Speech enhancement using long short term memory with trained speech features and adaptive wiener filter.

Speech enhancement is the process of enhancing the clarity and intelligibility of speech signals that have been degraded due to background noise. With the assistance of deep learning, a novel speech signal enhancement model is introduced in this research. The proposed model is divided into two phases: (i) Training (ii) Testing. In the training phase, the noise spectrum and signal spectrum are estimated via a Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) from the noisy input signal. Then, Empirical Mean Decomposition (EMD) features are extracted from the Wiener filter. The de-noised signal is acquired from EMD, the bark frequency is evaluated and the Fractional Delta AMS features are extracted. The key contribution of this study is the use of the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to properly estimate the tuning factor η of the Wiener filter for all input signals. The LSTM was trained by the extracted features (EMD) via a modified wiener filter for decomposing the spectral signal and the output of EMD is the denoised enhanced speech signal. A comparative evaluation is carried out between the proposed and existing models in terms of error measures.

Interaction of Antioxidant Trace Minerals Affecting Blood Picture Including Antioxidant Profile of Healthy Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves.

Copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) are antioxidants and essential trace elements that have mutual interaction and are reported to have beneficial effects at supranutritional levels. The experiment was executed to evaluate the individual impact of supranutritional levels of targeted elements with the effect of their interactions in buffalo calves. Twenty male Murrah buffalo calves of about 8-9 months (bodyweight 112.1 ± 7.69 kg) were distributed into four groups of five calves in each group and fed either a control (C) diet or supplemented with supranutritional levels of Cu (T1), Se (T2), or combination of both (T3) for 120 days. Higher (P = 0.015) values of packed cell volume were observed in group T2 at day 120; otherwise, all other hematological parameters remained comparable among groups. Over the period (day 120 vs. day 0), an enhancement in the percentage of lymphocytes (P = 0.006) with a reduction in neutrophils (P = 0.028) and hemoglobin (P = 0.024) values was observed in the control group. An enhancement in the percentage of monocytes (P = 0.031), with a reduced percentage of neutrophils (P = 0.022), was reported in groups T2 and T3, respectively. Interaction of Cu and Se at supranutritional level (T3) dramatically reduced plasma Cu (P = 0.008) level against the control values, with an improvement in Se markers (i.e., plasma Se, P = 0.041 and enzyme glutathione peroxidase, P = 0.057) over the values in calves fed supplemental Se alone (T2). Additionally, Cu (T1 and T3) was forced to decline (P < 0.05) Zn level in the plasma of buffalo calves. Cu (T1, P < 0.05) and Se (T2 and T3, P ≤ 0.01) supplementation was able to improve their respective plasma levels. The interaction of two trace elements at the supranutritional level further helped in reducing the lipid peroxidation (P = 0.01) values as well. Though antioxidant vitamins and cell-mediated immunity remained unaffected, humoral immunity against antigen P. multocida was high (P = 0.005) in the group T2. The conclusion may be drawn that supranutritional Cu and Se were capable to influence certain blood parameters with an additional interaction effect due to simultaneous supplementation in buffalo calves.

Hair Transplant Practice Guidelines.

The field of hair transplant (HT) has grown exponentially in the past decade, especially after the introduction of follicular unit excision (FUE). There is much variation in criteria for case selection, the technique, pre- and post-procedure protocols, by different surgeons. Techniques continue to evolve and evidence in the form of controlled data is not available for all techniques and protocols being used; there is also a debate as to who can do what, what should be the training for staff, role of technicians. This has led to a situation wherein medico legal issues have cropped up as to what is minimum acceptable. An attempt is made to summarize standard protocols with the available evidence. It is emphasized that the objective of these guidelines is to recommend minimum standards for practice of hair transplantation. The principles outlined in these guidelines are of a general nature only, minimal in their level and are not meant to cover all situations. It should be understood that these recommendations are by no means binding and universal, represent minimum standards only and as in all surgical techniques, variations in techniques are possible. It is also further clarified that these are based on current literature, and as science evolves, these guidelines could also change in future. Where published evidence is not available, consensus expert opinion is presented. The task force emphasizes that each patient has to be treated on his/her own merit and that these guidelines do not limit the physician from making an appropriate choice or the necessary innovation for a given patient. The task force recognizes that the treating surgeon is best suited to decide what is needed for a given patient in a given situation. Innovations in medicine need flexibility in approach and these guidelines do not limit the surgeon from undertaking innovative research.

Role of Chest X-Ray in Coronavirus Disease and Correlation of Radiological Features with Clinical Outcomes in Indian Patients.

Recent literature has reported that radiological features of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients are influenced by computed tomography. This study aimed to assess the characteristic chest X-ray features of COVID-19 and correlate them with clinical outcomes of patients. This retrospective study included 120 COVID-19 patients. Baseline chest X-rays and serial chest X-rays were reviewed. A severity index in the form of maximum radiological assessment of lung edema (RALE) score was calculated for each lung, and scores of both the lungs were summed to obtain a final score. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) and frequency (%) were determined, and an unpaired t test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analyses were performed for statistical analyses. Among 120 COVID-19 patients, 74 (61.67%) and 46 (38.33%) were males and females, respectively; 64 patients (53.33%) had ground-glass opacities (GGO), 55 (45.83%) had consolidation, and 38 (31.67%) had reticular-nodular opacities, with lower zone distribution (50%) and peripheral distribution (41.67%). Baseline chest X-ray showed a sensitivity of 63.3% in diagnosing typical findings of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The maximum RALE score was 2.13 ± 1.9 in hospitalized patients and 0.57 ± 0.77 in discharged patients (p value <0.0001). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between maximum RALE score and clinical outcome parameters was as follows: age, 0.721 (p value <0.00001); >10 days of hospital stay, 0.5478 (p value <0.05); ≤10 days of hospital stay, 0.5384 (p value <0.0001); discharged patients, 0.5433 (p value <0.0001); and death, 0.6182 (p value = 0.0568). The logistic regression analysis revealed that maximum RALE scores (0.0932 [0.024-0.367]), (10.730 [2.727-42.206]), (1.258 [0.990-1.598]), and (0.794 [0.625-1.009]) predicted discharge, death, >10 days of hospital stay, and ≤10 days of hospital stay, respectively. The study findings suggested that the RALE score can quantify the extent of COVID-19 and can predict the prognosis of patients.

Rifampicin-Associated Secondary Minimal Change Disease Presenting with Nephrotic Syndrome in a Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient.

Various extraglomerular disease processes have been associated with drug-induced secondary minimal change disease (MCD). In a majority of cases, preferably, a hypersensitivity reaction appears to be involved, and in some cases, there is direct toxic effect over glomerular capillaries. There are several reports to demonstrate that rifampicin has been associated with various nephrotoxic adverse effects, but rifampicin-induced secondary minimal change disease (MCD) is very rare. Here, we report the case of a young adult male who presented with nephrotic proteinuria with bland urine sediment after one month of initiation of rifampicin treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient had no proteinuria before the start of antituberculosis treatment. Renal biopsy showed nonproliferative glomerulopathy and immunofluorescence did not show significant glomerular immune deposits. Electron microscopy showed diffuse effacement of visceral epithelial cell foot processes and did not show any presence of glomerular immune complexes and thickening of glomerular basement membrane, promoting the diagnosis of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. The patient got complete remission after discontinuation of rifampicin.

Response of anestrous heifers fed local grass or oak foliage-based diet with two different mineral mixtures.

The effect of incorporation of two different mineral mixtures and/or oak leaves was studied on nutrient utilization and reproductive performance in anestrous heifers. Twenty-one anestrous heifers (18.2 ± 1.45 months; 229 ± 14.2 kg body weight) were randomly distributed into three similar groups. Heifers in control (T1) and first treatment group (T2) were fed concentrate mixture incorporated with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specific mineral mixture and a customized mineral mixture developed specially for Kumaon hills (MMKH), respectively, along with local green grass (Pennisetum orientale). In the second treatment group (T3), concentrate mixture was the same as that of T2, while the source of roughage was local oak (Quercus leucotricophora) leaves containing 3.35% condensed tannin. A digestibility trial was conducted after 120 days of study. The feed intake was similar among the groups. Digestibility coefficient of crude protein (CP) was lower in T3 than T2 and comparable to T1. Feeding oak leaves improved absorption of calcium as compared to grass-fed animals. Bioavailability of copper and zinc was higher (P < 0.05) in oak leaves and MMKH fed group (T3) as compared to T1, but similar to T2. Conversely, absorption of iron had the reverse trend and was reflected in serum Fe concentration. Hematological, biochemical, enzyme and hormonal profiles were not influenced by any of the treatments. The relative occurrence of estrus cyclicity and conception rate was more in groups T2 and T3, respectively, than other groups. It was concluded that feeding oak foliage-based diet containing 1.87% tannin along with customized mineral mixture developed for Kumaon hills improved certain nutrient utilization and reproductive performance as compared to local green grass supplemented with BIS-specific mineral mixture or MMKH.

COVID-19: Asymptomatic Carrier: An Autopsy Case Report.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus- 2 (CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China has now spread to many countries across the world including the India with an increasing death toll. On March 11, 2020, the new clinical condition COVID-19 (Corona-Virus-Disease-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Owing to its infectivity, high risk of transmission, and limited handling of dead bodies, published data on the course of diseases has been limited. Most patients with COVID-19 have a mild disease course and remain as asymptomatic carrier; however, few patients of older age and with co-morbidites develop severe disease leading on to fatality. If due to COVID-19 infection death occurs, an autopsy is unlikely. However in unnatural deaths the legal duty impels the proper performance of a full autopsy, to find out the cause and manner of death. The detailed autopsy examination along with histo-pathological findings in the organs of asymptomatic patient of COVID-19 and its comparison with microscopic findings in Aluminium Phosphide poisoning are discussed below. This will summarizes the research status for COVID-19 deaths, which will be important for evaluation of cause of death, prevention, control and clinical strategies of COVID-19.

Overview of Follicular Extraction.

Follicular unit extraction (FUE), now named as follicular unit excision, is one of the methods of harvesting hair follicles from the donor area for implanting in the recipient area. The occipital scalp area is the most common donor area, but nonscalp donor areas like beard, chest, and other hairy body parts can be used as donor hair follicle area. The extraction of the hair follicle leaves a tiny circular scar over the donor area. Over the past 20 years, various devices for FUE have been developed, starting from manual, simple motorized to highly advanced motors with rotation, oscillation, and vibration. Similarly, different types of punch are used: dull, sharp, ultrasharp, serrated, hybrid and specially designed punch blade for long hair follicles harvesting in various diameters from 0.7 mm to 1.1 mm. The follicles can be harvested either by manual method or by motorized method.

Complications of Hair Transplant Procedures-Causes and Management.

Hair transplant surgery per se has low risk, is relatively safe, and has minimum incidence of complications. However, it is a well-accepted fact that no medical science procedure exists without any potential risk of complications. The complication may be a single complaint in the form of pain, itching, dissatisfaction related to the procedure's outcome, or surgical complication in the form of infection, wound dehiscence or skin necrosis. Inadequate counselling increases unsatisfaction. Improper examination increases the complications, and incomplete medical history and history of allergy increases the risk during surgery. The author collected data of his 2896 patients, operated over a period of 10 years, and recorded the complains and complications. The most common complications were sterile folliculitis, noted in 203 patients, vasovagal shock in seven patients of, hypertensive crisis in one patient, hiccups in six patients, facial edema after hair transplant in 18 patients, graft dislodgement in 8 patients, infection in two diabetic patients, minor necrotic patches in recipient area in three patients, keloid development in one patient, numbness in 18 cases, and hypersensitivity in recipient and/or donor area. Donor area effluvium was seen in one case and three patients showed recipient area effluvium. Twenty-six patients were not happy with the results, and five cases showed partial loss of implanted hair. The overall significant life-threatening or major complications were zero, but the total minor complications' percentage was 0.10%. The key to minimize complaints and complications are detailed counselling, taking careful medical history and history of allergy, and proper examination of patients.

An Interesting Case of Nonlupus Full-House Nephropathy.

Full-house immunofluorescence and endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions are known as characteristic features of lupus nephritis. However, both features are not pathognomonic for lupus nephritis. A kidney biopsy specimen showing full-house immunofluorescence pattern in the absence of autoantibodies and classical clinical features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is now considered as nonlupus full-house nephropathy (FHN). Nonlupus FHN may be idiopathic or due to other disease processes known as secondary nonlupus FHN. Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old female who presented with nephrotic proteinuria with bland urine sediment. Additional analyses revealed normal serum antinuclear antibody (ANA), normal anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and normal serum C3 and C4 levels. A renal biopsy showed a normal-appearing glomerulus without any proliferation or capillary wall thickening and widespread glomerular immune deposits (full-house effect; IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, and C1Q) on direct immunofluorescence. Renal electron microscopy showed diffuse effacement of visceral epithelial cell foot processes and mesangial electron dense deposits. The patient was diagnosed as nonlupus FHN. There is a controversial role of steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of nonlupus FHN patients, but our case patient responded favourably to steroid therapy. The term nonlupus FHN can be used as an umbrella term for patients who do not satisfy the clinical and serological criteria of SLE.

"Combination Grafting" of Scalp and Body Hair to Enhance the Visual Density of Hair Transplant and Coverage of Higher Grade of Baldness.

Hair transplant is becoming the most common cosmetic procedure across the world with demand for higher density and coverage of baldness. This needs more number of donor hair follicles. Scalp donor has limitations to fulfill the required number of follicles for Norwood Grade VI and VII baldness. The body hair follicles can be used to cover up the deficit.The objective of this study was to observe the use of body hair follicles to increase the visual density and for better coverage for higher grades of baldness as an adjuvant to scalp hair follicles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 patients were evaluated for the availability of body donor hair, and consent for body hair harvesting was obtained from them. The beard was the first preference and then chest and abdomen hair follicles were used in combination with scalp hair follicles to cover bald area of Norwood grade IV and above baldness. Body hairs were harvested using follicular unit extraction (FUE) technique. Postoperative pictures were taken, and patient satisfaction, doctor's observation, and global photographic evaluation was carried out. OBSERVATIONS: The patient's photographs were taken after 4, 8, and 12 months of hair transplant. The results were analyzed on the basis of global photography. The use of body hair with scalp has enhanced the visual density, leaving to better coverage in even higher grades of baldness.

A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Plasma as a Graft-holding Solution and Its Efficacy in Terms of Hair Growth and Graft Survival.

Background: There is a time lag between hair follicle harvesting and implantation; during this time, hair follicles have ischemic injury. We need a holding media or a solution to minimize or neutralize ischemic injury. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma as a graft-holding solution in terms of its efficacy in hair growth and hair graft survival. Materials and Methods: A split-scalp study was carried out. The left side was designated as the control area (Group A), where graft implanted was kept in Ringer's lactate (RL), and the right side behaved as the test area (Group B), which received grafts preserved in autologous plasma. The P value was calculated. Observations: MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] staining for graft stored in RL at 12-72h showed poor hair follicles cells survival, whereas graft kept in plasma showed viable cells even after 72h. The hair count and density in plasma group were significantly higher than the RL group. There was an improvement in hair thickness in both groups from 6 to 12 months. Conclusion: Autologous plasma is an easily available graft-holding solution. Platelets along with the plasma provide multiple growth factors promoting epithelialization, neovascularization, and action on hair follicle stem cells to improve growth. The fibrin coating around graft makes it sticky and prevents dehydration. The split-scalp controlled study certainly shows the advantages of using plasma over other extracellular graft-holding solutions.

A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Plasma as a Graft Holding Solution and Its Efficacy in Terms of Hair Growth and Graft Survival.

Background There is a time lag between hair follicle harvesting and implantation, during this time hair follicles suffer ischemic injury. We need a holding medium or a solution to minimize or neutralize ischemic injury. Aims and Objective To evaluate plasma as a graft holding solution in terms of its efficacy in hair growth and hair graft survival. Method and Material A split scalp study was performed. The left side was designated as the control area (Group A) where grafts implanted were kept in Ringer's lactate, and the right side behaved as the test area (Group B) and received grafts preserved in autologous plasma. The p -value was calculated. Observations MTT staining for grafts stored in Ringer's lactate at 12 and 72 hours showed poor hair follicle cells' survival while grafts kept in plasma showed viable cells even after 72 hours. The hair count and density in plasma group were significantly higher than those in the Ringer's lactate group. There was an improvement in hair thickness in both groups from 6 months to 12 months. Conclusion Autologous plasma is an easily available graft holding solution. Platelets along with the plasma provide multiple growth factors promoting epithelialization, neovascularization, and action on hair follicle stem cells to improve growth. The fibrin coating around the graft makes it sticky and prevents dehydration. The split scalp controlled study certainly shows the advantages of using plasma over other extra cellular graft holding solutions.

Incidence and Medicolegal Significance of Wormian Bones in Human Skulls in North India Region.

INTRODUCTION: Wormian bones (Wbs) are small bones located in or near the sutures of the skull which are irregular in size, shape, and number. The present study is to look into the morphological details of such supernumerary bones of skull with regards to their incidence, number, and topography in skulls from the Haryana region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational study was carried out in the tertiary care hospital, in the region of Haryana and the total of 147 human skulls were examined during routine autopsy procedures with respect to sutures and topographic distribution of Wbs. The data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the present study, the overall incidence of Wbs was seen in 52 skulls (35.3%) with males having 23.8% and females having 11.5%. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of incidence and distribution of Wbs in the skull could be useful to radiologists, causality medical officers, and autopsy surgeons in successfully differentiating a skull fracture from normal suture with Wbs or exit gunshot wound from fractured small Wb and thus ruling out the possibilities of presence or absence of fractures due to physical abuse, brittle bones, and exit gunshot wounds. It is also helpful to neurosurgeons in timely diagnosis and management of diseases or fractures in relation to the Wbs.

Differential expression of endometrial toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with endometritis.

Toll like receptors (TLRs) and ß-defensins expressed in the endometrium are part of the innate uterine defense mechanism (UDM). In the present study, transcriptional profile of TLRs (1-3, 6-8, 10, and) and ß-defensins such as lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 4 (BNBD4) were studied. Bubaline genitalia were collected from abattoir and the endometrium was categorized into one of the following seven groups (n = 7/group) based on cyclicity and endometritis: follicular non-endometritis (FNE), luteal non-endometritis (LNE), follicular cytological endometritis (FCE), luteal cytological endometritis (LCE), follicular purulent endometritis (FPE), luteal purulent endometritis (LPE) and acyclic non-endometritis (ANE). Cytological endometritis (CE) was diagnosed by uterine cytology while purulent endometritis (PE) was diagnosed by the presence of purulent or mucopurulent exudate in the uterine lumen. Real time PCR was performed and the relative fold change was analysed. TLR1 and BNBD4 transcripts were not found in the buffalo endometrium. Of all the innate immune genes studied, upregulation of TLR and ß-defensins was mostly contributed by the inflammatory status of endometrium. Further, there was a prominent upregulation of TAP in buffaloes with endometritis. However, no association could be found between the inflammatory status of the endometrium and phase of estrous cycle with respect to the expression of TLRs and ß-defensins.

Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis with Crescents in an Elderly Diabetic Patient after Acute Gastroenteritis: Case Report.

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is primarily a disease of childhood. It occurs after upper respiratory tract infection or skin infections. Streptococcus is the most common causative agent, but in the elderly, staphylococcus is the main culprit. In adults, PIGN is more common in immunocompromised patients, particularly diabetics and alcoholics. Here, we report the case of an elderly diabetic male who presented with severe acute kidney injury with active urinary sediment after acute gastroenteritis. Additional analyses revealed a very low serum C3 level and a normal serum C4 level. Renal biopsy showed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents. Direct immunofluorescence showed mesangial and capillary wall staining for C3 and IgG (2+, mesangial and segmental capillary wall, granular). Renal electron microscopy showed subepithelial hump-like electron-dense deposits. The role of steroid in the treatment of PIGN is controversial and there is no standard protocol, but our patient responded very well to steroid as he did not require hemodialysis after 2 weeks of initiation of steroid therapy. We should be aware of an atypical presentation of PIGN in elderly to ensure correct diagnosis.

Utilizing larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of Eucalyptus and neem oil against Aedes mosquito: An approach for mosquito control.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plant-based products can provide safe and biodegradable mosquito control agents. The essential oils have a strong odor due to complex secondary metabolites and exhibit lower density than that of water, which renders them suitable to form a thin layer above the water surface. The present study was designed to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal activity of Eucalyptus and neem oils against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the activity of commercially available Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and neem (Azadirachta indica) oils against larvae and pupae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus for their larvicidal and pupicidal activity, stability in different water types, dependence on volume and surface area of the water body, and residual efficacy. RESULTS: Eucalyptus oil was found to be more effective against larvae and pupae at lower concentrations, i.e., concentration at which 50% is observed (LC50) for larvae and pupae was 93.3 and 144.5 parts per million (ppm) and concentration at which 90% is observed (LC90) was 707.9 and 741.3 ppm, respectively, while for neem oil, LC50 for larvae and pupae was 7852 and 19,054 ppm and LC90 was 10,092 and 19,952 ppm, respectively. The efficacy of Eucalyptus oil depended on surface area rather than volume of water, and the residual efficacy of Eucalyptus oil was up to 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Eucalyptus oil was more effective against mosquito larvae at lower concentration as compared to neem oil. It can, therefore, be utilized in the community in artificial and small temporary water bodies as an eco-friendly vector control measure in the era of increasing resistance to chemical insecticides.

Selenium and copper interaction at supra-nutritional level affecting blood parameters including immune response against P. multocida antigen in Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.

Minerals play important role in the diet of an animal. Bio-availability of minerals largely gets affected by absolute as well as the relative amount of each mineral present in the diet of an animal. Copper and selenium are two such an essential elements affect utilization of each other in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study elucidates the utilization of copper and selenium at supra-nutritional levels (higher than nutritional requirements). Male Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves (n = 10, 8-9 months, 111.7 ± 12.55 kg body weight) were divided equally into two groups and fed either a standard (Control) diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.3 ppm selenium (Se) and 10 ppm copper (Cu) (Treatment). Supplementation was made using liquid solutions of two inorganic mineral sources after mixing in the concentrate mixture and study lasts for a period of 80 days. Blood samples were collected just before starting supplementation (designated as 0 day of study) and at day 40 and 80 after starting supplementation. Blood samples were subjected to haematological parameters, plasma minerals and various oxidative stress-related parameters were determined with the cell-mediated and humoral immune response against antigen P. multocida (P52 strain). Supra-nutritional Se with Cu had higher blood monocytes (P < 0.05) and plasma selenium (P < 0.01) levels, while other hematological parameters and plasma minerals (except zinc, which was lower (P = 0.025) at day 80 in the treatment group) remained unaffected. Among markers for oxidative stress in blood, levels of lipid peroxidation were lesser (P < 0.01), at day 80 and overall mean values of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase and catalase were higher (P < 0.05) in the supra-nutritional group against control values. The overall mean activity of other oxidative stress markers including reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin as well as the concentration of α tocopherol, retinol, and ß carotene remained unaffected due to supra-nutritional Se and Cu. Although cell-mediated immune response remained comparable (P > 0.05) between groups, higher (P < 0.05) overall mean antibody titer values, as well as the values at day 80, was reported in supra-nutritional Se + Cu group. The study concluded that supra-nutritional Se with Cu in the ration of growing Murrah buffalo calves was helpful to reduce the oxidative stress and to enhance the humoral immune response. Simultaneously, higher plasma Se level and number of monocytes in blood highlighted the additional role of selenium and copper in a ration of growing buffalo calves as compared to its normal recommended dose.

Donor Harvesting: Follicular Unit Excision.

FUE or follicular unit excision is one of the methods for hair follicle harvesting in hair transplantation. FUE involves harvesting hairs from the donor area, under local anesthesia which is most commonly the scalp but occasionally beard, chest and other parts of the body, using a circular punch less than a mm, mounted on a manual handle or a motorized hand device or more recently a robotic device. First hair transplant was done by Dr Shoji Okuda in 1937. The term "follicular unit extraction" was coined by William Rassman in 2002. The modern era of FUE begins with the work of several surgeons Woods, Rassman, Cole, Harris and Rose. FUE has gone through various stages of development from manual to motorized and blunt to sharp, serrated trumpet and flared punches. Now the use of the robot in FUE with extraction and incision making is also in use. In 2017 nomenclature committee headed by Parsa Mohebi of ISHRS, recommended the term "FOLLICULAR UNIT EXCISION" is most appropriate as it explains the two steps of the process: incision and extraction and incision is done by a physician. FUE is a surgeon based time-consuming procedure with the long learning curve. Use of motorized device and sharp punches has certainly helped to increase speed in an experienced hand. FUE method of hair transplant is the most demanding procedure. If done properly it is a safe procedure. with the experience, use of better quality of instrument the disadvantages of FUE like transection can be reduced. The above informations were collected from various papers published in authentic journals and textbooks.