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OBJECTIVE: In this study we explore anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in women in the process of pregnancy during lockdown due to the SARS CoV-2 pandemic and their relationship with sociodemographic and clinical factors in a tertiary referral level hospital. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in pregnant women at the Lozano Blesa University Clinical Hospital in Zaragoza (Spain), from April 15, 2020 to May 15, 2020. A total of 168 women was recruited when they went to the hospital for a routine blood test for pregnancy. They answered a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the Spielberg state-trait anxiety questionnaire for anxiety, and a visual analog scale for fear of COVID. RESULTS: Frequency of Trait anxiety was 50.7% (95% CI: 42.7-58.7) and 52.7% (95% CI: 44.7-60.7) for State anxiety. The mean visual analog scale for fear of COVID-19 in relation to pregnancy was 57.2 (95% CI: 52.4-61.8). A positive correlation was found between the scales. Statistically significant differences were found between rural and urban areas. CONCLUSION: The emotional impact of the COVID-19 is high among pregnant women and the levels of anxiety are higher than usual in these groups of women during the pandemic lockdown.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Gestantes , Pandemias , Estudos Transversais , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Hospitais Universitários , Estresse Psicológico , DepressãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: In this study we explore anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in women in the process of pregnancy during lockdown due to the SARS CoV-2 pandemic and their relationship with sociodemographic and clinical factors in a tertiary referral level hospital. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in pregnant women at the Lozano Blesa University Clinical Hospital in Zaragoza (Spain), from April 15, 2020 to May 15, 2020. A total of 168 women was recruited when they went to the hospital for a routine blood test for pregnancy. They answered a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the Spielberg state-trait anxiety questionnaire for anxiety, and a visual analog scale for fear of COVID. Results: Frequency of Trait anxiety was 50.7% (95% CI: 42.7-58.7) and 52.7% (95% CI: 44.7-60.7) for State anxiety. The mean visual analog scale for fear of COVID-19 in relation to pregnancy was 57.2 (95% CI: 52.4-61.8). A positive correlation was found between the scales. Statistically significant differences were found between rural and urban areas. Conclusion: The emotional impact of the COVID-19 is high among pregnant women and the levels of anxiety are higher than usual in these groups of women during the pandemic lockdown.
RESUMEN Objetivo: En este estudio exploramos la ansiedad y el miedo al COVID-19 en mujeres en proceso de embarazo durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de SARS CoV-2 y su relación con factores sociodemográficos y clínicos en un hospital de tercer nivel de referencia. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en mujeres embarazadas en el Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza (España), desde el 15 de abril de 2020 al 15 de mayo de 2020. Se reclutó a un total de 168 mujeres cuando fueron al hospital para un análisis de sangre de rutina para control durante el embarazo. Respondieron un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, el cuestionario de ansiedad estado-rasgo de Spielberg para la ansiedad y una escala visual analógica para el miedo a la COVID. Resultados: La frecuencia de ansiedad rasgo fue del 50,7% (IC 95%: 42,7-58,7) y del 52,7% (IC 95%: 44,7-60,7) para la ansiedad estado. La media de la escala analógica visual de miedo a la COVID-19 en relación al embarazo fue de 57,2 (IC 95%: 52,4-61,8). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre las escalas. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las zonas rurales y urbanas. Conclusión: El impacto emocional de la COVID-19 es alto entre las mujeres embarazadas y los niveles de ansiedad son más altos de lo habitual en estos grupos de mujeres durante el confinamiento pandémico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Ansiedade , Gravidez , Pandemias , Cuidado Pré-Natal , COVID-19RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in women, screened during the third trimester, and companionship during their hospitalization. METHOD: A case-control study was conducted in which 80 pregnant women over the age of 18 years, at 28 weeks and beyond, and without any diagnosed physical and/or health conditions took part. They were divided into 20 cases and 60 controls. Anxiety was measured using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and specific variables were recorded. A descriptive bivariate analysis was performed to compare the chosen variables by means of the chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Companionship was associated with a reduction in state and trait anxiety ( p = 0.038 in both dimensions) during hospitalization. Women of the Roma (Gitano) ethnicity developed the most anxiety ( p = 0.019) and primiparous women were at four times greater risk. CONCLUSION: The absence of support from a person of trust during hospitalization, together with ethnicity and primiparity, contributed to increased symptoms of anxiety in pregnant women hospitalized during their third trimester. Therefore, involvement by their close social circle is essential for the prevention and/or reduction of anxiety in this population.
Assuntos
Complicações na Gravidez , Gestantes , Adulto , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da GravidezRESUMO
Objetivo. Identificar la existencia de desigualdades de género en utilización de atención primaria (AP), urgencias y consulta de enfermería. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal, con encuestas nacionales y europeas de salud (2006-2017) de población española de 16 o más años (n=98 929 personas). Se estudió la evolución en el tiempo y la influencia de los determinantes de género mediante regresiones logísticas en la utilización de servicios sanitarios. Resultados. La utilización de los tres servicios asistenciales fue mayor en mujeres. Personas pensionistas, aquellas dedi-cadas a labores del hogar, con estudios bajos y clase social manual, tuvieron mayor riesgo de utilización de AP. Urgencias: a mayor edad menor riesgo de utilización. Enfermería: aque-llas dedicadas a las labores del hogar tenían mayor riesgo de utilización. Conclusiones. Son necesarios estudios que analicen las desigualdades de género en contextos como la utilización de servicios sanitarios, así como nuevas estrategias de gestión para conseguir la equidad asistencial.
Assuntos
Utilização de Instalações e Serviços , Serviços de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Utilização de Instalações e Serviços/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , EspanhaRESUMO
Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar la existencia de desigualdades de género en utilización de atención primaria (AP), urgencias y consulta de enfermería. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, con encuestas nacionales y europeas de salud (2006-2017) de población española de 16 o más años (n=98 929 personas). Se estudió la evolución en el tiempo y la influencia de los determinantes de género mediante regresiones logísticas en la utilización de servicios sanitarios. Resultados: La utilización de los tres servicios asistenciales fue mayor en mujeres. Personas pensionistas, aquellas dedicadas a labores del hogar, con estudios bajos y clase social manual, tuvieron mayor riesgo de utilización de AP. Urgencias: a mayor edad menor riesgo de utilización. Enfermería: aquellas dedicadas a las labores del hogar tenían mayor riesgo de utilización. Conclusiones: Son necesarios estudios que analicen las desigualdades de género en contextos como la utilización de servicios sanitarios, así como nuevas estrategias de gestión para conseguir la equidad asistencial.
Abstract: Objective: To identify the existence of gender inequalities in the use of primary care (PA), emergency care and nursing consultation. Materials and methods: Repeated cross-sectional study using Spanish and European health surveys (2006-2017) to Spanish population aged 16 and over (n= 95 929). Results: The use of three care services was higher among women. Pensioners, as well as unpaid household labour women, with low education level and those of manual social class, were the most likely to use PC. In emergency care, the higher age, the lower probability of use, and living in a rural town was associated with a higher probability of use of emergency care. Unpaid household labour women were the most likely to use nursing care. Conclusions: Studies that analyse gender inequalities in different contexts such as the use of health services care are still necessary, as well as, new management strategies are needed to achieve care equity.
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RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre la ansiedad gestacional, cribada durante el tercer trimestre, y el acompañamiento durante el ingreso en el hospital. Método Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional casos-control en el que participaron 80 grávidas, divididas en 20 casos y 60 controles, mayores de 18 años, de 28 o más semanas, sin patologías físicas y/o psíquicas diagnosticadas. Se midió la ansiedad con el instrumento STAI y se recogieron las variables seleccionadas. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bivariado, comparando las variables escogidas mediante Chi-Cuadrado, Kruskal Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Resultados El acompañamiento en Estado y Rasgo ( p = 0,038 en ambos) influye en la disminución de la ansiedad durante la hospitalización. Las mujeres de etnia gitana desarrollaron más ansiedad ( p = 0,019) y las primíparas obtuvieron un riesgo 4 veces mayor. Conclusión La falta de una persona de confianza durante el ingreso colabora en el aumento de los síntomas ansiosos, así como la etnia y la primiparidad, por lo que la implicación del círculo social cercano es indispensable para la prevención y/o disminución de la ansiedad en esta población.
RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a associação entre ansiedade gestacional, rastreada durante o terceiro trimestre, e monitoramento durante a admissão hospitalar. Método Foi realizado um estudo observacional caso-controle no qual participaram 80 gestantes, divididas em 20 casos e 60 controles, maiores de 18 anos, 28 ou mais semanas, sem diagnóstico de patologias físicas e/ou mentais. A ansiedade foi medida com o instrumento STAI e as variáveis selecionadas foram coletadas. Foi realizada análise descritiva e bivariada, comparando as variáveis escolhidas por meio do Qui-Quadrado, Kruskal Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Resultados O monitoramento do estado e do traço (p = 0,038 em ambos) influencia a diminuição da ansiedade durante a hospitalização. As mulheres ciganas desenvolveram mais ansiedade (p = 0,019) e as primíparas tiveram um risco 4 vezes maior. Conclusão A falta de uma pessoa de confiança durante a internação contribui para o aumento dos sintomas de ansiedade, bem como a etnia e primiparidade, portanto, o envolvimento do círculo social próximo é essencial para a prevenção e/ou redução da ansiedade nesta população.
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to study the association between pregnancy-related anxiety in women, screened during the third trimester, and companionship during their hospitalization. Method A case-control study was conducted in which 80 pregnant women over the age of 18 years, at 28 weeks and beyond, and without any diagnosed physical and/or health conditions took part. They were divided into 20 cases and 60 controls. Anxiety was measured using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and specific variables were recorded. A descriptive bivariate analysis was performed to compare the chosen variables by means of the chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results Companionship was associated with a reduction in state and trait anxiety ( p = 0.038 in both dimensions) during hospitalization. Women of the Roma (Gitano) ethnicity developed the most anxiety ( p = 0.019) and primiparous women were at four times greater risk. Conclusion The absence of support from a person of trust during hospitalization, together with ethnicity and primiparity, contributed to increased symptoms of anxiety in pregnant women hospitalized during their third trimester. Therefore, involvement by their close social circle is essential for the prevention and/or reduction of anxiety in this population.
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Ansiedade , Gravidez , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Relações FamiliaresRESUMO
Comprehensive and in-depth analyses of differences and inequalities in health require a broad-based approach to the study of masculinities and men's health. Interest in this issue has grown in parallel to increased concern over specific risks and vulnerabilities faced by men, but also due to the need to involve them in programs capable of promoting progress towards gender-based health equity. This article attempts to reframe these issues from the perspective of public health, providing a wider viewpoint on men's health situated within debates on the social determinants of health and the analysis of health inequalities. Based on a relational gender approach, we formulate some recommendations regarding policy and research agendas, which we argue can contribute to advancing the study and development of programs from a gender-based perspective in health.
Llevar a cabo un análisis más integral y profundo de las diferencias y desigualdades en salud requiere de una aproximación más amplia al estudio de las masculinidades y la salud de los hombres en el momento actual. Estamos ante un tema cuyo interés ha ido a la par de la creciente preocupación por los riesgos y vulnerabilidades específicas de los hombres, pero también de la necesidad de involucrarlos en programas con capacidad de promover cambios positivos en el orden de género hacia la equidad en salud. Este artículo resitúa este campo dentro de la salud pública, proporcionando una visión amplificada sobre la salud de los hombres dentro del debate de los determinantes sociales de la salud y el análisis de las desigualdades. Sobre la base de un enfoque relacional de género, se formulan una serie de recomendaciones orientadas a las políticas y la investigación, que consideramos pueden contribuir a avanzar en el estudio y el desarrollo de programas desde una perspectiva de género en salud.
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Papel de Gênero , Masculinidade , Saúde do Homem , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Características Culturais , Feminismo , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Expectativa de Vida , Masculino , Homens/psicologia , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
RESUMEN Llevar a cabo un análisis más integral y profundo de las diferencias y desigualdades en salud requiere de una aproximación más amplia al estudio de las masculinidades y la salud de los hombres en el momento actual. Estamos ante un tema cuyo interés ha ido a la par de la creciente preocupación por los riesgos y vulnerabilidades específicas de los hombres, pero también de la necesidad de involucrarlos en programas con capacidad de promover cambios positivos en el orden de género hacia la equidad en salud. Este artículo resitúa este campo dentro de la salud pública, proporcionando una visión amplificada sobre la salud de los hombres dentro del debate de los determinantes sociales de la salud y el análisis de las desigualdades. Sobre la base de un enfoque relacional de género, se formulan una serie de recomendaciones orientadas a las políticas y la investigación, que consideramos pueden contribuir a avanzar en el estudio y el desarrollo de programas desde una perspectiva de género en salud.
ABSTRACT Comprehensive and in-depth analyses of differences and inequalities in health require a broad-based approach to the study of masculinities and men's health. Interest in this issue has grown in parallel to increased concern over specific risks and vulnerabilities faced by men, but also due to the need to involve them in programs capable of promoting progress towards gender-based health equity. This article attempts to reframe these issues from the perspective of public health, providing a wider viewpoint on men's health situated within debates on the social determinants of health and the analysis of health inequalities. Based on a relational gender approach, we formulate some recommendations regarding policy and research agendas, which we argue can contribute to advancing the study and development of programs from a gender-based perspective in health.