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1.
Rev Invest Clin ; 75(3): 169-178, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37441761

RESUMO

Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.


Assuntos
Alucinógenos , Ketamina , Humanos , Alucinógenos/farmacologia , Alucinógenos/química , Ketamina/farmacologia , Serotonina , Mescalina/farmacologia , N,N-Dimetiltriptamina
2.
Rev. invest. clín ; 75(3): 169-178, May.-Jun. 2023. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515319

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Since the dawn of civilization, ancient cultures have utilized hallucinogens from plants and fungi in the context of religious and healing practices. Recently, their use has expanded to other cultures. Hallucinogens are natural or synthetic substances that alter the perception of reality at nontoxic doses, producing intense psychological and physiological effects. The initial research on hallucinogens began in the 1950s. However, their non-medical use, studies without proper controls, and negative social opinion resulted in legal restrictions that limited their use for clinical and preclinical research for more than two decades. A renewed interest in studying hallucinogens as potential therapeutic agents for treating different psychiatric conditions has recently re-emerged. This review summarizes the effects of main hallucinogen drugs and their therapeutic potential. Classic hallucinogens such as LSD, dimethyltryptamine, psilocin, and mescaline have chemical structures similar to serotonin and directly activate 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT2A) receptors. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with antagonist effects at the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, indirectly activating 5-HT2A receptors. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects and reduces suicidal ideation, but its effects are short-lasting. Other hallucinogens are under study. It is necessary to continue this research with a more rigorous methodology and include studying the long-term effects of psychedelics use.

3.
Addict Neurosci ; 52023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36937502

RESUMO

Chronic pain patients report analgesic effects when using cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid found in whole-plant cannabis extract (WPE). Several studies suggest that cannabis-derived products may serve as an analgesic adjunct or alternative to opioids, and importantly, CBD may also attenuate the abuse potential of opioids. Vaping is a popular route of administration among people who use cannabis, however both the therapeutic and hazardous effects of vaping are poorly characterized. Despite the fact that chronic pain is more prevalent in women, the ability of inhaled high-CBD WPE to relieve pain and reduce opioid reward has not been studied in females. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of high-CBD WPE vapor inhalation in female rats. We found that WPE was modestly efficacious in reversing neuropathy-induced cold allodynia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). Chronic exposure to WPE did not affect lung cytoarchitecture or estrous cycle, and it did not induce cognitive impairment, social withdrawal or anxiolytic effects. WPE inhalation prevented morphine-induced conditioned place preference and reinstatement. Similarly, WPE exposure reduced fentanyl self-administration in rats with and without neuropathic pain. We also found that WPE vapor lacks of reinforcing effects compared to the standard excipient used in most vapor administration research. Combined, these results suggest that although high-CBD vapor has modest analgesic effects, it has a robust safety profile, no abuse potential, and it significantly reduces opioid reward in females. Clinical studies examining high-CBD WPE as an adjunct treatment during opioid use disorder are highly warranted.

4.
J Neurosci ; 41(45): 9419-9430, 2021 11 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34611024

RESUMO

Neuronal underpinning of learning cause-and-effect associations in the adolescent brain remains poorly understood. Two fundamental forms of associative learning are Pavlovian (classical) conditioning, where a stimulus is followed by an outcome, and operant (instrumental) conditioning, where outcome is contingent on action execution. Both forms of learning, when associated with a rewarding outcome, rely on midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). We find that, in adolescent male rats, reward-guided associative learning is encoded differently by midbrain dopamine neurons in each conditioning paradigm. Whereas simultaneously recorded VTA and SN adult neurons have a similar phasic response to reward delivery during both forms of conditioning, adolescent neurons display a muted reward response during operant but a profoundly larger reward response during Pavlovian conditioning. These results suggest that adolescent neurons assign a different value to reward when it is not gated by action. The learning rate of adolescents and adults during both forms of conditioning was similar, supporting the notion that differences in reward response in each paradigm may be because of differences in motivation and independent of state versus action value learning. Static characteristics of dopamine neurons, such as dopamine cell number and size, were similar in the VTA and SN of both ages, but there were age-related differences in stimulated dopamine release and correlated spike activity, suggesting that differences in reward responsiveness by adolescent dopamine neurons are not because of differences in intrinsic properties of these neurons but engagement of different dopaminergic networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reckless behavior and impulsive decision-making by adolescents suggest that motivated behavioral states are encoded differently by the adolescent brain. Motivated behavior, which is dependent on the function of the dopamine system, follows learning of cause-and-effect associations in the environment. We find that dopamine neurons in adolescents encode reward differently depending on the cause-and-effect relationship of the means to receive that reward. Compared with adults, reward contingent on action led to a muted response, whereas reward that followed a cue but was not gated by action produced an augmented phasic response. These data demonstrate an age-related difference in dopamine neuron response to reward that is not uniform and is guided by processes that differentiate between state and action values.


Assuntos
Aprendizagem por Associação/fisiologia , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/fisiologia , Mesencéfalo/fisiologia , Recompensa , Animais , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley
5.
An Acad Bras Cienc ; 92(suppl 2): e20181172, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33053068

RESUMO

To study the ontogeny of the extrafloral nectaries present in the inflorescences of Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth (Leguminosae, Phaseolinae), the location, morphology, anatomy of the earliest stages, histology of the definitive structures and ultrastructure of the secretory stage were analyzed. The extrafloral nectaries at different developmental stages were examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The secretory stage was also examined with transmission electron microscopy. The racemose inflorescence of V. luteola has six nodes. At each node, a short globose secondary axis bears two flowers and one to three extrafloral nectaries. Each extrafloral nectary originates from the abscission of a flower bud and is formed by two differentiated zones: a ring of epidermal cells surrounding a group of longitudinally enlarged papillose central cells, both with underlying secretory parenchyma. The primary secretory tissue consists of the central cells, while the ring contributes to secretion to a lesser degree. Secretion is granulocrine, by means of exocytotic vesicles and plasmalemma invaginations. Four developmental stages succeed; the third one being the secretory. The extrafloral nectaries activity period starts when the flowers of the same secondary axis open and ceases before fruit development.


Assuntos
Fabaceae , Vigna , Diferenciação Celular , Flores , Néctar de Plantas
6.
Acupunct Med ; 38(3): 150-157, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32009422

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine the presence of post-needling induced pain in subjects who had suffered a stroke and received trigger point (TrP) dry needling (DN), and to investigate the effects of including TrP-DN into a rehabilitation program for shoulder pain in this population. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted. Sixteen patients who had suffered a stroke and presented with shoulder pain were randomly assigned to receive rehabilitation alone or rehabilitation combined with DN. Both groups received a neurorehabilitation session including modulatory interventions targeting the central nervous system. Patients in the DN group also received a single session of DN over active TrPs in the shoulder musculature. A numerical pain rating scale (NPRS, 0-10) was used to asses post-needling induced pain at 1 min, 24 h, and 72 h after needling. Shoulder pain (NPRS, 0-10) was assessed at baseline, and 3 and 7 days after DN in both groups. RESULTS: Five (62%) patients receiving TrP-DN reported post-needling induced pain. Post hoc analysis found that post-needling induced pain decreased significantly at 24 and 72 h (both p < 0.001) after DN. Patients receiving TrP-DN plus rehabilitation exhibited greater decreases in shoulder pain intensity at 3 days (Δ = -4.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -5.8 to -2.6) and 7 days (Δ = -4.3, 95% CI = -5.9 to -2.7) after the intervention compared with those receiving rehabilitation alone (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This trial found that 50% of stroke patients receiving DN experienced post-needling induced pain, a side effect that almost disappeared 72 h after the intervention without any additional therapeutic action. In addition, the inclusion of TrP-DN into a rehabilitation session was effective at decreasing shoulder pain in these patients.


Assuntos
Agulhamento Seco/métodos , Hemiplegia/terapia , Mialgia/etiologia , Dor de Ombro/terapia , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral/métodos , Adulto , Agulhamento Seco/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição da Dor
7.
Polymers (Basel) ; 11(4)2019 Apr 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31013642

RESUMO

In a biorefinery framework, a laccase/mediator system treatment following autohydrolysis was carried out for eucalyptus wood prior to soda-anthraquinone pulping. The enzymatic and autohydrolysis conditions, with a view to maximizing the extraction of hemicelluloses while preserving the integrity of glucan, were optimized. Secondly, pulping of solid phase from Eucalyptus globulus wood autohydrolysis and the enzymatic process was carried out and compared with a conventional soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping process. The prehydrolysis and enzymatic delignification of the raw material prior to the delignification with soda- Anthraquinone (AQ) results in paper sheets with a lower kappa number and brightness and strength properties close to conventional soda-AQ paper and a liquid fraction rich in hemicellulose compounds that can be used in additional ways. The advantage of this biorefinery scheme is that it requires a lower concentration of chemical reagents, and lower operating times and temperature in the alkaline delignification stage, which represents an economic and environmental improvement over the conventional process.

8.
Front Microbiol ; 9: 1659, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30087665

RESUMO

The spread of multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires the discovery of new drugs directed to new targets. In this study, we investigated the activity of two boldine-derived alkaloids, seconeolitsine (SCN) and N-methyl-seconeolitsine (N-SCN), against M. tuberculosis. These compounds have been shown to target DNA topoisomerase I enzyme and inhibit growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Both SCN and N-SCN inhibited M. tuberculosis growth at 1.95-15.6 µM, depending on the strain. In M. smegmatis this inhibitory effect correlated with the amount of topoisomerase I in the cell, hence demonstrating that this enzyme is the target for these alkaloids in mycobacteria. The gene coding for topoisomerase I of strain H37Rv (MtbTopoI) was cloned into pQE1 plasmid of Escherichia coli. MtbTopoI was overexpressed with an N-terminal 6-His-tag and purified by affinity chromatography. In vitro inhibition of MtbTopoI activity by SCN and N-SCN was tested using a plasmid relaxation assay. Both SCN and N-SCN inhibited 50% of the enzymatic activity at 5.6 and 8.4 µM, respectively. Cleavage of single-stranded DNA was also inhibited with SCN. The effects on DNA supercoiling were also evaluated in vivo in plasmid-containing cultures of M. tuberculosis. Plasmid supercoiling densities were -0.060 in cells untreated or treated with boldine, and -0.072 in 1 × MIC N-SCN treated cells, respectively, indicating that the plasmid became hypernegatively supercoiled in the presence of N-SCN. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the M. tuberculosis topoisomerase I enzyme is an attractive drug target, and that SCN and N-SCN are promising lead compounds for drug development.

9.
Mol Cell Proteomics ; 17(8): 1591-1611, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29784711

RESUMO

Streptomycetes are multicellular bacteria with complex developmental cycles. They are of biotechnological importance as they produce most bioactive compounds used in biomedicine, e.g. antibiotic, antitumoral and immunosupressor compounds. Streptomyces genomes encode many Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases, making this genus an outstanding model for the study of bacterial protein phosphorylation events. We used mass spectrometry based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to characterize bacterial differentiation and activation of secondary metabolism of Streptomyces coelicolor We identified and quantified 3461 proteins corresponding to 44.3% of the S. coelicolor proteome across three developmental stages: vegetative hypha (first mycelium); secondary metabolite producing hyphae (second mycelium); and sporulating hyphae. A total of 1350 proteins exhibited more than 2-fold expression changes during the bacterial differentiation process. These proteins include 136 regulators (transcriptional regulators, transducers, Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases, signaling proteins), as well as 542 putative proteins with no clear homology to known proteins which are likely to play a role in differentiation and secondary metabolism. Phosphoproteomics revealed 85 unique protein phosphorylation sites, 58 of them differentially phosphorylated during differentiation. Computational analysis suggested that these regulated protein phosphorylation events are implicated in important cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, regulation of secondary metabolism, transcription, protein synthesis, protein folding and stress responses. We discovered a novel regulated phosphorylation site in the key bacterial cell division protein FtsZ (pSer319) that modulates sporulation and regulates actinorhodin antibiotic production. We conclude that manipulation of distinct protein phosphorylation events may improve secondary metabolite production in industrial streptomycetes, including the activation of cryptic pathways during the screening for new secondary metabolites from streptomycetes.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Metabolismo Secundário , Streptomyces coelicolor/metabolismo , Humanos , Micélio/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Fosfopeptídeos/química , Fosfopeptídeos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Transdução de Sinais , Esporos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Streptomyces coelicolor/genética , Fatores de Tempo , Transcrição Gênica , Regulação para Cima
10.
Front Microbiol ; 9: 312, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29515563

RESUMO

Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are a major type of bacterial signal-transducers whose biological functions remain poorly characterized in streptomycetes. In this work we studied SCO4117, a conserved ECF sigma factor from the ECF52 family overexpressed during substrate and aerial mycelium stages. The ECF52 sigma factors harbor, in addition to the ECF sigma factor domain, a zinc finger domain, a transmembrane region, a proline-rich C-terminal extension, and a carbohydrate-binding domain. This class of ECF sigma factors is exclusive to Actinobacteria. We demonstrate that SCO4117 is an activator of secondary metabolism, aerial mycelium differentiation, and sporulation, in all the culture media (sucrose-free R5A, GYM, MM, and SFM) analyzed. Aerial mycelium formation and sporulation are delayed in a SCO4117 knockout strain. Actinorhodin production is delayed and calcium-dependent antibiotic production is diminished, in the ΔSCO4117 mutant. By contast, undecylprodigiosin production do not show significant variations. The expression of genes encoding secondary metabolism pathways (deoxysugar synthases, actinorhodin biosynthetic genes) and genes involved in differentiation (rdl, chp, nepA, ssgB) was dramatically reduced (up to 300-fold) in the SCO4117 knockout. A putative motif bound, with the consensus "CSGYN-17bps-SRHA" sequence, was identified in the promoter region of 29 genes showing affected transcription in the SCO4117 mutant, including one of the SCO4117 promoters. SCO4117 is a conserved gene with complex regulation at the transcriptional and post-translational levels and the first member of the ECF52 family characterized.

11.
Front Microbiol ; 8: 1447, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28824578

RESUMO

The bacterial chromosome is compacted in a manner optimal for DNA transactions to occur. The degree of compaction results from the level of DNA-supercoiling and the presence of nucleoid-binding proteins. DNA-supercoiling is homeostatically maintained by the opposing activities of relaxing DNA topoisomerases and negative supercoil-inducing DNA gyrase. DNA-supercoiling acts as a general cis regulator of transcription, which can be superimposed upon other types of more specific trans regulatory mechanism. Transcriptomic studies on the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, which has a relatively small genome (∼2 Mb) and few nucleoid-binding proteins, have been performed under conditions of local and global changes in supercoiling. The response to local changes induced by fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which target DNA gyrase subunit A and/or topoisomerase IV, involves an increase in oxygen radicals which reduces cell viability, while the induction of global supercoiling changes by novobiocin (a DNA gyrase subunit B inhibitor), or by seconeolitsine (a topoisomerase I inhibitor), has revealed the existence of topological domains that specifically respond to such changes. The control of DNA-supercoiling in S. pneumoniae occurs mainly via the regulation of topoisomerase gene transcription: relaxation triggers the up-regulation of gyrase and the down-regulation of topoisomerases I and IV, while hypernegative supercoiling down-regulates the expression of topoisomerase I. Relaxation affects 13% of the genome, with the majority of the genes affected located in 15 domains. Hypernegative supercoiling affects 10% of the genome, with one quarter of the genes affected located in 12 domains. However, all the above domains overlap, suggesting that the chromosome is organized into topological domains with fixed locations. Based on its response to relaxation, the pneumococcal chromosome can be said to be organized into five types of domain: up-regulated, down-regulated, position-conserved non-regulated, position-variable non-regulated, and AT-rich. The AT content is higher in the up-regulated than in the down-regulated domains. Genes within the different domains share structural and functional characteristics. It would seem that a topology-driven selection pressure has defined the chromosomal location of the metabolism, virulence and competence genes, which suggests the existence of topological rules that aim to improve bacterial fitness.

12.
Front Physiol ; 8: 500, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28747891

RESUMO

K+ channels encoded by the ether-a-go-go related gene (ERG1 or KCNH2) are important determinants of the cardiac action potential. Expression of both cardiac isoforms (ERG1a and ERG1b) were identified in murine portal vein and distinctive voltage-gated K+ currents were recorded from single myocytes. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the expression and functional impact of ERG channels in murine arteries. Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was undertaken on RNA extracted from a number of murine arteries. Immunofluorescence was performed on single vascular smooth muscle cells using antibodies against the ERG1 expression product (Kv11.1). Single cell electrophysiology was performed on myocytes from portal vein and several different arteries, complimented by isometric tension recordings. Proliferation assays were undertaken on smooth muscle cells isolated from femoral arteries. Results: ERG1 transcripts were detected in all murine blood vessels, and Kv11.1 immunofluorescence was observed in all smooth muscle cells. However, K+ currents with properties consistent with ERG channels were only recorded in portal vein myocytes. Moreover, ERG channel blockers (E4031 or dofetilide, 1 µM) failed to depolarize carotid arteries or produce contraction. Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells was associated with a marked increase in ERG1 expression and ERG blockers suppressed proliferation significantly. Conclusions: These data reveal that arterial blood vessels express ERG channels that appear to be functional silent in contractile smooth muscle but contribute to proliferative response.

13.
Nat Commun ; 7: 12467, 2016 08 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27514833

RESUMO

Bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are a model system for bacterial multicellularity. Their mycelial life style involves the formation of long multinucleated hyphae during vegetative growth, with occasional cross-walls separating long compartments. Reproduction occurs by specialized aerial hyphae, which differentiate into chains of uninucleoid spores. While the tubulin-like FtsZ protein is required for the formation of all peptidoglycan-based septa in Streptomyces, canonical divisome-dependent cell division only occurs during sporulation. Here we report extensive subcompartmentalization in young vegetative hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor, whereby 1 µm compartments are formed by nucleic acid stain-impermeable barriers. These barriers possess the permeability properties of membranes and at least some of them are cross-membranes without detectable peptidoglycan. Z-ladders form during the early growth, but cross-membrane formation does not depend on FtsZ. Thus, a new level of hyphal organization is presented involving unprecedented high-frequency compartmentalization, which changes the old dogma that Streptomyces vegetative hyphae have scarce compartmentalization.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Compartimento Celular/fisiologia , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Hifas/fisiologia , Streptomyces/fisiologia , Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Mutação , Peptidoglicano/metabolismo , Permeabilidade , Esporos Bacterianos/fisiologia
14.
Ophthalmology ; 122(5): 1040-8.e4, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25704319

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes coding for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the prostaglandin F2α receptor gene (PTGFR) are related to a response to latanoprost in a white Spanish population of glaucomatous patients. DESIGN: Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-four patients with open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: Genotyping was performed in 117 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with a minimum treatment duration of 4 weeks. Candidate genes and individual polymorphisms were selected according to the effect on the mechanism of action of latanoprost. Multi-SNP haplotype analyses for associations also were tested. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diurnal intraocular pressure reduction and genotyping of the SNPs in the MMPs and PTGFR. RESULTS: The PTGFR SNPs were associated with positive (rs6686438, rs10786455) and negative (rs3753380, rs6672484, rs11578155) responses to latanoprost. Multiple testing found 2 genes, PTGFR and MMP-1, were related to refractoriness to latanoprost. CONCLUSIONS: The SNPs of the PTGFR and MMP-1 genes may determine the latanoprost response in a white European Spanish population. This study identified 5 SNPs related to the latanoprost response; 1 SNP, rs3753380, already has been associated with a poor response to latanoprost in a healthy Japanese population. Latanoprost is a commonly used antiglaucomatous drug, and increased knowledge of its mechanism of action will lead to advances in pharmacogenetics.


Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/tratamento farmacológico , Glaucoma de Ângulo Aberto/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Prostaglandinas F Sintéticas/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Prostaglandina/genética , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Pressão Intraocular/efeitos dos fármacos , Latanoprosta , Masculino , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
15.
Cult. cuid ; 18(39): 93-104, mayo-ago. 2014. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-127190

RESUMO

Objetivo: Realizar una etnografía, en una Unidad de Paliativos, para estudiar las interacciones de los actores, en particular la de los médicos con los enfermos, que están viviendo esa determinada situación de tránsito hacia la muerte; y la opinión de aquellos sobre los cuidados paliativos. Metodología: El paradigma al que nos adscribimos es el cualitativo, ontológicamente constructivista y epistemológicamente, desde el punto de vista de las sociologías de la vida, siendo nuestro método la etnografía. Resultados: Procedentes del discurso, sobre todo de las entrevistas con los médicos han sido recogidos textualmente. Conclusiones: Entre otras, sobre el escenario, un microespacio dentro del Hospitalito, llamado Unidad de Cuidados Medios, representaba diacrónicamente la dicotomía tesis / antítesis: la tesis de que era una unidad que formalmente se había inaugurado como una Unidad de Paliativos, suponemos que con un propósito propagandístico; pero la antítesis, era la realidad y esta era sin duda que seguía siendo una Unidad de Cuidados Medios (AU)


Objective. Perform an ethnography, palliative unit, to study the interactions of the actors, in particular that of doctors with patients, who are living this particular situation of transit to death; and the opinion of those on palliative care. Methodology. The paradigm that we ascribe is the qualitative, ontologically constructivist and epistemologically, from the point of view of the sociologies of life, still our method of Ethnography. Results. From the speech, mostly from interviews with doctors have been collected verbatim. Conclusions. Among other things, on the stage, a microspace within the Hospitalito, called care media unit, represents going back at other times the dichotomy thesis / antithesis, the thesis that it was a unit that it had formally inaugurated as a palliative unit, we assume that with a propaganda purpose, but the antithesis was the reality, and this was without a doubt that he was still a unit of care means (AU)


Objetivo: Realizar uma etnografia, em uma unidade de cuidados paliativos, para estudar as interações dos atores, em particular, dos médicos com os doentes, que vivem esta situação particular de trânsito até a morte; e a opinião das pessoas sobre cuidados paliativos. Metodologia: O paradigma a que pertencemos é o qualitativo, ontologicamente construtivista e epistemologicamente, do ponto de vista das sociologias da vida, ainda o nosso método é uma etnografia. Resultados: Do discurso, principalmente a partir de entrevistas com médicos. Foram compilados textualmente. Conclusões: Entre outros, no palco, um microespaço dentro do «Hospitalito», chamado unidade de cuidados intermédios, representava, desde uma perspectiva diacrônica, a dicotomia tese / antítese; a tese de que era uma unidade que se inaugurou formalmente como unidade paliativa, assumimos que com uma finalidade propagandística, mas a antítese era a realidade, que sem dúvida ele ainda era uma unidade de cuidados intermédios (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados Paliativos na Terminalidade da Vida/métodos , Cuidados para Prolongar a Vida , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Doente Terminal , Apoio Social , Atitude Frente a Morte , Antropologia Cultural , Relações Médico-Paciente
16.
Pain Med ; 14(12): 1964-70, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23947760

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in the presence of trigger points (TrPs) between patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (LBP) and healthy people, and to determine the relationship of TrPs with the intensity of ongoing pain, disability, and sleep quality. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The role of TrPs in LBP has not been determined. PATIENTS: Forty-two patients with nonspecific LBP (50% women), aged 23-55 years old, and 42 age- and sex-matched controls participated. OUTCOME MEASURES: TrPs were bilaterally explored within the quadratus lumborum, iliocostalis lumborum, psoas, piriformis, gluteus minimus, and gluteus medius muscles in a blinded design. TrPs were considered active if the subject recognized the local and referred pain as familiar symptoms, and TrPs were considered latent if the pain was not recognized as a familiar symptom. Pain measures were collected with a numerical pain rate scale, disability was assessed with the Roland-Morris questionnaire, and sleep quality was determined with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: Patients with nonspecific LBP exhibited a greater disability and worse sleep quality than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Patients with nonspecific LBP exhibited a mean of 3.5 ± 2.3 active TrPs. Further, patients with nonspecific LBP showed a greater (P < 0.001) number of latent TrPs (mean: 2.0 ± 1.5) than healthy controls (mean: 1.0 ± 1.5). Active TrPs in the quadratus lumborum, iliocostalis lumborum, and gluteus medius muscles were the most prevalent in patients with nonspecific LBP. A greater number of active TrPs was associated with higher pain intensity (rs = 0.602; P < 0.001) and worse sleep quality (rs = 0.338; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The local and referred pain elicited by active TrPs in the back and hip muscles contributes to pain symptoms in nonspecific LBP. Patients had higher disability and worse sleep quality than controls. The number of active TrPs was associated with pain intensity and sleep quality. It is possible that a complex interaction among these factors is present in patients with nonspecific LBP.


Assuntos
Dor Lombar/fisiopatologia , Síndromes da Dor Miofascial/fisiopatologia , Sono , Pontos-Gatilho/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Dor Crônica/fisiopatologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
17.
PLoS One ; 8(3): e60665, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23555999

RESUMO

Streptomycetes are very important industrial bacteria, which produce two thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. They have a complex developmental-cycle in which an early compartmentalized mycelium (MI) differentiates to a multinucleated mycelium (MII) that grows inside the culture medium (substrate mycelium) until it starts to growth into the air (aerial mycelium) and ends up forming spores. Streptomyces developmental studies have focused mainly on the later stages of MII differentiation (aerial mycelium and sporulation), with regulation of pre-sporulation stages (MI/MII transition) essentially unknown. This work represents the first study of the Streptomyces MI transcriptome, analyzing how it differs from the MII transcriptome. We have used a very conservative experimental approach to fractionate MI from MII and quantify gene expressions. The expression of well characterized key developmental/metabolic genes involved in bioactive compound production (actinorhodin, undecylprodigiosin, calcium-dependent antibiotic, cpk, geosmin) or hydrophobic cover formation-sporulation (bld, whi, wbl, rdl, chp, ram) was correlated with MII differentiation. Additionally, 122 genes conserved in the Streptomyces genus, whose biological function had not been previously characterized, were found to be differentially expressed (more than 4-fold) in MI or MII. These genes encoded for putative regulatory proteins (transcriptional regulators, kinases), as well as hypothetical proteins. Knowledge about differences between the MI (vegetative) and MII (reproductive) transcriptomes represents a huge advance in Streptomyces biology that will make future experiments possible aimed at characterizing the biochemical pathways controlling pre-sporulation developmental stages and activation of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces.


Assuntos
Streptomyces coelicolor/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptomyces coelicolor/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Transdução de Sinais , Streptomyces coelicolor/metabolismo , Transcriptoma
18.
FEMS Microbiol Lett ; 342(2): 79-88, 2013 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23496097

RESUMO

Streptomycetes comprise very important industrial bacteria, producing two-thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. They are mycelial microorganisms with complex developmental cycles that include programmed cell death (PCD) and sporulation. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures (large bioreactors), conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that there was no differentiation. In this work, we review the current knowledge on Streptomyces pre-sporulation stages of Streptomyces differentiation.


Assuntos
Esporos Bacterianos/citologia , Esporos Bacterianos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptomyces/citologia , Streptomyces/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Modelos Biológicos , Esporos Bacterianos/genética , Esporos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo
19.
J Manipulative Physiol Ther ; 35(8): 608-13, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23158466

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of active myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in a greater number of muscles than previous studies and the relation between the presence of MTrPs, the intensity of pain, disability, and sleep quality in mechanical neck pain. METHODS: Fifteen patients with mechanical neck pain (80% women) and 12 comparable controls participated. Myofascial trigger points were bilaterally explored in the upper trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae, and scalene muscles in a blinded design. Myofascial trigger points were considered active if the subject recognized the elicited referred pain as a familiar symptom. Myofascial trigger points were considered latent if the elicited referred pain was not recognized as a symptom. Pain was collected with a numerical pain rate scale (0-10); disability was assessed with Neck Disability Index; and sleep quality, with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: Patients exhibited a greater disability and worse sleep quality than controls (P < .001). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was associated with the worst intensity of pain (r = 0.589; P = .021) and disability (r = 0.552; P = .033). Patients showed a greater (P = .002) number of active MTrPs (mean, 2 ± 2) and similar number (P = .505) of latent MTrPs (1.6 ± 1.4) than controls (latent MTrPs, 1.3 ± 1.4). No significant association between the number of latent or active MTrPs and pain, disability, or sleep quality was found. CONCLUSIONS: The referred pain elicited by active MTrPs in the neck and shoulder muscles contributed to symptoms in mechanical neck pain. Patients exhibited higher disability and worse sleep quality than controls. Sleep quality was associated with pain intensity and disability. No association between active MTrPs and the intensity of pain, disability, or sleep quality was found.


Assuntos
Síndromes da Dor Miofascial/diagnóstico , Músculos do Pescoço/fisiopatologia , Cervicalgia/diagnóstico , Cervicalgia/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Pontos-Gatilho/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Intervalos de Confiança , Avaliação da Deficiência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes da Dor Miofascial/complicações , Cervicalgia/complicações , Medição da Dor , Dor Referida/complicações , Dor Referida/diagnóstico , Exame Físico/métodos , Prognóstico , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicações
20.
Acta Biol Hung ; 61(4): 391-400, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21112831

RESUMO

We compared the haematological and biochemical values within a population of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) in the Chafarinas Islands (Northern Africa), in non-breeding (February) and breeding (May) animals. We collected blood samples from 51 adults. We found that according to the haematological data, there was a significant variation in haemoglobin content, and a higher proportion of heterophils, thrombocytes, and Haemoproteus infection in breeding individuals with a lower level in basophils. Blood biochemistry showed a higher level in plasmatic proteins, calcium, phosphorus, thiobarbituric acidreactive substances and alkaline phosphatase as well as alanine aminotransferase activity in breeding animals while cholesterol and phospholipid levels showed a lower level. There was also a sexual difference in triglycerides, albumin, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and alkaline phosphatase activity. Hence, the haematological and blood chemistry values of yellow-legged gulls showed some differences between breeding and non-breeding individuals as well as between sexes.


Assuntos
Charadriiformes/sangue , Charadriiformes/fisiologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Albuminas/biossíntese , Fosfatase Alcalina/sangue , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue/métodos , Cruzamento , Feminino , Hematologia/métodos , Masculino , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Fatores Sexuais , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico , Triglicerídeos/sangue
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