¿Son aplicables los criterios analíticos generales para definir el hipotiroidismo en personas con síndrome de Down? / Are suitable general clinic criteria for defining hypothyroidism in people with Down syndrome?

Las diversas series publicadas sobre la prevalencia de las alteraciones tiroideas en las personas con síndrome de Down (SD) muestran una gran dispersión de resultados, aunque todas coinciden en señalar una frecuencia mayor que en la población general. La causa de estas diferencias puede que dependa del método de selección de la muestra. En este trabajo se estudia una población sana de adolescentes con SD, perteneciente a la Asociación de Málaga, seleccionada aleatoriamente, al margen del circuito asistencial. Al valorar la tirotropina (TSH) como parámetro bioquímico para definir la función tiroidea, resulta que la media de la distribución de la población con SD estudiada se sitúa 2 desviaciones estándar por encima de la población general. Estos datos muestran que son dos poblaciones diferentes, por lo que sería necesario definir los criterios de normalidad e hipotiroidismo subclínico, dudoso o patológico, y proponer nuevas pautas para iniciar el tratamiento (AU)

Studies on the prevalence of thyroid disorders in people with Down syndrome (DS) show a wide dispersion of results. However, most of these studies agree in indicating a greater frequency than in the general population. The cause of these differences may depend on the method of sample selection. In this work we studied a healthy population of adolescents with DS of the Association of Málaga, selected randomly and regardless of the medical care. Mean TSH distribution, used here as a tool to define the biochemical thyroid function of the studied DS population, was two standard deviation higher than the mean for the general population. These data show that in terms of TSH the DS population is a distinct population with respect to the general population. This clearly indicates that it would be necessary to identify and define new criteria to establish what is normal, subclinical hypothyroidism, borderline or pathological, and to propose new treatment guide (AU)

Bone mineral density in pre-and post-menopausal women with affective disorder treated with long-term L-thyroxine augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Augmentation with TSH-suppressive L-thyroxine (T4) has been shown to improve the course of illness in otherwise refractory affective disorders. This collaborative study investigates whether T4 augmentation for a minimum of 12 months decreases bone mineral density (BMD) in 26 pre- and post-menopausal women with affective disorder. METHODS: We measured BMD at the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, trochanter and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L4) in 13 premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal women with affective disorder using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD was expressed as g/cm(2) and as a Z-score, calculated using bone density data from the international reference population standard. RESULTS: The Z-scores for the pre- and post-menopausal women were within the reference range of the age and sex matched population standard. BMD for the composite group also did not differ either from the population standard. BMD in the lumbar spine and hip did not differ significantly between the pre- and post-menopausal groups. However, there were a relatively high number of postmenopausal patients with BMDs one S.D. lower than the population standard. LIMITATIONS: This is a cross-sectional study with a relatively small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that T4 augmentation treatment does not reduce BMD to a clinically significant degree in many women with affective disorder. However, the resilience of bone structure to T4 treatment may vary with site and menopausal status. This study underscores the need for regular assessment of BMD during adjunctive thyroid treatments for affective disorder, especially in postmenopausal women.

The antidepressant effect of sertraline is not enhanced by dose titration: results from an outpatient clinical trial.

A previous report suggested that 5 weeks of continued treatment with 20 mg of fluoxetine was approximately as effective as double-blind titration to a dose of 60 mg in patients who had failed to respond to 3 weeks of initial treatment at 20 mg. The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether 150 mg of sertraline was any more effective than 50 mg in treating depressed patients who were non-responders at 3 weeks. Ninety-one outpatients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder who had a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score > or = 18 were treated with open label sertraline for 3 weeks. Patients who did not achieve remission (defined as 17-item HAM-D total score < or = 8 by week 3) were then randomized to 5 more weeks of double-blind treatment with either 50 mg of sertraline or immediate titration to 150 mg of sertraline. Efficacy was assessed at each visit with the HAM-D, Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)-severity and improvement scale, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. There were no significant between-group differences in clinical or demographic features at baseline for the three treatment groups. After 3 weeks of open-label treatment, 16 patients were not randomized, of whom 11 (69%) met responder criteria. The remaining patients were randomized, double-blind, to 50 mg of sertraline (n = 37; HAM-D = 19.2 +/- 5.0) or 150 mg of sertraline (n = 38; HAM-D = 18.4 +/- 5.0). PROC-Mixed analyses found no significant difference in slopes for any outcome measure when comparing 50 mg and 150 mg sertraline treatment groups. At week 8 (LOCF), the overall remission rate (HAM-D < or = 8) for 3-week non-responders was 40%, with no statistically significant between-group difference for the 50 mg versus 150 mg doses of sertraline (P > 0.10). A completer analysis yielded similar results. Adverse events were mostly mild on both doses of sertraline and led to few treatment discontinuations. The results suggest that for most patients continued treatment with 50 mg dose of sertraline yields a rate of antidepressant response that is comparable to what is achieved by dose escalation from 50 mg to 150 mg of sertraline after 3 weeks of treatment. While some patients clearly benefit from higher doses, the results of the current study are consistent with the lack of any evidence for a dose-response curve with sertraline in the treatment of depression.

Imipramine and buspirone in treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder who are discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (N=107) who had been long-term benzodiazepine users (average duration of use=8.5 years) were enrolled in a benzodiazepine discontinuation program that assessed the effectiveness of concomitant imipramine (180 mg/day) and buspirone (38 mg/day) compared to placebo in facilitating benzodiazepine discontinuation. METHOD: After a benzodiazepine stabilization period taking either diazepam, lorazepam, or alprazolam, patients were treated for 4 weeks with imipramine, buspirone, or placebo under double-blind conditions while benzodiazepine intake was kept stable (treatment phase). Patients then entered a 4-6 week benzodiazepine taper and a 5-week posttaper phase with imipramine, buspirone, and placebo treatment being continued until 3 weeks into the posttaper phase, at which time all patients were switched to placebo for 2 weeks. Benzodiazepine plasma levels were assayed weekly. Benzodiazepine-free status was assessed 3 and 12 months posttaper. RESULTS: Study subjects were long-term benzodiazepine users with an average of three unsuccessful prior taper attempts. The success rate of the taper in this study was significantly higher for patients who received imipramine (82.6%), and nonsignificantly higher for patients who received buspirone (67.9%), than for patients who received placebo (37.5%). The imipramine effect remained highly significant even after the analysis adjusted for three other independent predictors of taper success: benzodiazepine dose, level of anxious symptoms at baseline, and duration of benzodiazepine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Management of benzodiazepine discontinuation can be facilitated significantly by co-prescribing imipramine before and during the benzodiazepine taper. Daily benzodiazepine dose, severity of baseline symptoms of anxiety and depression, and duration of benzodiazepine use were additional significant predictors of successful taper outcome.

Venlafaxine monotherapy in women with bipolar II and unipolar major depression.

BACKGROUND: Women with bipolar (BP) disorder have more depressive episodes and drug-induced manic switches compared to men. Current guidelines suggest treating BP type I and type II major depressive episode (MDE) with both a mood-stabilizer and antidepressant. In a post hoc analysis, we examined the safety and efficacy of venlafaxine monotherapy in women with BP II MDE. METHODS: 15 women with BP II MDE (mean+/-SD age: 37+/-12 years) were compared to 17 women with unipolar (UP) MDE (41+/-12 years). Patients were randomized to double-blind treatment with once versus twice daily venlafaxine up to 225 mg for 6 weeks. Efficacy was measured using the HAM-D(21), MADRS and CGI scales. Drug-induced manic switch episodes characterized by agitation, irritability, euphoria or mood lability were assessed at each visit. RESULTS: No episodes of drug-induced hypomania or rapid cycling were observed during 6 weeks of venlafaxine monotherapy. Similar efficacy was observed in BP and UP depressed women (p=ns). LIMITATIONS: This study was retrospective in nature and limited in patient number. Only BP II women were included in this study, and it is possible that efficacy and the manic switch rate might have differed if BP I women were included. CONCLUSION: Short-term venlafaxine monotherapy may be a safe and effective antidepressant treatment in women with BP II MDE.

Fluoxetine efficacy in menopausal women with and without estrogen replacement.

UNLABELLED: A gradual decline in estrogen levels after the age of 40 may contribute to a higher rate of depression in women over 45 years of age. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been shown to produce cognitive and mood-enhancing effects in women and may facilitate antidepressant activity. METHODS: We examined the efficacy rates in women on ERT > or = 45 years (n = 40) compared to women > or = 45 years not on ERT (n = 132) and to women < 45 years (n = 396) and to men (n = 262) with major depression during fluoxetine 20 mg daily up to 8 weeks. Remitters with a HAM-D17 score < or = 7 from week 9 to 12 were then treated up to 1-year in a placebo-controlled, relapse-prevention trial. RESULTS: Efficacy rates were similar in women > or = 45 years on ERT when compared to women > or = 45 years taking fluoxetine alone, and when compared to women < 45 years and men taking fluoxetine. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in fluoxetine responders treated up to 26 weeks showed a somewhat greater relapse rate in women > or = 45 years taking ERT compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.06). LIMITATIONS: This study was retrospective nature and ERT was given in an uncontrolled fashion: 63% of women received estrogen alone while 37% also took intermittent progesterone. Other variables include the absence of hormonal documentation of menopausal status, no direct assessment of ERT compliance and the use of fixed-dose fluoxetine 20 mg daily. CONCLUSION: In contrast to prior reports suggesting that ERT may facilitate antidepressant activity, we observed similar efficacy in depressed women > or = 45 years taking fluoxetine plus ERT compared to those taking fluoxetine alone.

Psychomotor performance of long-term benzodiazepine users before, during, and after benzodiazepine discontinuation.

Long-term (mean, 8 years) users of benzodiazepines (BZs) were administered a small battery of cognitive tests on three occasions (before BZ taper, and 5 and 12 weeks post taper) as part of their BZ discontinuation program. Ninety-six patients had 5-week and 77 patients had 12-week data. For taper successes, BZ-free status was confirmed by weekly BZ plasma level determinations. Age and education, as well as baseline test scores, were used as covariates for all data analyses. Patients who successfully tapered off BZ were able to complete symbol copying (SC) and digit symbol substitution (DSST) tasks faster than patients still taking BZ (p < 0.05). In addition, using an adjective check list, patients with taper success, i.e., BZ-free patients, reported lower levels of mental and physical sedation and higher levels of tranquilization (p < 0.05) than did patients still taking BZ. These results were confirmed in two multiple regression analyses with SC and DSST as the dependent variables. Higher baseline, younger age, and successful taper status (off BZ) were selected as significant independent predictors of SC and DSST scores. In summary, cognitive functions improved for many long-term BZ users after discontinuing their BZ intake.

Blood pressure changes during short-term fluoxetine treatment.

Recent reports of sustained hypertension in some patients receiving venlafaxine have rekindled concerns about antidepressant-induced hypertension. This study examined sitting and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and rate of sustained hypertension in 796 depressed patients (mean +/- SD age, 40 +/- 11 years) taking fluoxetine 20 mg daily for up to 12 weeks. A modest reduction in sitting and standing systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.001) blood pressure measures were observed in the entire patient sample. Patients with pretreatment diastolic blood pressure < 60 mmHg (N = 32) showed a modest increase in mean diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), whereas patients with pretreatment diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mmHg and < or = 95 mmHg (N = 57) had a modest reduction in mean diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001). Patients with preexisting, stable cardiovascular disease (including hypertension) (N = 35) showed no significant blood pressure change (p = not significant). Of the patients receiving fluoxetine, 1.7% had sustained hypertension for > or = 3 consecutive clinic visits-a rate significantly lower than that previously reported with venlafaxine (4.8%) (chi2 = 13.3, p < 0.001) and similar to that previously seen with placebo (2.1%). In conclusion, these data demonstrate a low rate of sustained hypertension (1.7%) during short-term fluoxetine treatment.

Trazodone and valproate in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy: effects on withdrawal symptoms and taper outcome.

Recent uncontrolled research suggested that trazodone and sodium valproate may be helpful in benzodiazepine (BZ) discontinuation. We therefore undertook a double-blind study to assess whether trazodone and valproate, as compared to placebo, would attenuate withdrawal and facilitate discontinuation in BZ-dependent patients with a minimum of 1 year daily BZ use. Seventy-eight patients, taking a mean dose of 19+/-17 mg/day of diazepam (or its equivalent), were stabilized for several weeks on their BZ (16 diazepam, 25 lorazepam, 37 alprazolam) and then for 1-2 weeks, pretreated with trazodone, sodium valproate or placebo before being tapered at 25% per week. All treatments were continued for 5 weeks post-taper. BZ-free status was assessed after 5 and 12 weeks post-taper. Neither trazodone nor valproate had any significant effect on withdrawal severity. Peak physician withdrawal checklist change from baseline to peak severity was 16.4 for trazodone, 18.04 sodium valproate and 18.24 placebo (F = 0.10; NS). Taper success rates were significantly effected by both active agents at the 5-week, but not 12-week, assessment. At 5 weeks post-taper, 79% of sodium valproate and 67% of trazodone, but only 31% of placebo patients were BZ-free (chi2 = 7.34; df 2; P<0.03). Major adverse events for trazodone were sedation and dry mouth, and for valproate, diarrhea, nausea and headaches.

Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode.

As many as 45% of patients with major depressive episode also meet DSM-IV criteria for bipolar II (BP II) disorder. Although some clinicians advocate using a mood stabilizer in treating BP II depression, antidepressant monotherapy has been less well studied in this disorder. As part of a prospective, placebo-controlled, relapse-prevention study in 839 patients, the efficacy and safety of short- and long-term fluoxetine treatment in patients with BP II major depression compared with patients with unipolar (UP) major depression was retrospectively examined. Eighty-nine BP II patients (mean age, 41+/-11 years) were compared with 89 age- and gender-matched UP patients and with 661 unmatched UP patients (mean age, 39+/-11 years). All received short-term fluoxetine therapy at 20 mg daily for up to 12 weeks. Complete remission was defined as a final Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score < or = 7 by week 9 that was then maintained for 3 additional weeks. Remitted patients were then randomly assigned to receive double-blind treatment with one of the following: (1) fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 52 weeks; (2) fluoxetine for 38 weeks, then placebo for 14 weeks; (3) fluoxetine for 14 weeks, then placebo for 38 weeks; or (4) placebo for 52 weeks. Antidepressant efficacy was similar in BP and UP patients during short-term therapy. Discontinuation for lack of efficacy was lower in BP II (5%) than in UP (12%) patients (p = not significant [NS]), whereas dropouts for adverse events were similar in BP II (11%) and UP (9%) patients. During long-term relapse-prevention therapy, relapse rates were similar in BP II and UP patients (p = NS). During short-term fluoxetine therapy, three BP II (3.8%) versus no matched UP (p = NS) and 0.3% unmatched UP (p = 0.01) patients had a "manic switch." During long-term fluoxetine therapy, one (2%) BP II and three (1%) unmatched UP patients (one taking placebo) had a manic switch (p = NS). In conclusion, fluoxetine may be a safe and effective antidepressant monotherapy for the short-term treatment of BP II depression with a relatively low manic switch rate. Fluoxetine may also be effective in relapse-prevention therapy in patients with BP II disorder.

The effect of personality on withdrawal severity and taper outcome in benzodiazepine dependent patients.

BACKGROUND: Personality psychopathology exerts a significant and independent effect on the course of benzodiazepine (BZ) discontinuation, worsening the subjective severity of withdrawal symptoms and significantly increasing the occurrence of early taper failures. METHOD: One hundred and seventy-one patients participating in a BZ discontinuation programme were administered several personality measures prior to taper. Patients were stabilized for 3 weeks at their baseline BZ dosage and then tapered off 25% per week over 4 weeks, with the option to extend up to 6 weeks if necessary. RESULTS: High levels of passivity and dependency as assessed by the MMPI Dependence subcluster, and at a trend level high Eysenck Neuroticism and high TPQ Harm Avoidance contributed significantly to the prediction of benzodiazepine withdrawal severity. Though there was a high correlation between personality measures, psychopathology and adjusted BZ dose, the effects of personality on withdrawal severity was significant, particularly in the initial phases of BZ taper, when taper severity was still relatively mild. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that clinical decisions on how to manage BZ tapering should be guided by personality assessments, in addition to the usual considerations of BZ dosage, residual psychopathology, duration of treatment, etc. The potential for difficulty with discontinuation related to personality traits should be one of the factors weighted in the risk-benefit assessment made in the planning of benzodiazepine treatment for patients with anxious symptomatology.

Nefazodone in major depression: adjunctive benzodiazepine therapy and tolerability.

One hundred sixty-six patients suffering from major depressive disorders were treated for 8 weeks with nefazodone in an open study in dosage ranges from 200 to 600 mg. This report focuses primarily on the first week of therapy and on the concomitant use of several benzodiazepines, one of which is not metabolized by the cytochrome system (temazepam). Triazolam response was further evaluated as a function of two nefazodone dosage regimens provided during the first week of therapy, one group receiving nefazodone 200 mg/day for 7 days, and another group receiving nefazodone 200 mg/day for 3 days, followed by 4 days with 400 mg/day. Finally, a comparison of three different nefazodone dosages, the third being 400 mg from day 1 on, was also carried out. Outcome measures included Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total and the total of the three Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression insomnia items, as well as global improvement, a daily completed sleep questionnaire, and adverse event assessment. A combination of nefazodone with a benzodiazepine (BZ) caused more sedation than nefazodone alone; triazolam, the BZ with the shortest half-life and the highest dependence on the cytochrome 450 system for its metabolism, caused the least amount of sedation, and alprazolam and diazepam, the two daytime benzodiazepines, caused the most sedation. Triazolam caused significant and identical reduction of insomnia in both nefazodone groups. Compared with nefazodone 200 mg given as monotherapy, insomnia was significantly improved--not only by triazolam, but also alprazolam and diazepam, but not temazepam. The addition of nefazodone raised triazolam plasma levels to almost 500%, the plasma level of desmethyl-diazepam 87%, and that of alprazolam 34%. Temazepam plasma levels remained unchanged. When prescribing nefazodone with a benzodiazepine, one should expect an improved sleep pattern initially, but at the cost of clinically relevant daytime sedation. The prediction that temazepam, the only BZ not dependent on the cytochrome mechanism for metabolism, should be the least sedating, and triazolam, because of its cytochromic metabolism interference with nefazodone should be the most sedating, could not be confirmed. In fact, triazolam 0.25 mg capsules seem to be the safest treatment of choice when one has to combine a benzodiazepine with nefazodone in initial stages of therapy, at least of the four benzodiazepines tested in this study.

Buspirone and imipramine for the treatment of major depression in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: The current study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of imipramine and buspirone in the treatment of major depression in elderly depressed attendees of primary care practices. METHOD: 177 patients aged 65 and over (mean age = 72 years; range, 65-89) who met DSM-III-R criteria of unipolar major depression with a minimum Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score of 18 were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment with flexible doses of either imipramine or buspirone. RESULTS: Moderate to marked global improvement after 8 weeks of treatment (LOCF analysis) occurred in 70% of patients treated with imipramine, 61% of patients treated with buspirone, and 42% of patients treated with placebo (chi2 = 9.1, df = 2, p < .02). Drug treatment was well tolerated, with 77% of imipramine- and 61% of buspirone-treated patients completing 8 weeks of therapy. Imipramine/placebo differences were present from week 2 on, but buspirone/placebo differences occurred only at week 8. The presence of comorbid medical illness or concomitant use of nonpsychiatric prescription medications was not associated with poorer antidepressant response, increased adverse effects, or study attrition. CONCLUSION: Imipramine and to a lesser extent buspirone were found to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of elderly depressed outpatients.

Rates of flu-like infection in patients with affective illness.

Studies of immunologic profiles of depressed patients are suggestive of chronic viral infection and several investigators have found specific viral protein in some depressed patients. Moreover, several psychotropic drugs have anti-viral activity and can inhibit viral replication. In this preliminary report, we retrospectively examined the rate of reported flu-like episodes before and during psychotropic drug treatment in 236 affectively ill patients: 177 receiving lithium prophylaxis and 59 receiving chronic antidepressant medication. We observed a small but significant reduction in the mean rate of reported flu-like illness during lithium therapy (P < 0.001), with a greater reduction in men vs. women (P < 0.05). We also found a modest reduction in reported flu-like illness during chronic treatment with antidepressants (P = 0.08). Although these observations are preliminary in nature, they complement earlier reports that some psychotropic drugs may have anti-viral activity.

Clomipramine augmentation in treatment-resistant depression.

In depression that is resistant to tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) therapy, the substitution of a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), clomipramine, or a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor has been recommended. However, adding an additional antidepressant medication from a different drug class may produce even more rapid efficacy. In this regard, the combination of a MAO inhibitor or a SSRI plus a TCA has been shown to be of value in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In this report, we examined the efficacy of clomipramine augmentation in 20 patients who failed to respond to either a MAO inhibitor or fluoxetine therapy for at least a 6-week period, and compared this to a third group given MAO inhibitor plus a conventional TCA. Two out of 9 (22%) MAO inhibitor/clomipramine patients and 4 out of 11 (36%) fluoxetine/clomipramine patients improved (Fisher's Exact test, P = ns), compared to 3 out of 7 (43%) patients taking MAO inhibitor/TCA (P = ns). However, the MAO inhibitor/clomipramine group experienced significantly more adverse events which necessitated stopping treatment (56%) when compared to the fluoxetine/clomipramine (9%) and compared to the MAO inhibitor/TCA group (0%) (chi 2 = 8.9, df = 2, P < 0.05). These adverse events included several cases of serotonin syndrome of mild to moderate severity. These observations indicate that clomipramine augmentation of a failed MAO inhibitor trial is of marginal efficacy (compared to augmentation with a conventional TCA) and should be employed with extreme caution.

Breast enlargement during chronic antidepressant therapy.

Recent reports of mammoplasia during selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy suggested that this side effect may be more common than previously reported. We examined 59 women receiving > or = 2 months treatment with an SSRI or venlafaxine for changes in breast size in relation to menopausal status, weight gain and duration of drug therapy. Serum prolactin, estradiol and beta-hCG were also measured before and during treatment in a subgroup of patients. Twenty-three out of 59 patients (39%) reported some degree of mammoplasia. Significantly more SSRI vs. venlafaxine patients reported mammoplasia (p < 0.01). Eighty-four percent with mammoplasia had weight gain vs. 30% without mammoplasia (p < 0.001). The rate of mammoplasia was unrelated to age, menopausal status or duration of treatment. Serum prolactin increased during treatment in the paroxetine subgroup (p < 0.03). In conclusion, antidepressant-induced mammoplasia may be more common than previously expected.

Progesterone co-administration in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy: effects on withdrawal severity and taper outcome.

Since recent research has suggested that the major metabolites of progesterone are barbiturate-like modulators of GABAergic function, we undertook a pilot study of the efficacy of micronized progesterone in attenuating withdrawal and facilitating discontinuation in benzodiazepine-dependent patients with a minimum of 1 year of continuous daily use. Forty-three patients taking a mean daily dose of 16.2 mg of diazepam (or its equivalent) were assigned, doubleblind, to treatment with either placebo (n = 13) or progesterone (n = 30). Progesterone was titrated to a mean daily dose of 1983 mg, and was co-administered for 3 weeks, after which the benzodiazepine was tapered by 25% per week. Progesterone (or placebo) was then continued for 4 weeks before being discontinued. There was no progesterone versus placebo difference in the severity of taper withdrawal. Withdrawal checklist change scores were 17.3 for progesterone and 16.5 for placebo (F 0.63; df 2.31; n.s.), and the Hamilton rating scale for anxiety change scores were 7.8 for progesterone and 6.3 for placebo (F 0.22; df 2.30; n.s.). There was no difference in ability to remain drug-free at 12 weeks post-taper, with 57% of progesterone-treated patients, and 58% of placebo-treated patients having a successful outcome.

[The detection of factors predictive of the abandonment of disabled patients in a basic health area]. / Detección de factores predictores de abandono de pacientes incapacitados de una zona básica de salud.

MAIN OBJECTIVE: to elaborate a Persons at Risk Index (PRI) for the abandonment of elderly handicapped. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES: to discover the profile of these invalids and their carers within our Health District. DESIGN: A case-control study. A uni- and multi-variant analysis (multiple logistic regression). SETTING: An urban Health Centre. Programme for the Care of the handicapped Patient. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 1. Handicapped patients (those unable to attend the Health Centre for care) who were included in the Programme in December 1991 (Total = 177). 2. Carers (those with direct responsibility in caring for the sick). 106 handicapped patients were interviewed (33 took part in the pilot study, 13 died, 1 entered hospital, 16 refused to answer and 8 were not located). 20 patients (19%) were identified as being abandoned invalids, with abandon being defined as not having their need for help in their daily activities covered. The other 86 (81%) were considered as controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Profile of the handicapped patient: woman > 76 years old, illiterate, housewife, widow. Profile of career: woman, daughter or wife of the invalid, between 50 and 65, house-wife, uneducated. The variables selected by the multiple model as being linked to abandonment show greater risk for invalid patients living in zones of high social risk, who lack a specific career or have only been looked after by their present career for a brief period. CONCLUSIONS: The PRI is an instrument which serves for predicting those invalids most likely to be abandoned, an undesirable situation to be avoided by prioritizing health service interventions.

[Social marketing applied to condom promotion: a proposal for intervention in groups at risk for sexually transmitted diseases]. / El marketing social aplicado a la promoción del condón: una propuesta de intervención sobre grupos en riesgo de enfermedades de transmisión sexual.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are an important worldwide health problem. Their association with AIDS an other insidious viral processes have brought them to the foreground of sanitary authorities and general population concern. Often, health services have to struggle with reinfections, which concentrate in pockets of risk that consume large amount of care and constitute an important link in the transmission of these diseases. General publicity have little impact among high risk groups. Thus, it becomes necessary to be more precise and divide into segments the target population we want to reach. Prevention of reinfection in these communities requires the implementation of healthy behaviours through the promotion of a tangible product (condom). Regarding these considerations, social marketing emerges as the right instrument to be used. Through individual focused interviews with prostitutes, homosexual and young promiscuous heterosexual patients from a STDs Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Centre, determining factors of the use condoms and related behaviour guidelines have been identified. Also, a social marketing strategy is suggested to prevent these diseases among groups at risk by means of condom promotion.