Laser-induced fluorescence logging as a high-resolution characterisation tool to assess LNAPL mobility.

High-resolution characterisation tools such as Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) logging represent a step forward towards a more effective management of sites contaminated by light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. In this paper, the applicability of LIF response as an indicator of LNAPL mobility at one site with an unconsolidated aquifer was investigated. LIF profiles were logged adjacent to twin coring locations and wells with LNAPL transmissivity (Tn) measurements in a heterogeneous gasoline contaminated site in Western Australia. LIF response was correlated to Tn to a greater extent than LNAPL saturation (Sn) measurements from coring. In particular, LIF signal maxima were a better indicator of Tn than the integral LIF signal. Furthermore, LIF allowed rapid identification of areas with long-term near-immobile LNAPL (entrapped and residual) because of the multi-wavelength waveforms associated with distinct subsurface characteristics. It was also demonstrated that the delineation of presumably less-mobile intervals could be enhanced by using the relative LIF response in the 350 nm wavelength channel. Thus, this work gave evidence that LIF logging provides valuable information about LNAPL distribution and mobility in commonly found subsurface settings, despite generally poor correlations with Sn measurements. LIF probes can be successfully used to guide the installation and application of more costly conventional methods in addition to the development of existing site models.

LNAPL transmissivity as a remediation metric in complex sites under water table fluctuations.

Water table fluctuations affect the recoverability of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) petroleum hydrocarbons. LNAPL transmissivity (Tn) is being applied as an improved metric for LNAPL recoverability. In this paper, the applicability of Tn as a lagging and leading metric in unconsolidated aquifers under variable water table conditions was investigated. Tn values obtained through baildown testing and recovery data-based methods (skimming) were compared in three areas of a heterogeneous gasoline contaminated site in Western Australia. High-resolution characterisation methods were applied to account for differences in the stratigraphic profile and LNAPL distribution. The results showed a range of Tn from 0 m2/day to 2.13 m2/day, exhibiting a strong spatial and temporal variability. Additionally, observations indicated that Tn reductions may be more affected by the potentiometric surface elevation (Zaw) than by the application of mass recovery technologies. These observations reflected limitations of Tn as a lagging metric and a Remedial Endpoint. On the other hand, the consistency and accuracy of Tn as a leading metric was affected by the subsurface conditions. For instance, the area with a larger vertical LNAPL distribution and higher LNAPL saturations found Tn to be less sensitive to changes in Zaw than the other two areas during the skimming trials. Tn values from baildown and skimming tests were generally in a close agreement (less than a factor of 2 difference), although higher discrepancies (by a factor up to 7.3) were found, probably linked to a preferential migration pathway and Zaw. Under stable Zaw, Tn was found to be a relatively reliable metric. However, variable water table conditions affected Tn and caution should be exercised in such scenarios. Consequently, remediation practitioners, researchers and regulators should account for the nexus between Tn, LNAPL distribution, geological setting and temporal effects for a more efficient and sustainable management of complex contaminated sites.

Optimization of electrocoagulation (EC) process for the purification of a real industrial wastewater from toxic metals.

In the present work, the efficiency evaluation of electrocoagulation (EC) in removing toxic metals from a real industrial wastewater, collected from Aspropyrgos, Athens, Greece was investigated. Manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) at respective concentrations of 5 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L were present in the wastewater (pH=6), originated from the wastes produced by EBO-PYRKAL munitions industry and Hellenic Petroleum Elefsis Refineries. The effect of operational parameters such as electrode combination and distance, applied current, initial pH and initial metal concentration, was studied. The results indicated that Cu and Zn were totally removed in all experiments, while Mn exhibited equally high removal percentages (approximately 90%). Decreasing the initial pH and increasing the distance between electrodes, resulted in a negative effect on the efficiency and energy consumption of the process. On the other hand, increasing the applied current, favored metal removal but resulted in a power consumption increase. Different initial concentrations did not affect metal removal efficiency. The optimal results, regarding both cost and EC efficiency, were obtained with a combination of iron electrodes, at 2 cm distance, at initial current of 0.1 A and pH=6. After 90 min of treatment, maximum removal percentages obtained were 89% for Mn, 100% for Cu and 100% for Zn, at an energy consumption of 2.55 kWh/m(3).