Gender disparities are present in academic rank and leadership positions despite overall equivalence in research productivity indices among senior members of American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) Fellowship Faculty.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to examine potential disparities in scholarly performance based on sex, academic rank, leadership positions, and regional distribution of faculty in accredited Head and Neck Surgery fellowships in the United States. METHODS: Online faculty listings for 37 accredited fellowships were organized according to academic rank, leadership position, sex, and institutional location. Academic productivity was measured with three bibliometric indices: h-index, m-index, and the weighted relative citation ratio. RESULTS: A total of 732 faculty members were included, of which 153 (21%) were female. Fifty-eight males (89.2%) held leadership positions, compared to seven females (10.8%). There was no significant difference in overall productivity between male and female senior faculty. There were regional differences in productivity by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Females are underrepresented in senior faculty and within three common leadership positions, although scholarly productivity for male and female senior faculty and for those in leadership positions is similar.

Conventional Robotic Endoscopic Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer.

The conventional robotic endoscopic remote access techniques detailed in this article have been discussed in a series of increasing volumes in the literature, including for the treatment of thyroid cancer. Lower-volume centers now perform most robotic thyroidectomies in the United States and are responsible for recent increases in utilization patterns despite higher complication rates. These trends highlight the importance of increasing surgeon exposure to and experience with these techniques in order to improve procedure safety. Additional large-volume, multicenter studies to define patients who will most benefit from these conventional robotic endoscopic procedures for thyroid cancer are needed.

Somatosensory evoked potential: Preventing brachial plexus injury in transaxillary robotic surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The potential for brachial plexopathy due to arm positioning is a major concern regarding the robotic transaxillary approach. Intraoperative nerve monitoring via somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) has been suggested to prevent such injury. In this study, we examined the use of SSEP in detecting imminent brachial plexus traction during robotic transaxillary thyroid and parathyroid surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: A analysis was performed for all patients undergoing robotic transaxillary surgery with continuous intraoperative SSEP monitoring at a North American institution between 2015 and 2017. A significant intraoperative SSEP change was defined as a decrease in signal amplitude of >50% or an increase in latency of >10% from baseline established during preoperative positioning. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-seven robotic transaxillary surgeries using SSEP monitoring were performed on 123 patients. Seven patients (5.1%) developed significant changes, with an average SSEP amplitude reduction of 73% ± 12% recorded at the signals' nadir. Immediate arm repositioning resulted in recovery of signals and complete return to baseline parameters in 14.3 ± 9.2 minutes. There was no difference in age (40.4 ± 9.4 years vs. 44.5 ± 13.4 years; P = .31) or body mass index (27.3 ± 3.7 kg/m2 vs. 26.9 ± 6.1 kg/m2 ; P = .79) between cases with and without SSEP change. Operative time was shorter for patients with significant SSEP change (131.6 ± 14.7 minutes vs. 146.5 ± 46.7 minutes; P = .048). There were no postoperative positional brachial plexus injuries. CONCLUSIONS: SSEP is a novel, safe, and reliable tool in detection of position-related brachial plexus neuropathy. Intraoperative monitoring using SSEP can play a vital role in early recognition and prevention of injury during robotic transaxillary thyroid and parathyroid surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:2663-2668, 2019.

Thyroid surgery and obesity: Cohort study of surgical outcomes and local specific complications.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with numerous complications after elective general surgeries. The aim is to compare surgical outcomes and local specific complications in obese and non-obese patients after thyroid surgery. METHODS: Retrospective study over a 3-year period at a North American academic institution. Outcome measures were operative time, estimated blood loss, hospital length of stay, and local specific complications (hypocalcemia, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, wound hematoma, wound seroma, and chyle leakage). RESULTS: A total of 469 patients were included (mean [SD] age, 50.11 [15.01] years; mean [SD] BMI, 30.5 [8.3] kg/m2; 207 [44.14%] obese). There was no difference in operative time (125.7 vs. 129.6, p = 0.52), estimated blood loss (16.88 vs. 14.56, p = 0.28), or hospital length of stay (0.95 vs. 0.95, p = 0.96). Overall, there was no difference in the rates of local specific complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is not associated with adverse outcomes in patients undergoing thyroid surgery.

Remote-Access Thyroidectomy: A Multi-Institutional North American Experience with Transaxillary, Robotic Facelift, and Transoral Endoscopic Vestibular Approaches.

BACKGROUND: Many remote-access approaches (RAAs) to the thyroid have been described to circumvent anterior neck scarring, including the transaxillary, robotic facelift, and transoral endoscopic vestibular approaches. These techniques have been popularized in Asia, but adoption has been slow in North America. We aimed to examine multi-institutional North American outcomes with RAA thyroidectomy in the context of these institutions' transcervical approach (TCA) outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: Cases of lobectomy and total thyroidectomy via transaxillary, robotic facelift, and transoral endoscopic vestibular approaches were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, outcomes, and complications were compared with the same measures in patients undergoing lobectomy and total thyroidectomy via TCA by the primary RAA surgeons at each institution. Patients who underwent parathyroidectomy or other concomitant neck dissection procedures were excluded. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen RAA thyroidectomies were attempted (92 transoral endoscopic vestibular approaches, 70 transaxillary, and 54 robotic facelift) and 410 TCA thyroidectomies were performed. There was no difference in mean index nodule sizes between RAA (2.8 ± 1.6 cm) and TCA (2.9 ± 1.9 cm) cohorts (p = 0.72). Median operative times for lobectomy were 146 minutes (range 60 to 343 minutes) and 90 minutes (range 25 to 247 minutes) for the RAA and TCA cohorts, respectively (p < 0.0001). Median operative time for total thyroidectomy was 170 minutes (range 100 to 398 minutes) vs 126.5 minutes (range 51 to 260 minutes) for the RAA and TCA cohorts, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in the rates of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury between the RAA (0 of 216 [0%]) and TCA (0 of 410 [0%]) cohorts (p = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Remote-access approach thyroidectomy can be performed in a select North American patient population with outcomes comparable with TCA.

The Sunshine Act and Surgeons: A Nation-Wide Analysis of Industry Payments to Physicians.

BACKGROUND: The Physician Payments Sunshine Act mandates the submission of payment records between medical providers and industry. We used the Open Payments Program database to compare industry payments to surgeons and nonsurgeons, as well as among surgical specialties, and to identify geographic distribution of payments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included all reported industry payments in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Open Payments Program in the United States, 2014-2015. Multivariable regression fixed effects panel analysis of total payments was conducted among surgeons, adjusting for surgeon specialty, payor type, payment category, and state. A geographic heat map was created. RESULTS: Of 2,097,150 subjects meeting criteria, 1,957,528 (45.66%) were physicians. The mean standard deviation (SD) payment overall was $232.64 ($6262.00), and the state with the highest mean (SD) payment was Vermont at $2691.61 ($11,508.40). Surgeons numbered 153,916 (7.86%). The specialty with the highest mean (SD) payment was orthopedic surgery at $2811.50 ($33,632.71, P < 0.001). Among 2,097,150 subjects meeting criteria, in multivariable regression fixed effects panel analysis, orthopedic compared to general surgeons were significantly likely to receive more industry payments (beta $1065.34 [95% CI $279.00-1851.00, P = 0.008), even controlling for payor, payment type, and state. Significant geographic disparities in payment were noted as 12 states received the top mean ($24.52-$500,000.00), leaving seven states with the lowest ($0.00-$12.56). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in industry payments to surgeons versus nonsurgeons and among surgical specialties, as well geographic distribution of payments. These data may prompt further investigation into trends and their causality and effects on research and practice.

Robotic Neck Surgery in the Pediatric Population.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus surgeries are traditionally performed via a cervical approach. However, robot-assisted procedures can provide a safe alternative for neck surgeries. We report our experiences with robotic transaxillary and retroauricular approaches in pediatric patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We conducted a retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent robot-assisted neck surgery by a single surgeon between April 2010 and May 2017. Patient demographics and surgical outcomes including operative time, incidence of complications, and length of hospital stay were evaluated. MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES: Nine surgeries in 7 female patients were reviewed (mean age, 16.0 ± 1.58 years; mean body mass index, 22.5 ± 0.75). Two thyroid lobectomies, 2 complete thyroidectomies, 1 subtotal thyroidectomy, 1 thyroid lobectomy with thymectomy, 2 subtotal parathyroidectomies with thymectomy, and 1 dermoid cyst excision were performed. Two surgeries with the retroauricular approach had a mean surgical time of 142.0 ± 6.13 minutes. Seven surgeries with the transaxillary approach had a mean surgical time of 146.1 ± 21.01 minutes. There were no reported conversions, permanent vocal cord paralysis, permanent hypoparathyroidism, hematoma, or seroma. There was 1 case (11%) of temporary shoulder hypoesthesia and 2 cases of temporary vocal cord paresis (22%). DISCUSSION: This series on robot-assisted neck surgeries in children describes procedures performed with robotic transaxillary and retroauricular approaches. In the hands of a high-volume surgeon the techniques are feasible and safe options for operations in the neck in a select group of pediatric patients.

Effectiveness of systems changes suggested by simulation of adverse surgical outcomes.

Background: Simulation of adverse outcomes (SAO) has been described as a technique to improve effectiveness of root cause analysis (RCA) in healthcare. We hypothesise that SAO can effectively identify unsuspected root causes amenable to systems changes. Methods: Systems changes were developed and tested for effectiveness in a modified simulation, which was performed eight times, recorded and analysed. Results: In seven of eight simulations, systems changes were effectively utilised by participants, who contacted anaesthesia using the number list and telephone provided to express concern. In six of seven simulations where anaesthesia was contacted, they provided care that avoided the adverse event. In two simulations, the adverse event transpired despite implemented systems changes, but for different reasons than originally identified. In one case, appropriate personnel were contacted but did not provide the direction necessary to avoid the adverse event, and in one case, the telephone malfunctioned. Conclusions: Systems changes suggested by SAO can effectively correct deficiencies and help improve outcomes, although adverse events can occur despite implementation. Further study of systems concepts may provide suggestions for changes that function more reliably in complex healthcare systems. The information gathered from these simulations can be used to identify potential deficiencies, prevent future errors and improve patient safety.

Using simulation to improve root cause analysis of adverse surgical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop and test a simulation method of conducting investigation of the causality of adverse surgical outcomes. DESIGN: Six hundred and thirty-one closed claims of a major medical malpractice insurance company were reviewed. Each case had undergone conventional root cause analysis (RCA). Claims were categorized by comparing the predominant underlying cause documented in the case files. Three cases were selected for simulation. SETTING: All records (medical and legal) were analyzed. Simulation scenarios were developed by abstracting data from the records and then developing paper and electronic medical records, choosing appropriate STUDY PARTICIPANTS: including test subjects and confederates, scripting the simulation and choosing the appropriate simulated environment. INTERVENTION: In a simulation center, each case simulation was run 6-7 times and recorded, with participants debriefed at the conclusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sources of error identified during simulation were compared with those noted in the closed claims. Test subject decision-making was assessed qualitatively. RESULTS: Simulation of adverse outcomes (SAOs) identified more system errors and revealed the way complex decisions were made by test subjects. Compared with conventional RCA, SAO identified root causes less focused on errors by individuals and more on systems-based error. CONCLUSIONS: The use of simulation for investigation of adverse surgical outcomes is feasible and identifies causes that may be more amenable to effective systems changes than conventional RCA. The information that SAO provides may facilitate the implementation of corrective measures, decreasing the risk of recurrence and improving patient safety.

Can simulation improve the traditional method of root cause analysis: a preliminary investigation.

INTRODUCTION: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations recommendations for conducting root cause analysis (RCA) include identifying "root causes" and "common-cause variation" rather than "proximate causes" and "special-cause variation" to create interventions. Simulation for health care RCA is a novel technique but has not been compared with traditional RCA methods. METHODS: All of the RCAs of adverse events conducted at Tulane Hospital between September 2010 and September 2011 were reviewed. A case of missed postprocedural, preoperative hemorrhage resulting in death was chosen. Hospital records were analyzed to identify the presumed root causes. A simulation of the event was developed and conducted. Six test subjects (preoperative and postanesthesia care unit nurses) participated in the simulation. Root causes identified by simulation analysis were compared with those identified by traditional RCA. RESULTS: In 2 of 6 simulations, the adverse event was duplicated. The root cause identified by standard RCA technique was inattention to signs of bleeding in the patient/ lack of appropriate monitoring of the patient by nursing staff ("special-cause variation"). Simulation-based RCA revealed that the root cause was not only inadequate monitoring, but also the lack of physical presence of physicians in the care environment ("common-cause variation"). Simulation-based RCA identified root causes more amenable to intervention. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that simulation-based RCA can identify additional root causes amenable to making health care interventions when compared with traditional RCA.

A Tlx2-Cre mouse line uncovers essential roles for hand1 in extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm.

Hand1 regulates development of numerous tissues within the embryo, extraembryonic mesoderm, and trophectoderm. Systemic loss of Hand1 results in early embryonic lethality but the cause has remained unknown. To determine if Hand1 expression in extraembryonic mesoderm is essential for embryonic survival, Hand1 was conditionally deleted using the HoxB6-Cre mouse line that expresses Cre in extraembryonic and lateral mesoderm. Deletion of Hand1 using HoxB6-Cre resulted in embryonic lethality identical to systemic knockout. To determine if lethality is due to Hand1 function in extraembryonic mesoderm or lateral mesoderm, we generated a Tlx2-Cre mouse line expressing Cre in lateral mesoderm but not extraembryonic tissues. Deletion of Hand1 using the Tlx2-Cre line results in embryonic survival with embryos exhibiting herniated gut and thin enteric smooth muscle. Our results show that Hand1 regulates development of lateral mesoderm derivatives and its loss in extraembryonic mesoderm is the primary cause of lethality in Hand1-null embryos.