Emotional Intelligence in Spanish Elite Athletes: Is There a Differential Factor between Sports?

Emotional intelligence is a determinant factor in sports performance. The present study analysed differences in total emotional intelligence and its four dimensions in 2166 Spanish athletes (25.20 ± 10.17 years) from eight sports (volleyball, track and field, shooting, football, basketball, handball, gymnastics, and judo). A total of 1200 men and 966 women answered anonymously using a Google Forms questionnaire sent via WhatsApp about demographics and psychological variables. A Pearson correlation was conducted to assess the age-emotional intelligence relationship. An independent T-test and One-Way ANOVA were carried out to check for age differences between biological sex and sport and a One-Way ANCOVA to determine differences between sports controlled by age. Age differences were observed by sex and sport (p < 0.001). An association was found between age and emotional intelligence dimensions (p < 0.001), except for other's emotional appraisal (p > 0.05). Judo was the sport with the highest levels of regulation of emotions, other's emotional appraisal, use of emotion, and total emotional intelligence (p < 0.05). Generally, emotional intelligence was found to be more developed in individual sports than in team sports, except football. Consequently, psychological skills like emotional intelligence could be critical to achieving high performance, depending on the sport.

Physical Activity and Mental Health in Undergraduate Students.

Most research support positive relationships between physical activity and mental health. However, possible moderating variables of these relationships have also been identified, such as age, gender, level of physical activity, and the scope of physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between physical activity and mental health levels in undergraduate students, assessing whether these associations can change depending on the level of physical activity (low, medium, or high) and the setting (occupational, commuting, or leisure time physical activity) in which it was performed. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample comprised 847 undergraduate students. Physical activity and mental health were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQv2) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We found relationships between students' physical activity level and their mental health status. The higher the total physical activity, the better their mental health scores. High levels of commuting and leisure time physical activity is also associated with better mental health, while only moderate levels of occupational physical activity are associated with better mental health status. Regarding the possible associations between physical activity and vulnerability to mental health problems, with the fully adjusted regression model, leisure time and occupational physical activity remain protective of a poor state of mental health. Leisure time physical activity, performed at a high level, and moderate occupational physical activity seems to be the best combination of physical activity to reduce students' vulnerability to potential mental health problems.

Relaciones entre Actividad Física y Salud Mental en la Población Adulta de Madrid / Relationships between physical activity and mental health inthe adult population of Madrid / Relações entre actividade física e saúde mental na população adulta de Madrid

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre la actividad física, los niveles de salud mental y la vulnerabilidad a los trastornos mentales. Participaron 1.422 personas residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid (edad: 15-74 años), evaluándose sus niveles de actividad física y salud mental mediante los cuestionarios GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) y GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), respectivamente. Los resultados evidencian que los sujetos con niveles altos o moderados de actividad física total y en el tiempo libre presentaron niveles de salud mental superiores a aquellos que realizaban un nivel bajo de actividad física. Además, el nivel de la actividad física realizada en el tiempo libre mostró una relación inversa con la vulnerabilidad a los trastornos mentales

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between physical activity, levels of mental health, and vulnerability to mental disorders. We performed a cross-sectional study with a sample of 1422 people from the Region of Madrid, aged between 15 and 74, assessing levels of physical activity and mental health through questionnaires GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) and GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), respectively. The results reveal that individuals with high or moderate total and recreational physical activity had higher levels of mental health than those who had a low level of physical activity. Furthermore, the level of physical activity during leisure time showed an inverse relationship with vulnerability to mental disorders

objectivo deste trabalho foi analisar as relações entre a actividade física, os níveis de saúde mental e a vulnerabilidade aos transtornosmentais. Participaram 1.422 pessoas residentes na Comunidade de Madrid (idade: 15-74 anos), avaliando-se os seus níveis de actividade física e saúdemental através dos questionários GPAQv2 (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire Version 2) e GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire),respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciam que os sujeitos com níveis elevados ou moderados de actividade física total apresentaram níveis de saúdemental superiores comparativamente com aqueles que realizavam um nível baixo de actividade física. Adicionalmente, o nível de actividade físicarealizada no tempo livre relacionou-se inversamente com a vulnerabilidade aos transtornos mentais

Prevalence of leisure-time sedentary behaviour and sociodemographic correlates: a cross-sectional study in Spanish adults.

BACKGROUND: Being physically inactive has been linked to a higher mortality and poorer quality of life. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of leisure-time sedentary behaviour in a population of Spanish adults and its correlates with several sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Data were collected from 1,330 subjects living in Madrid (age: 18-65 years, 51.6% women) by telephone interview. The sampling error was ±2.7% for a 95.5% confidence level. Leisure-time sedentary behaviour was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (version 2). Further factors examined were: country of birth, sex, age, civil state, education level, employment and economic status and physical activity of parents. RESULTS: 76.3% of the subjects interviewed reported a mostly sedentary leisure-time lifestyle. The remaining subjects (23.7%) reported a moderate to high level of physical activity, meeting minimum recommendations. Logistic regression adjusted for all variables identified the following population subsets as showing a greater risk of sedentary behaviour: women (odds ratio (OR) = 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64, 2.79), participants aged 41-50 years (OR = 1.64; 95%CI:1.05, 2.51), those with a middle economic status (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.10) or not providing information about their income (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.67), and those whose father (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.07) and/or mother (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.97) were never physically active during leisure-time. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of self-reported sedentary behaviour recorded suggests the need for public health policies targeted at increasing leisure-time physical activity levels. Our data identified several population subsets as priority candidates for possible interventions pursuing this goal.

Réplica: Evaluación de las relaciones entre las características del entorno de residencia y los niveles de actividad física / Response: Assessing relationships between neighborhood environment attributes and physical activity levels

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Asociación entre las características del entorno de residencia y la actividad física / Association between the characteristics of the neighborhood environment and physical activity

Objective: To assess the relationship between the physical and social attributes of the neighborhood environment and levels of total physical activity (PA), leisure time PA, and active commuting PA in adults. Methods: The present cross-sectional study comprised 1500 adults (51.1% women) aged 15-74 years from the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Spain). Data were collected through a structured telephone interview. PA was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, version 2. Neighborhood attributes were assessed with the Environmental Module of the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study. Results: The factors associated with a higher probability of achieving moderate to high levels of total PA and active commuting PA were living in high density residential areas, the presence of shops close to the residential area, public transport stops 10-15 minutes away from the home, and the existence of sidewalks in most of the neighborhood's streets (all p <0,05). The factors associated with moderate to high leisure time PA levels were the presence of active people in the residential area and the presence of low-cost recreational facilities (both p <0,05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that most of the physical and social attributes of the neighborhood environment examined in this study are associated with total and active commuting PA, whereas only certain neighborhood attributes seem to be associated with leisure time PA (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las características físicas y sociales del entorno de residencia y los niveles de actividad física total, en el tiempo libre y realizada al desplazarse de forma activa, en adultos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 1500 participantes, residentes en la región de Madrid (edad 15-74 años, 51,1% mujeres), mediante entrevista telefónica estructurada. La actividad física se evaluó con la versión 2 del Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Para evaluar la percepción de los atributos físicos y sociales del entorno de residencia se utilizó el Módulo Ambiental del International Physical Activity Prevalence Study. Resultados: Vivir en zonas con una alta densidad residencial, que hubiera muchas tiendas cercanas a la vivienda, paradas de transporte público a 10-15 minutos de casa o aceras en casi todas las calles del vecindario, incrementó la posibilidad de alcanzar niveles moderados o altos de actividad física total y al desplazarse activamente (todas p <0,05). En el caso de la actividad física en el tiempo libre, sólo el hecho de que hubiera mucha gente activa en la zona de residencia y la existencia en el barrio de instalaciones recreativas de bajo coste se asociaron significativamente con niveles moderados o altos de actividad física (p <0,05 en ambos casos). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la mayoría de las características del entorno residencial pueden determinar los niveles de actividad física total y al desplazarse activamente, mientras que sólo algunos aspectos de dicho entorno parecen influir sobre el nivel de actividad física en el tiempo libre (AU)

[Association between the characteristics of the neighborhood environment and physical activity]. / Asociación entre las características del entorno de residencia y la actividad física.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between the physical and social attributes of the neighborhood environment and levels of total physical activity (PA), leisure time PA, and active commuting PA in adults. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study comprised 1500 adults (51.1% women) aged 15-74 years from the Autonomous Region of Madrid (Spain). Data were collected through a structured telephone interview. PA was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, version 2. Neighborhood attributes were assessed with the Environmental Module of the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study. RESULTS: The factors associated with a higher probability of achieving moderate to high levels of total PA and active commuting PA were living in high density residential areas, the presence of shops close to the residential area, public transport stops 10-15 minutes away from the home, and the existence of sidewalks in most of the neighborhood's streets (all p <0,05). The factors associated with moderate to high leisure time PA levels were the presence of active people in the residential area and the presence of low-cost recreational facilities (both p <0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that most of the physical and social attributes of the neighborhood environment examined in this study are associated with total and active commuting PA, whereas only certain neighborhood attributes seem to be associated with leisure time PA.

Influencia de determinantes socio-demográficos en la adherencia a las recomendaciones de actividad física en personas de entre 15 y 74 años de Madrid / Influence of socio-demographic correlates on the adherence to physical activity recommendations in adults aged from 15-to 74 years. Madrid, Spain

Fundamento: Conocer el nivel de adherencia de las personas a las recomendaciones de actividad física (AF) es de interés socio-sanitario. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el nivel de adherencia a las recomendaciones de AF por los adultos de la Comunidad de Madrid, así como analizar su asociación con posibles determinantes socio-demográfi-cos. Métodos: En el presente estudio transversal se realizó una encuesta telefónica a una muestra de 1.500 personas de 15 a 74 años de la Comunidad de Madrid. La AF se evaluó con la versión 2 del Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQv2) y se clasificó en tres niveles de intensidad (bajo, moderado y alto), según procedimiento de análisis del GPAQv2. Las variables socio-demográficas estudiadas fueron: sexo, edad, nivel de estudios, ocupación, estado civil, consumo de tabaco y salud percibida. Para analizar la asociación entre las características socio-demográficas y la AF, se realizaron análisis de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: El 82% de los varones y 78% de las mujeres (80% en total) tenían un nivel global de AF moderado o alto, y el 40,1% y el 22,6% (31% en total) de los varones y mujeres, respectivamente, alcanzó las recomendaciones de AF en el tiempo libre. Tenían más probabilidades de no alcanzar las recomendaciones de AF los participantes con estudios superiores (OR: 2,05; 95%IC: 1,48-2,86), los fumadores habituales (OR: 1,41; 95%IC: 1,04-1,90) y los que percibían su salud como mala (OR: 3,58; 95%IC: 2,39-5,38). En cuanto a la edad fueron las personas del grupo entre 35-44 años las que tenían menos probabilidades de no cumplirlas (OR: 0,61; 95%IC: 0,39-0,95) y 45-54 (OR: 0,52; 95%IC: 0,32-0,83). Conclusiones: El 20% de las personas de la Comunidad de Madrid que tienen entre 15 y 74 años no cumplen con las recomendaciones mínimas de AF, y cuando se considera la AF realizada exclusivamente durante el tiempo libre se llega al 69% de los participantes que no alcanzan las recomendaciones de AF. El nivel de estudios, el hábito de fumar y la percepción de tener mala salud influyen en los niveles de AF(AU)

Background: To know the adherence to physical activity recommendations of the population is of clinical and social interest. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of Spanish adults adhering to the physical activity recommendations, and to examine the influences of socio-demographic correlates. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study we conducted a telephone survey of 1,500 Spanish adults (15-74 years old) from Madrid (Spain). Physical activity (work place, transport and leisure time) was assessed with the version 2 of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQv2). Participants were categorized in three physical activity levels (low, moderate and high). The socio-demographic correlates included: gender, age, educational level, employment status, marital status, smoking status, and self-perceived health. The association between socio-demographic factors and physical activity was examined with multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 82% of men and 78% of women (total 80%) had moderate to high levels of physical activity, yet, when considering the leisure time physical activity, only 40,1% of mean and 22,6% of women (total 31.1%) reach the recommendations. Participants with university degree (OR: 2.05; 95%IC: 1.48-2.86), those who were smokers (OR: 1.41; 95%IC: 1.04-1.90), and those who perceived their health as bad (OR: 3.58; 95%IC: 2.39-5.38) were more likely to not to reach the recommendations. In contrast, those participants aged 35-44 years (OR: 0.61; 95%IC: 0.39-0.95) and 45-54 years (OR: 0.52; 95%IC: 0.32-0.83) were less likely not to reach the recommendations. Conclusions: The 20% of adults from Madrid did not reach the physical activity recommendations, and when considering only leisure time physical activity, only 69% reached the recommendations. The findings suggest that the educational level, smoking status, and the self-perceived health seem to be key determinants. There is a large diversity in the physical activity levels in the population subgroup; therefore, there is a need of developing socialecological approaches to physical activity promotion(AU)

[Influence of socio-demographic correlates on the adherence to physical activity recommendations in adults aged from 15-to 74 years]. / Influencia de determinantes socio-demográficos en la adherencia a las recomendaciones de actividad física en personas de entre 15 y 74 años de Madrid: Madrid, Spain.

BACKGROUND: To know the adherence to physical activity recommendations of the population is of clinical and social interest. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of Spanish adults adhering to the physical activity recommendations, and to examine the influences of socio-demographic correlates. METHODS: In the present cross-sectional study we conducted a telephone survey of 1,500 Spanish adults (15-74 years old) from Madrid (Spain). Physical activity (work place, transport and leisure time) was assessed with the version 2 of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQv2). Participants were categorized in three physical activity levels (low, moderate and high). The socio-demographic correlates included: gender, age, educational level, employment status, marital status, smoking status, and self-perceived health. The association between socio-demographic factors and physical activity was examined with multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 82% of men and 78% of women (total 80%) had moderate to high levels of physical activity, yet, when considering the leisure time physical activity, only 40,1% of mean and 22,6% of women (total 31.1%) reach the recommendations. Participants with university degree (OR: 2.05; 95%IC: 1.48-2.86), those who were smokers (OR: 1.41; 95%IC: 1.04-1.90), and those who perceived their health as bad (OR: 3.58; 95%IC: 2.39-5.38) were more likely to not to reach the recommendations. In contrast, those participants aged 35-44 years (OR: 0.61; 95%IC: 0.39-0.95) and 45-54 years (OR: 0.52; 95%IC: 0.32-0.83) were less likely not to reach the recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The 20% of adults from Madrid did not reach the physical activity recommendations, and when considering only leisure time physical activity, only 69% reached the recommendations. The findings suggest that the educational level, smoking status, and the self-perceived health seem to be key determinants. There is a large diversity in the physical activity levels in the population subgroup; therefore, there is a need of developing social-ecological approaches to physical activity promotion.

Motivos y barreras para hacer ejercicio y practicar deportes en Madrid / Reasons for and barriers to exercising and sports participation in Madrid

OBJETIVOS: Analizar los motivos y barreras de la población metropolitana de Madrid para realizar actividad física y/o deporte, así como sus relaciones con el género, la edad y la posición social. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado con una muestra de 625 personas, con datos representativos a nivel global, con un margen de error del + 4 por ciento y un intervalo de confianza del 95,5 por ciento. El tipo de muestreo fue polietápico, utilizándose un cuestionario ad hoc. RESULTADOS: Diversión (29,9 por ciento), mantenimiento de la forma (26,4 por ciento) y salud (16,1 por ciento), fueron los motivos de práctica más frecuentes, mostrando diferencias según género [χ2(8) = 19,635; p = 0,009; IC95 por ciento: 0,007-0,011] y edad [χ2(32) = 55,671; p = 0,006; IC95 por ciento: 0,005-0,008]. Respecto al abandono de la práctica, las exigencias laborales y familiares (24,1 por ciento) y la falta de tiempo (22,2 por ciento), fueron las causas más habituales, relacionándose con la edad [χ2(24) = 36,955; p = 0,041; IC95 por ciento: 0,037-0,044] y marginalmente con el género [χ2(6) = 11,753; p = 0,069; IC95 por ciento: 0,063-0,074]. Los motivos más frecuentes para no haber practicado nunca fueron la falta de tiempo (24,4 por ciento) y el hecho de no gustarles (24,4 por ciento), no existiendo relaciones con las variables analizadas. CONCLUSIONES: La práctica físico-deportiva en la muestra estudiada tiene un carácter lúdico y recreativo y está dirigida al mantenimiento y mejora de la salud y a la adquisición de un buen aspecto físico. Los motivos que conducen a la práctica y a su abandono están relacionados con la edad y el género. En cambio, las razones para no haber practicado nunca son independientes de las variables analizadas.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the motivators and barriers to physical activity and sports among the population of metropolitan Madrid, as well as any correlations with gender, age, and social status. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a sample of 625 individuals whose data were representative of the whole population, with a + 4 percent margin of error and a 95.5 percent confidence interval (95 percentCI). The sampling type selected was multistage, utilizing an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: The most frequently cited motivations for exercising were: for fun (29.9 percent), to stay in shape (26.4 percent), and health (16.1 percent), differing according to gender (χ2(8) = 19.635; P = 0.009; 95 percentCI: 0.007-0.011) and age (χ2(32) = 55.671; P = 0.006; 95 percentCI: 0.005-0.0080). With regard to activity cessation, the demands of work and family (24.1 percent) and lack of time (22.2 percent) were the most common reasons, correlating with age (χ2(24) = 36.955; P = 0.041; 95 percentCI: 0.037-0.044) and slightly with gender (χ2(6) = 11.753; P = 0.069; 95 percentCI: 0.063-0.074). The reasons most often cited for never exercising were lack of time (24.4 percent) and not enjoying it (24.4 percent), uncorrelated with any of the study variables. CONCLUSIONS: Among the study sample, the purpose of sports and exercise was for fun and recreation, aimed at maintaining and improving health and acquiring an attractive figure. Motivators driving activity and discontinuation were correlated with age and gender. Conversely, the reasons for never exercising were independent of the study variables.

[Reasons for and barriers to exercising and sports participation in Madrid]. / Motivos y barreras para hacer ejercicio y practicar deportes en Madrid.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the motivators and barriers to physical activity and sports among the population of metropolitan Madrid, as well as any correlations with gender, age, and social status. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a sample of 625 individuals whose data were representative of the whole population, with a +/- 4% margin of error and a 95.5% confidence interval (95%CI). The sampling type selected was multistage, utilizing an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: The most frequently cited motivations for exercising were: for fun (29.9%), to stay in shape (26.4%), and health (16.1%), differing according to gender (chi2(8) = 19.635; P = 0.009; 95%CI: 0.007-0.011) and age (chi2(32) = 55.671; P = 0.006; 95%CI: 0.005-0.0080). With regard to activity cessation, the demands of work and family (24.1%) and lack of time (22.2%) were the most common reasons, correlating with age (chi2(24) = 36.955; P = 0.041; 95%CI: 0.037-0.044) and slightly with gender (chi2(6) = 11.753; P = 0.069; 95%CI: 0.063-0.074). The reasons most often cited for never exercising were lack of time (24.4%) and not enjoying it (24.4%), uncorrelated with any of the study variables. CONCLUSIONS: Among the study sample, the purpose of sports and exercise was for fun and recreation, aimed at maintaining and improving health and acquiring an attractive figure. Motivators driving activity and discontinuation were correlated with age and gender. Conversely, the reasons for never exercising were independent of the study variables.