Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Subdural Collection in a Comatose Patient: Do Not Forget Intracranial Hypotension. A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The typical sign of intracranial hypotension (IH) is postural headache. However, IH can be associated with a large diversity of clinical or radiological signs leading to difficult diagnosis especially in case of coma. The association of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and subdural hemorrhage is rare but should suggest the diagnosis of IH. METHODS: Case report. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report here a case of comatose patient due to spontaneous IH complicated by CVT and subdural hemorrhage. The correct diagnosis was delayed due to many confounding factors. IH was suspected after subdural hemorrhage recurrence and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After 2 epidural patches with colloid, favorable outcome was observed. DISCUSSION: The most common presentation of IH is postural orthostatic headaches. In the present case report, the major clinical signs were worsening of consciousness and coma, which are a rare presentation. Diagnosis of IH is based on the association of clinical history, evocative symptomatology, and cerebral imaging. CVT occurs in 1-2% of IH cases and the association between IH, CVT, and subdural hemorrhage is rare. MRI is probably the key imaging examination. In the present case, epidural patch was performed after confounding factors for coma had been treated. Benefit of anticoagulation had to be balanced in this case with potential hemorrhagic complications, especially within the brain. CONCLUSION: Association of CVT and subdural hemorrhage should lead to suspect IH. Brain imaging can help and find specific signs of IH.

Diagnostic accuracy of a revised computed tomography angiography score for brain death confirmation, combining supra-tentorial arteries and infra-tentorial veins.

PURPOSE: The 4-point score is the corner stone of brain death (BD) confirmation using computed tomography angiography (CTA). We hypothesized that considering the superior petrosal veins (SPVs) may improve CTA diagnosis performance in BD setting. We aimed at comparing the diagnosis performance of three revised CTA scores including SPVs and the 4-point score in the confirmation of BD. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 69 consecutive adult-patients admitted in a French University Hospital meeting clinical brain death criteria and receiving at least one CTA were included. CTA images were reviewed by two blinded neuroradiologists. A first analysis compared the 4-point score, considered as the reference and three non-opacification scores: a "Toulouse score" including SPVs and middle cerebral arteries, a "venous score" including SPVs and internal cerebral veins and a "7-score" including all these vessels and the basilar artery. Psychometric tools, observer agreement and misclassification rates were assessed. A second analysis considered clinical examination as the reference. RESULTS: Brain death was confirmed by the 4-score in 59 cases (89.4 %). When compared to the 4-score, the Toulouse score displayed a 100 % positive predictive value, a substantial observer agreement (0.77 [0.53; 1]) and the least misclassification rate (3.03 %). Results were similar in the craniectomy subgroup. The Toulouse score was the only revised test that combined a sensitivity close to that of the 4-score (86.4 % [75.7; 93.6] and 89.4 % [79.4; 95.6], p-value < 0.001, respectively) and a substantial observer agreement. CONCLUSIONS: A score including SPVs and middle cerebral arteries is a valid method for BD confirmation using CTA even in patients receiving craniectomy.

The optimal time between clinical brain death diagnosis and confirmation using CT angiography: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In several countries, a computed tomography angiography (CTA) is used to confirm brain death (BD). A six­hour interval is recommended between clinical diagnosis and CTA acquisition despite the lack of strong evidence to support this interval. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal timing for CTA in the confirmation of BD. METHODS: This retrospective observational study enrolled all adult patients admitted between January 2009 and December 2013 to the intensive care units of a French university hospital with clinically diagnosed BD and at least one CTA performed as a confirmatory test. The CTAs were identified as conclusive (e.g. yielding confirmation of BD) or inconclusive (e.g. showing persistent brain circulation). RESULTS: One hundred and four patients (sex ratio M/F 1.8; age 55 years [41­64]) underwent 117 CTAs. CTAs confirmed cerebral circulatory arrest in 94 cases yielding a sensitivity of 80%. Inconclusive CTAs were performed earlier than conclusive ones (2 hours [1­3] vs. 4 hours [2­9], P=0.03) and were associated with decompressive craniectomy (5 cases [23%] vs. 6 cases [7%], P=0.05) and the failure to complete full neurological examination (5 cases [23%] vs. 4 cases [5%], P=0.02). Six hours after BD clinical diagnosis, the proportion of conclusive CTA was only 51%, with progressive increase overtime with more than 80% of conclusive CTA after 12 hours. CONCLUSIONS: A 12­hour interval might be appropriate in order to limit the risk of inconclusive CTAs.

Successful treatment of inverted Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after severe traumatic brain injury with milrinone after dobutamine failure.

BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can occur at the early phase of severe acute brain injuries. In the case of cardiac output decrease or shock, the optimal treatment is still a matter of debate. Due to massive stress hormone release, the infusion of catecholamines may have limited effects and may even aggravate cardiac failure. Other inotropic agents may be an option. Levosimendan has been shown to have potential beneficial effects in this setting, although milrinone has not been studied. METHODS: We report a case of a young female presenting with inverted Takotsubo cardiomyopathy syndrome after severe traumatic brain injury. RESULTS: Due to hemodynamic instability and increasing levels of infused norepinephrine, dobutamine infusion was begun but rapidly stopped due to tachyarrhythmia. Milrinone infusion stabilized the patient's hemodynamic status and improved cardiac output without deleterious effects. CONCLUSION: Milrinone could be a good alternative when inotropes are required in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and when dobutamine infusion is associated with tachyarrhythmia.