Mucosal Immunoregulatory Properties of Tsukamurella inchonensis to Reverse Experimental Food Allergy.

The intestinal mucosa is lined by epithelial cells, which are key cells to sustain gut homeostasis. Food allergy is an immune-mediated adverse reaction to food, likely due to defective regulatory circuits. Tsukamurella inchonensis is a non-pathogenic bacterium with immunomodulatory properties. We hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effect of dead T. inchonensis on activated epithelial cells modulates milk allergy through the restoration of tolerance in a mouse model. Epithelial cells (Caco-2 and enterocytes from mouse gut) and macrophages were stimulated with T. inchonensis and induction of luciferase under the NF-κB promoter, ROS and cytokines production were studied. Balb/c mice were mucosally sensitized with cow´s milk proteins plus cholera toxin and orally challenged with the allergen to evidence hypersensitivity symptoms. After that, mice were orally administered with heat-killed T. inchonensis as treatment and then challenged with the allergen. The therapeutic efficacy was in vivo (clinical score and cutaneous test) and in vitro (serum specific antibodies and cytokines-ELISA, and cell analysis-flow cytometry) evaluated. Heat-killed T. inchonensis modulated the induction of pro-inflammatory chemokines, with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells and by macrophages with decreased OX40L expression. In vivo, oral administration of T. inchonensis increased the frequency of lamina propria CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, and clinical signs were lower in T. inchonensis-treated mice compared with milk-sensitized animals. In vivo depletion of Tregs (anti-CD25) abrogated T. inchonensis immunomodulation. In conclusion, these bacteria suppressed the intestinal inflammatory immune response to reverse food allergy.

El diagnóstico etiopatogénico en ortopedia funcional de los maxilares / Etiopathogenic diagnosis in functional maxillary orthopedics

La ortopedia funcional de los maxilares es una especialidad odontológica que trata los problemas funcionales, morfológicos y estéticos del complejo orofacial del paciente en crecimiento. En este contexto, la ortopedia funcional se distingue por su especial interés por la investigación de las causas y posteriores acontecimientos que en el transcurso de un período de tiempo provocan la manifestación clínica de una disgnacia; esta elaboración hipotética se denomina diagnóstico etiopatogénico. A través de una serie de casos clínicos se ejemplifica este proceso de diagnóstico, involucrando antecedentes hereditarios, trauma perinatal, alteraciones posturales, trastornos funcionales deglutorios, respiratorios, fonatorios y masticatorios, así como la biotipología facial. La elaboración de una hipótesis fundamentada que nos permita explicar las causas y acontecimientos que plasmaron el estado actual de nuestro paciente, nos impulsa a investigar, indagar, reflexionar y, finalmente, arribar a un conocimiento más amplio y profundo del mismo. Finalmente, el conocimiento de las posibles causas de la disgnacia nos conduce naturalmente hacia un diseño terapéutico integral.

El diagnóstico etiopatogénico en ortopedia funcional de los maxilares / Etiopathogenic diagnosis in functional maxillary orthopedics

La ortopedia funcional de los maxilares es una especialidad odontológica que trata los problemas funcionales, morfológicos y estéticos del complejo orofacial del paciente en crecimiento. En este contexto, la ortopedia funcional se distingue por su especial interés por la investigación de las causas y posteriores acontecimientos que en el transcurso de un período de tiempo provocan la manifestación clínica de una disgnacia; esta elaboración hipotética se denomina diagnóstico etiopatogénico. A través de una serie de casos clínicos se ejemplifica este proceso de diagnóstico, involucrando antecedentes hereditarios, trauma perinatal, alteraciones posturales, trastornos funcionales deglutorios, respiratorios, fonatorios y masticatorios, así como la biotipología facial. La elaboración de una hipótesis fundamentada que nos permita explicar las causas y acontecimientos que plasmaron el estado actual de nuestro paciente, nos impulsa a investigar, indagar, reflexionar y, finalmente, arribar a un conocimiento más amplio y profundo del mismo. Finalmente, el conocimiento de las posibles causas de la disgnacia nos conduce naturalmente hacia un diseño terapéutico integral.(AU)

Adolescent growth spurts in female gymnasts.

OBJECTIVES: Three questions were addressed: (1) Do female gymnasts have adolescent growth spurts in height, sitting height, and leg length? (2) Are the sequence and magnitude of spurts comparable with female adolescent non-athletes? (3) How do the data compare with other female gymnasts and with short girls? STUDY DESIGN: Height and sitting height were measured annually on 15 Belgian gymnasts from 8.7 +/- 1.5 to 15.5 +/- 1.5 years. The gymnasts trained, on average, approximately 15 h/wk. Leg length was estimated as height minus sitting height. The Preece-Baines Model I was fitted to individual growth records to estimate ages at peak velocity and peak velocities for the three dimensions. Age at menarche and skeletal age were also assessed. RESULTS: Gymnasts have clearly defined adolescent spurts in height, estimated leg length, and sitting height that occur approximately 1 year later and are slightly less intense than in nonathletic adolescent girls. Age at menarche and skeletal age are consistent with later somatic maturation. The pattern of adolescent growth and maturation is similar to that of other gymnasts, short normal late-maturing girls, and late-maturing girls with short parents. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize a primary role for constitutional factors in the selection process of female gymnasts at relatively young ages.