarding the health of Latin America's agroindustry workers from 1980 to 2018 and the evidences of the relationship between work precariousness and health. Methodology: Summarized systematic review of the literature available in Web of Science (including Scielo) and Scopus Lilacs-Bireme (Virtual Health Library Regional Portal) with the aid of a bibliographic reference manager, a program to visualize bibliometric networks and a qualitative data analysis program. Results: Regarding the categories of "agroindustry" and "health", the research provided 2056 records published between 1978 and 2018. 1795 articles were excluded as they did not meet the objective of the review. 261 included articles were statistically analyzed and 30 were chosen for qualitative review. An increasing trend of articles was identified, particularly in Brazil (with the highest amount within the region), given the boom of agroindustry in the last decades. Sugarcane is the most studied subsector and, from the perspective of its implications, the most harmful effects are due to exposure to agro-toxins, and the most frequent, to ergonomic conditions that generate musculoskeletal problems. Conclusions: A biomedical approach predominates in the analyzed period; however, the literature consolidates with contributions of social sciences. This has made it possible to further problematize the health-disease conditions of agroindustry workers, in view of the changes in the productive models and the increase of the sector's work precariousness.

Resumo Objetivos: Identificar os estudos atinentes concernentes com a saúde dos trabalhadores da agroindústria da América Latina Desde o ano 1980 até 2018 e as evidências da relação entre a precariedade laboral e a saúde. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática sucinta da literatura disponibilizada na Web of Science incluindo Scielo Scopus Lilacs -Bireme (Portal Regional da biblioteca virtual da Saúde) quanto sendo utentes dum feitor de referência bibliográfica, um programa de visualizar redes bibliométricas e um programa de análise de dados qualitativos. Resultados: A procura retro alimentou 2056 cadastros publicados entre 1978 e 2018 ao redor das categorias "agroindústria" e "saúde". Foram excluídos 1.795 artigos, por ser pouco atinentes ao objetivo da revisada. Os 261 artigos aceitos foram submetidos sob uma análise estatística e trinta foram escolhidos para uma revisada qualitativa. Se identificou uma tendência em acréscimo de artigos sendo o Brasil o país com a mais grande quantidade na região dado o apogeu da agroindústria nas últimas décadas. A cana-de-açúcar é o subsetor mais estudado e, desde uma perspectiva da problemática, os efeitos mais prejudiciais são pela exposição aos agrotóxicos e os mais frequentes pelas condições ergonômicas que geram doenças osteomusculares. Conclusões: No período analisado predomina o foco biomédico; contudo a literatura está se abastando com verbas das Ciências Sociais Isto vai permitindo avançar na problematização das condições de saúde-doença dos trabalhadores da indústria sob a luz das mudanças nos modelos produtivos e o acréscimo da precariedade laboral neste sector.

Struggles for the right to health at work in Colombia: The case of associations of workers with work-related illnesses.

The neoliberal reforms of the early 1990s in Colombia, mainly labour and social security reforms, transformed capital-labour relations and contributed to the erosion of working conditions and health protection at work, with devastating impacts on workers' health. In the context of these dramatic changes, Colombian workers mobilised around collective identities that have shaped new forms of workers' struggle and resistance. Since 2006, associations of workers suffering work-related illnesses have been active in Colombia. The associated workers engaged in collective actions have demanded from employers, the Ministry of Work, occupational risk administrators, disability rating boards and the judicial system the recognition of certain diseases as being of occupational origin and that these entities guarantee corresponding labour, economic and social security rights. This paper describes and analyses the dynamics of the struggle for the right to health at work undertaken by these associations in Colombia, adopting an analytical perspective inspired by collective action theory.