Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Expert recommendation guidance document for activities in specific populations, syndromes and other aspects (PROA-2) from SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, SEMICYUC and SEIP / Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en hospitales: guía de recomendaciones de expertos para actividades en poblaciones específicas, síndromes y otros aspectos (PROA-2) de la SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS y SEIP

In 2012, The Spanish Societies of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH), and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Healthcare Management (SEMPSGS) lead a consensus document including recommendations for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs (AMSP; PROA in Spanish) in acute care hospitals in Spain. While these recommendations were critical for the development of these programs in many centres, there is a need for guidance in the development of AMS activities for specific patient populations, syndromes or other specific aspects which were not included in the previous document or have developed significantly since then. The objective of this expert recommendation guidance document is to review the available information about these activities in these patient populations or circumstances, and to provide guidance recommendations about them. With this objective the SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish Pediatric Infectious Disease Society (SEIP) selected a panel of experts who chose the different aspects to include in the document. Because of the lack of high-level evidence in the implementation of the activities, the panel opted to perform a narrative review of the literature for the different topics for which recommendations were agreed by consensus. The document was open to public consultation for the members of these societies for their comments and suggestions, which were reviewed and considered by the panel.(AU)

En 2012, las Sociedades Españolas de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) y Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Gestión Sanitaria (SEMPSPGS) lideraron un documento de consenso que incluía recomendaciones para la implementación de Programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) en hospitales de agudos en España. Si bien estas recomendaciones fueron críticas para el desarrollo de estos programas en muchos centros, actualmente es necesario establecer unas guías para la implementación de las actividades de los PROA en determinadas poblaciones de pacientes, síndromes clínicos y otros aspectos específicos que no se incluyeron en el documento previo o que desde entonces se han desarrollado significativamente. El objetivo de esta guía de recomendaciones de expertos es revisar la información disponible acerca de esas actividades en estas poblaciones o circunstancias de pacientes y proporcionar unas recomendaciones que sirvan de guía sobre ellas. Con este objetivo, la SEIMC, la SEFH y la SEMPSPGS, así como la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) y la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), seleccionaron un panel de expertos que eligieron los diferentes aspectos a incluir en el documento. Debido a la ausencia de evidencia de alto nivel en la implementación de las diferentes actividades, el panel optó por realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura de los diferentes aspectos, en los que las recomendaciones se acordaron por consenso. El documento se abrió para consulta pública a los miembros de estas sociedades para sus comentarios y sugerencias, que fueron revisadas y consideradas por el panel.(AU)

Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Expert recommendation guidance document for activities in specific populations, syndromes and other aspects (PROA-2) from SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, SEMICYUC and SEIP.

In 2012, The Spanish Societies of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH), and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Healthcare Management (SEMPSGS) lead a consensus document including recommendations for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs (AMSP; PROA in Spanish) in acute care hospitals in Spain. While these recommendations were critical for the development of these programs in many centres, there is a need for guidance in the development of AMS activities for specific patient populations, syndromes or other specific aspects which were not included in the previous document or have developed significantly since then. The objective of this expert recommendation guidance document is to review the available information about these activities in these patient populations or circumstances, and to provide guidance recommendations about them. With this objective the SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SEMICYUC) and the Spanish Pediatric Infectious Disease Society (SEIP) selected a panel of experts who chose the different aspects to include in the document. Because of the lack of high-level evidence in the implementation of the activities, the panel opted to perform a narrative review of the literature for the different topics for which recommendations were agreed by consensus. The document was open to public consultation for the members of these societies for their comments and suggestions, which were reviewed and considered by the panel.

High incidence of MDR and XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in Greece, Italy and Spain as part of the MagicBullet clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular epidemiology and carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from respiratory tract samples from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia enrolled in the MagicBullet clinical trial. METHODS: Isolates were collected from 53 patients from 12 hospitals in Spain, Italy and Greece. Susceptibility was determined using broth microdilution and Etest. MALDI-TOF MS was used to detect carbapenemase activity and carbapenemases were identified by PCR and sequencing. Molecular epidemiology was investigated using PFGE and MLST. RESULTS: Of the 53 isolates, 2 (3.8%) were considered pandrug resistant (PDR), 19 (35.8%) were XDR and 16 (30.2%) were MDR. Most (88.9%) of the isolates from Greece were MDR, XDR or PDR, whereas fewer of the isolates from Spain (33.3%) and Italy (43.5%) showed antibiotic resistance. Three Greek isolates were resistant to colistin. Overall, the rates of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam were 64.1%, 54.7%, 22.6% and 24.5%, respectively. All isolates resistant to ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam (Greece, n = 10; and Italy, n = 2) carried blaVIM-2. Spanish isolates were susceptible to the new drug combinations. Forty-eight restriction patterns and 27 STs were documented. Sixty percent of isolates belonged to six STs, including the high-risk clones ST-111, ST-175 and ST-235. CONCLUSIONS: MDR/XDR isolates were highly prevalent, particularly in Greece. The most effective antibiotic against P. aeruginosa was colistin, followed by ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam. blaVIM-2 is associated with resistance to ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam, and related to highly resistant phenotypes. ST-111 was the most frequent and disseminated clone and the clonal diversity was lower in XDR and PDR strains.

24th International Symposium on Infections in the Critically Ill Patient.

This 24th International Symposium on Infections in the Critically Ill Patient aims to review current concepts, technology and present advances in infections in critically ill patient [...].

Recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad fúngica invasiva por Aspergillus spp. y otros hongos filamentosos de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). Actualización 2011 (AU) / Guidelines for the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Disease by Aspergillus spp. and Other Fungi Issued by the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC). 2011 Update

El presente trabajo actualiza las recomendaciones para el tratamiento de la aspergilosis invasiva y las infecciones producidas por otros hongos filamentosos, elaboradas por el Grupo de Estudio de Micología Médica (GEMICOMED), incluido dentro de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). Se analiza el tratamiento de estas infecciones en cuatro grupos de patologías médicas: oncohematología, trasplante de órgano sólido, paciente crítico ingresado en cuidados intensivos y pediatría. Se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de las novedades terapéuticas y de los niveles de evidencia. Estas guías han sido elaboradas, siguiendo las normativas de la SEIMC, por un grupo de trabajo formado por especialistas en enfermedades infecciosas, microbiología clínica, medicina intensiva, pediatría y oncohematología. Se proporciona también unas recomendaciones para la prevención de estas infecciones (AU)

The guidelines on the treatment of invasive fungal disease by Aspergillus spp. and other fungi issuedby the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) are presented. These recommendations are focused on four clinical categories: oncology-haematology patients, solid organtransplant recipients, patients admitted to intensive care units, and children. An extensive review ismade of therapeutical advances and scientific evidence in these settings. These guidelines have been prepared according the SEIMC consensus rules by a working group composed of specialists in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, critical care medicine, paediatrics and oncology-haematology. Specific recommendations on the prevention of fungal infections in these patients are included (AU)

[Guidelines for the treatment of invasive fungal disease by Aspergillus spp. and other fungi issued by the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC). 2011 Update]. / Recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad fúngica invasiva por Aspergillus spp. y otros hongos filamentosos de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC). Actualización 2011.

The guidelines on the treatment of invasive fungal disease by Aspergillus spp. and other fungi issued by the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) are presented. These recommendations are focused on four clinical categories: oncology-haematology patients, solid organ transplant recipients, patients admitted to intensive care units, and children. An extensive review is made of therapeutical advances and scientific evidence in these settings. These guidelines have been prepared according the SEIMC consensus rules by a working group composed of specialists in infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, critical care medicine, paediatrics and oncology-haematology. Specific recommendations on the prevention of fungal infections in these patients are included.

Update on invasive fungal infections: the last two years / Actualización de las infecciones fúngicas invasoras: los dos últimos años

Several important changes are taking place in the field of invasive fungal infections. The increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections as a result of progress in areas of medicine such as organ transplantation, cancer therapy or intensive-care medical technology has provided the impetus for a search for a new and more favorable scenario. In addition, pharmaceutical companies have developed new, well-tolerated and more effective broad-spectrum antifungal agents. Therefore, during the last few years, several articles on invasive fungal infections have been published. This review focuses on the new insights in the literature on fungal infections during 2004 and 2005. Three areas of interest have been identified: (i) epidemiology and risk factors, (ii) new diagnostic procedures, and (iii) prevention and treatment. A review of the English-language and Spanish-language literature on invasive fungal infections has been made, and those articles considered essential reading have been reviewed and discussed in order to highlight their original aspects

En el campo de las infecciones fúngicas invasoras se están produciendo varios cambios importantes. El aumento en la incidencia de las infecciones fúngicas invasoras a consecuencia de los progresos que se han realizado en áreas de la medicina, como el trasplante de órganos, el tratamiento del cáncer y la tecnología de los cuidados médicos intensivos, ha estimulado la búsqueda de nuevos contextos más favorables. Además, las compañías farmacéuticas han desarrollado agentes antifúngicos de amplio espectro bien tolerados y más eficaces. Así, durante los últimos años se han publicado varios artículos relativos a las infecciones fúngicas invasoras. Esta revisión está fundamentada en las publicaciones relativas a las infecciones fúngicas que han aparecido en la bibliografía médica durante los años 2004 y 2005. Se han identificado tres áreas de interés: 1) epidemiología y factores de riesgo; 2) nuevos procedimientos diagnósticos, y 3) prevención y tratamiento. Se ha realizado una revisión de la bibliografía médica en los idiomas inglés y español relativa a las infecciones fúngicas invasoras, con exposición y discusión de los artículos considerados de lectura obligada en el intento de poner de manifiesto sus aspectos originales

Clinical impact of pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in intubated patients: a matched cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii (VAPAB) is associated with increased mortality rate. DESIGN: A retrospective matched case-control study in which all intensive care unit adult patients with microbiologically documented VAPAB were defined as cases. SETTING: Four intensive care units from teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Sixty patients were matched to sixty controls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Controls were matched based on stay before pneumonia onset, disease severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II) at admission, and diagnostic category. Population characteristics and intensive care unit mortality rates of patients with VAPAB and their controls were compared. Attributable mortality was determined by subtracting the crude mortality rate of the controls from the crude mortality rate of the case patients. Twenty-four of the 60 case patients died, representing a crude mortality rate of 40%, whereas 17 of the 60 controls died, a crude mortality rate of 28.3% (p =.17). Crude intensive care unit mortality was the same (12 of 35, 34.2%) in patients with VAPAB caused by strains sensitive to imipenem and in their matched controls. It was 44% for the 25 patients with imipenem-resistant strains with an estimated attributable mortality rate of 20.0% (95% confidence interval, -5.6% to 45.7%). Mean intensive care unit stay of patients and controls was 35.3 and 36.6 days, respectively (p = nonsignificant). CONCLUSION: In intubated patients, pneumonia by A. baumannii is not significantly associated with attributable mortality rate or an increased length of intensive care unit stay.

Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival.

DESIGN: The objectives were to characterize the prognostic factors and evaluate the impact of inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment and systemic response on the outcome of critically ill patients with community-acquired bloodstream infection (BSI). PATIENTS: A prospective, multicenter, observational study was carried out in 339 patients admitted in 30 ICUs for BSI. RESULTS: Crude mortality was 41.5%. Septic shock was present in 184 patients (55%). The pathogens most frequently associated with septic shock or death were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which accounted for approximately half of the deaths. Antibiotic treatment was found to be inappropriate in 14.5% of episodes. Patients in septic shock with inappropriate treatment had a survival rate below 20%. Multivariate analysis identified a significant association between septic shock and four variables: age > or = 60 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.96), previous corticosteroid therapy (OR, 2.58), leukopenia (OR, 2.32), and BSI secondary to intra-abdominal (OR, 2.38) and genitourinary tract (OR, 2.29) infections. The variables that independently predicted death at ICU admission were APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II score > or = 15 (OR, 2.42), development of septic shock (OR, 3.22), and inappropriate empiric antibiotic treatment (OR, 4.11). This last variable was independently associated with an unknown source of sepsis (OR, 2.49). Mortality attributable to inappropriate antibiotic treatment increased with the severity of illness at ICU admission (10.7% for APACHE II score < 15 and 41.8% for APACHE II score > or = 25, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment is the most important influence on outcome in patients admitted to the ICU for community-acquired BSI, particularly in presence of septic shock or high degrees of severity. Initial broad-spectrum therapy should be prescribed to septic patients in whom the source is unknown or in those requiring vasopressors.