Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1.

Seven Fusarium species complexes are treated, namely F. aywerte species complex (FASC) (two species), F. buharicum species complex (FBSC) (five species), F. burgessii species complex (FBURSC) (three species), F. camptoceras species complex (FCAMSC) (three species), F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC) (eight species), F. citricola species complex (FCCSC) (five species) and the F. concolor species complex (FCOSC) (four species). New species include Fusicolla elongata from soil (Zimbabwe), and Neocosmospora geoasparagicola from soil associated with Asparagus officinalis (Netherlands). New combinations include Neocosmospora akasia, N. awan, N. drepaniformis, N. duplosperma, N. geoasparagicola, N. mekan, N. papillata, N. variasi and N. warna. Newly validated taxa include Longinectria gen. nov., L. lagenoides, L. verticilliforme, Fusicolla gigas and Fusicolla guangxiensis. Furthermore, Fusarium rosicola is reduced to synonymy under N. brevis. Finally, the genome assemblies of Fusarium secorum (CBS 175.32), Microcera coccophila (CBS 310.34), Rectifusarium robinianum (CBS 430.91), Rugonectria rugulosa (CBS 126565), and Thelonectria blattea (CBS 952.68) are also announced here. Citation: Crous PW, Sandoval-Denis M, Costa MM, Groenewald JZ, van Iperen AL, Starink-Willemse M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Kandemir H, Ulaszewski B, de Boer W, Abdel-Azeem AM, Abdollahzadeh J, Akulov A, Bakhshi M, Bezerra JDP, Bhunjun CS, Câmara MPS, Chaverri P, Vieira WAS, Decock CA, Gaya E, Gené J, Guarro J, Gramaje D, Grube M, Gupta VK, Guarnaccia V, Hill R, Hirooka Y, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Jurjevic Z, Korsten L, Lamprecht SC, Lombard L, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Polizzi G, Rajeshkumar KC, Salgado-Salazar C, Shang Q-J, Shivas RG, Summerbell RC, Sun GY, Swart WJ, Tan YP, Vizzini A, Xia JW, Zare R, González CD, Iturriaga T, Savary O, Coton M, Coton E, Jany J-L, Liu C, Zeng Z-Q, Zhuang W-Y, Yu Z-H, Thines M (2022). Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 9: 161-200. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.09.08.

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell.

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).

Recién nacida con nevo melanocítico congénito gigante «en calzón» / Newborn girl with giant congenital melanocytic “garment” nevus

El nevo melanocítico congénito gigante es una lesión pigmentada de gran tamaño presente al nacimiento. Su incidencia es de 1/1.000-500.000 recién nacidos. La localización más frecuente es el tronco posterior, la cara, el cuero cabelludo y las extremidades. Puede tener una morfología curiosa «en bañador » o «capelina». Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida con un nevo congénito gigante «en calzón», que ocupaba toda la zona genital, inguinal, glútea, superior de ambos muslos e inferior del tórax, con pigmentación color marrón oscuro y negro, e hipertricosis, así como 3 más pequeños en las zonas parietal izquierda, antebrazo derecho y mentón. Además, presentaba lesiones planas pigmentadas en las extremidades y el tórax. Las analíticas, las ecografías abdominal y cerebral, la radiografía de raquis óseo y la resonancia magnética medular eran normales. El resultado de la biopsia de piel afectada fue de nevo intradérmico. La mayor complicación del nevo melanocítico congénito gigante, aparte del problema estético, es la malignización. Estos nevos pueden asociarse con melanosis neurocutánea hasta en un 25% de los casos. Es fundamental el inicio del tratamiento lo más precoz posible

The giant congenital melanocytic nevus is a large pigmented lesion that is present at birth. Its incidence ranges between 1/1000-500000 newborns. The most common sites are posterior trunk, face, scalp and extremities. They can have a curious morphology, for example, “bathing trunk” or cape-like. The authors present the case of a newborn girl with a giant congenital “garment” nevus, which occupies the entire genital and inguinal regions and buttocks, as well as the upper thighs and lower thorax. It has a dark brown and black pigmentation and hypertrichosis, and there are three smaller nevi in the left parietal region, the forearm and the chin. Furthermore, there are flat, pigmented lesions in extremities and thorax. The results of laboratory tests, abdominal and cerebral ultrasound, radiography of the bony spine and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal column were normal. The biopsy of the affected skin revealed the presence of an intradermal nevus. The major complication of a giant congenital melanocyte nevus, apart from the cosmetic problem, is its malignant transformation. These nevi can be associated with neurocutaneous melanosis in up to 25% of the cases. It is essential to initiate treatment as soon as possible

[Incidence of allergic rhinitis in a cohort of schoolchildren between 1994 and 2002 in Castellón (Spain), following the ISAAC study]. / Incidencia de rinitis alérgica en escolares entre 1994 y 2002 en Castellón según el estudio ISAAC.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren in Castellón by comparing phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), carried out in 1994 and 2002, respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort study was performed with 3607 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years old who participated in phase I of the ISAAC study. Of these, 1805 participated in phase III (8 years later) at the age of 14-15 years, with 1627 schoolchildren without allergic rhinitis in phase I. The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis was estimated. Two definitions of new cases of allergic rhinitis were used: the first was based on medical diagnosis or treatment of the disease, and the second also included symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the previous 12 months. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Participation was 50.0 %, and 151 new cases of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition (cumulative incidence of 9.3 % and 1.2 % per year) and 339 new cases according to the second definition (cumulative incidence of 20.8 % and 2.6 % per year) were found. No differences in incidence by gender were observed with the first definition (RR = 1.00 95 % CI 0.73-1.38) but with the second definition, the incidence was greater in girls (RR = 1.46 95 % CI 1.18-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition was in the range of incidence from cohort studies of adolescents.

Incidencia de rinitis alérgica en escolares entre 1994 y 2002 en Castellón según el estudio ISAAC / Incidence of allergic rhinitis in a cohort of schoolchildren between 1994 and 2002 in Castellón (Spain), following the ISAAC study

Objetivo Estimar la incidencia de rinitis alérgica en población escolar de Castellón al comparar las fases I y III del International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), efectuadas en 1994 y 2002, respectivamente. Material y métodos Se estudió una cohorte de 3.607 escolares que participaron en la fase I (grupo de 6 y 7 años). De ellos, 8 años más tarde, participaron en la fase III 1.805 (grupo de 14 y 15 años), con 1.627 escolares sin rinitis alérgica en la fase I. Se estimó la incidencia acumulada de rinitis alérgica. Se utilizaron dos definiciones como caso nuevo de rinitis alérgica, la primera por diagnóstico o tratamiento médico de la rinitis alérgica y la segunda incluyendo, además, síntomas en los últimos 12 meses. Se calculó el riesgo relativo mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados La participación alcanzó el 50 % y se detectaron 151 casos nuevos de rinitis alérgica según la primera definición (incidencia acumulada 9,3 y 1,2 % anual), y 339 casos nuevos con la segunda definición (incidencia acumulada 20,8 y 2,6 % anual). No se observaron diferencias por sexo para la primera definición (riesgo relativo [RR]: 1,00; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC 95 %]: 0,73-1,38), pero con la segunda definición las mujeres tuvieron mayor incidencia (RR: 1,46; IC 95 %: 1,18-1,82). Conclusiones La incidencia acumulada de rinitis alérgica según la primera definición fue comparable a las estimadas en estudios de cohorte de poblaciones adolescentes

Objective To estimate the incidence of allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren in Castellón by comparing phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), carried out in 1994 and 2002, respectively. Material and methods A cohort study was performed with 3607 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years old who participated in phase I of the ISAAC study. Of these, 1805 participated in phase III (8 years later) at the age of 14-15 years, with 1627 schoolchildren without allergic rhinitis in phase I. The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis was estimated. Two definitions of new cases of allergic rhinitis were used: the first was based on medical diagnosis or treatment of the disease, and the second also included symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the previous 12 months. Relative risks were calculated using Poisson regression. Results Participation was 50.0 %, and 151 new cases of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition (cumulative incidence of 9.3 % and 1.2 % per year) and 339 new cases according to the second definition (cumulative incidence of 20.8 % and 2.6 % per year) were found. No differences in incidence by gender were observed with the first definition (RR = 1.00 95 % CI 0.73-1.38) but with the second definition, the incidence was greater in girls (RR = 1.46 95 % CI 1.18-1.82). Conclusions The cumulative incidence of allergic rhinitis according to the first definition was in the range of incidence from cohort studies of adolescents

Efecto del selenio en dieta sobre la neurotoxicidad inducida por MDMA ("éxtasis") en cerebro de ratón / Effect of dietary selenium on MDMA ("ecstasy")-induced neurotoxicity in brain mouse

Se ha estudiado el efecto del selenio en la dieta sobre los efectos a largo plazo inducidos por MDMA sobre las neuronas que contienen dopamina y serotonina en el cerebro del ratón. Los animales fueron alimentados con una dieta deficiente en selenio (< 0,02 mg/kg) o suplementada en selenio (0,2 mg/kg) durante ocho semanas. En la séptima semana, los ratones recibieron tres inyecciones de MDMA (15 mg/kg, i.p. cada tres horas) o salino y se sacrificaron siete días más tarde.La administración de MDMA produjo una disminución en la concentración estriatal de dopamina en ambos grupos dietéticos, aunque la depleción fue considerablemente mayor en ratones selenio-deficientes (64 por ciento) que en los suplementados en selenio (30 por ciento). Además se observó una reducción en la concentración de serotonina (17-32 por ciento) en el cerebro de ratones selenio-deficientes pero no en los suplementados en selenio. No hubo diferencia en la respuesta hipertérmica inducida por MDMA en ambos grupos dietéticos. La dieta selenio-deficiente originó una disminución en la actividad de la glutation peroxidasa (30 por ciento) en estriado y corteza de ratón y un incremento en el grado de peroxidación lipídica en sinaptosomas corticales. Estos resultados indican que una deficiencia en el contenido de selenio en la dieta altera el mecanismo de detoxificación del cerebro del ratón y potencia la neurotoxicidad inducida por MDMA. (AU)

Efecto de la fluoxetina y GBR 12909 frente a la neurotoxicidad inducida por MDMA ('éxtasis,) en rata y ratón / Effect of fluoxetine and GBR 12909 against MDMA (<>)-induced neurotoxicity in rat and mouse

Este estudio enfatiza las diferencias sustanciales que existen entre el efecto neurotóxico de MDMA en ratones y ratas. En la rata, MDMA es una neurotoxina específica que actúa sobre los terminales nerviosos seroninérgicos, dejando intacto el contenido dopaminérgico cerebral. En ratón sucede lo contrario. En ratas, el inhibidor de la recaptación de serotonina fluoxetina protege frente al daño inducido por MDMA en los terminales nerviosos serotoninérgicos. En el ratón, el inhibidor de la recaptación de dopamina GBR 12909 protege frente a la neurotoxicidad de los terminales nerviosos dopaminérgicos. Estos datos indican que el sistema de transporte de serotonina y dopamina es esencial para el desarrollo de la lesión neuronal que provoca la MDMA a largo plazo en el cerebro de la rata y del ratón. Finalmente, los cambios agudos inducidos por MDMA sobre la temperatura corporal, específicamente la hipertermia aguda, no parece ser un factor determinante en el desarrollo del efecto neurodegenerativo que produce la MDMA en roedores (AU)

[Double-blind comparative study between difluocortolone-valerianate and fluocinolone-acetonide ointments]. / Estudio comparativo doble ciego entre el valerianato de diflucortolona en crema y el acetonido de fluocinolona crema.

Nerisone cream (diflucortolon valerate 0.1%) has been clinically compared with fluocinolon-acetate on a double blind basis. The trial was carried out on 30 patients. The author comments that the results, in spite of some slight casuisties, appear to indicate a certain superiority of Nerisone cream when compared with the competitor's preparation.