Secondary Glaucoma after Cataract Surgery performed in Infancy in Congenital Rubella Syndrome -A Case Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery performed in infancy in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and children with non-rubella cataracts and to identify associated risk factors. DESIGN: Retrospective case control study. PARTICIPANTS: Children with CRS who had undergone cataract surgery in infancy and age matched infants who had undergone cataract surgery for infantile cataracts were included. METHODS: Incidence of glaucoma and probability of survival was compared among the two groups. Risk factors for the development of glaucoma were assessed. The minimum follow up was 1 year after cataract surgery. RESULTS: The study included 211 eyes of 115 children. The CRS group (cases) had 101 eyes (58 children) and the non-rubella cataract group (controls) included 110 eyes (57 children). There was no significant difference in the mean age at surgery among the two groups (p=0.96). Cumulative incidence of secondary childhood glaucoma for the entire study period of 14 years was 32.7% in the CRS group and 24.5% in the control group (p=0.19). Mean follow-up was 5.8 ± 3.7years for CRS group and 6.4± 3.4years for the non-rubella group. A significant difference in the cumulative probability of glaucoma free survival at 10 years after cataract surgery (cases 0.53 versus controls 0.8; log rank p-0.034) was present. Both groups had no significant difference in the time of onset of secondary glaucoma, average number of intraocular pressure lowering medications and number of eyes with surgical intervention for glaucoma (p>0.05). Microcornea was associated with the development of glaucoma (hazard ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval 1.44-5.57; p=0.002) in CRS eyes. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the incidence of secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery performed in infants with CRS compared to infants who had undergone surgery for infantile cataracts. Since the ten year probability of glaucoma free survival was significantly less in children with CRS, a closer and longer follow up is recommended especially in eyes with at-risk features.

Cataract surgery outcomes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of cataract surgery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The medical records of all pediatric patients (<18 years of age) with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus who had undergone surgery for cataract between January 2000 and December 2019 at a tertiary care center were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 27 eyes of 15 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. Median age at cataract surgery was 13 (IQR, 9.5-16) years, and median follow-up was 3.8 (IQR, 1.25-7.2) years, with 11 eyes followed for more than 5 years. Visual acuity improved from a median preoperative value of 0.8 (IQR, 0.55-1.3) logMAR to 0.15 (IQR, 0-0.45) logMAR at final follow-up. Posterior capsular visual axis opacification in 40.7% and diabetic retinopathy in 14.8% were the common complications requiring additional intervention, including laser capsulotomy and panretinal photocoagulation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes leads to improvement in visual acuity. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy can lead to poor visual outcomes in these children. Visual axis opacification occurs at similar rates with or without primary posterior capsulorhexis.

Proteomics analysis of differentially abundant proteins in the rohu kidney infected with Edwardsiella tarda.

Edwardsiella tarda (Et) is a zoonotic gram-negative pathogen with a diverse host range, including fish. However, the in-depth molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Labeo rohita (rohu) kidney to Et are poorly understood. A proteomic and histopathological analysis was performed for the rohu kidney after Et infection. The histopathology of the infected rohu kidney showed vacuolation and necrosis. After LC-MS/MS analysis, ~1240 proteins were identified with ≥2 unique peptides. A total of 96 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were observed between the control and Et infected group (ET). Metascape and STRING analysis were used for the gene ontology (GO), and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) for the significant pathways of DAPs. In PPI, low-abundant proteins were mapped to metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (cox5ab, uqcrfs1). High-abundance proteins were mapped to ribosomes (rplp2), protein process in the ER (hspa8), and immune system (ptgdsb.1, muc2). Our label-free proteomic approach in the rohu kidney revealed abundant enriched proteins involved in vesicle coat (ehd4), complement activation (c3a.1, c9, c7a), phagosome (thbs4, mapk1), metabolic reprogramming (hao1, glud1a), wound healing (vim, alox5), and the immune system (psap) after Et infection. A targeted proteomics approach of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) validated the DAPs (nprl3, ambp, vmo1a, hspg2, muc2, hao1 and glud1a) between control and ET. Overall, the current analysis of histology and proteome in the rohu kidney provides comprehensive data on pathogenicity and the potential immune proteins against Et.

How Does Parental Monitoring Reduce Adolescent Substance Use? Preliminary Tests of Two Potential Mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test two non-exclusive mechanisms by which parental monitoring might reduce teen substance use. The first mechanism (M1) is that monitoring increases punishment for substance use since parents who monitor more are more likely to find out when substance use occurs. The second mechanism (M2) is that monitoring directly prevents/averts teens from using substances in the first place for fear that parents would find out. METHOD: A total of 4,503 teens ages 11-15 years old in 21 communities across the United States completed a survey reporting on parents' monitoring/knowledge and teens' substance use. RESULTS: We found no support for M1: Parents with greater parental monitoring were not more likely to be aware when the teen had used substances (odds ratios = 0.79-0.93, ps = .34-.85), so they could not have increased the rate of punishment. We found support for M2: When asked directly, teens identified instances in which they planned to or had a chance to use substances but did not because their parents got in the way or would have found out (p < .01). Had all those opportunities for substance use occurred rather than been averted by parents, the prevalence of substance use in the sample would have been 1.4 times higher. CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based sample of teens, we failed to support prior punishment-centric theories of how monitoring might reduce teen substance use. Rather, monitoring may directly discourage teens from using substances regardless of whether it increases parents' awareness of substance use or results in more punishment. Replication in other samples and contexts is needed.

IL-17A Orchestrates Reactive Oxygen Species/HIF1α-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming in Psoriasis.

Immune cell-derived IL-17A is one of the key pathogenic cytokines in psoriasis, an immunometabolic disorder. Although IL-17A is an established regulator of cutaneous immune cell biology, its functional and metabolic effects on nonimmune cells of the skin, particularly keratinocytes, have not been comprehensively explored. Using multiomics profiling and systems biology-based approaches, we systematically uncover significant roles for IL-17A in the metabolic reprogramming of human primary keratinocytes (HPKs). High-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed IL-17A-dependent regulation of multiple HPK proteins and metabolites of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Systems-level MitoCore modeling using flux-balance analysis identified IL-17A-mediated increases in HPK glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and lipid uptake, which were validated using biochemical cell-based assays and stable isotope-resolved metabolomics. IL-17A treatment triggered downstream mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and HIF1α expression and resultant HPK proliferation, consistent with the observed elevation of these downstream effectors in the epidermis of patients with psoriasis. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF1α or reactive oxygen species reversed IL-17A-mediated glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid uptake, and HPK hyperproliferation. These results identify keratinocytes as important target cells of IL-17A and reveal its involvement in multiple downstream metabolic reprogramming pathways in human skin.

A proteome-level view of brain tumors for a better understanding of novel diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Brain tumors are complex and heterogeneous malignancies with significant challenges in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins and their functions, has emerged as a powerful tool to comprehensively investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying brain tumor regulation. AREAS COVERED: This review explores brain tumors from a proteomic standpoint, highlighting recent progress and insights gained through proteomic methods. It delves into the proteomic techniques employed and underscores potential biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment planning. Recent PubMed Central proteomic studies (2017-present) are discussed, summarizing findings on altered protein expression, post-translational changes, and protein interactions. This sheds light on brain tumor signaling pathways and their significance in innovative therapeutic approaches. EXPERT OPINION: Proteomics offers immense potential for revolutionizing brain tumor diagnosis and therapy. To unlock its full benefits, further translational research is crucial. Combining proteomics with other omics data enhances our grasp of brain tumors. Validating and translating proteomic biomarkers are vital for better patient results. Challenges include tumor complexity, lack of curated proteomic databases, and the need for collaboration between researchers and clinicians. Overcoming these challenges requires investment in technology, data sharing, and translational research.

Brain tumors are complex and diverse types of cancer that present significant challenges in their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Proteomics, a field that focuses on studying proteins and their functions on a large scale has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding how brain tumors work at the molecular level. In this review, we offer a detailed look into the role of proteomics in studying brain tumor regulation, discussing recent advancements and insights gained from proteomic techniques. We explore various mass spectrometry-based proteomic methods, which help uncover unique protein patterns associated with brain tumors. By analyzing changes in protein expression, modifications, interactions, and location within cells, researchers have gained important knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of brain tumors. Proteomics also plays a crucial role in identifying potential biomarkers for early detection, predicting patient outcomes, and developing targeted therapies and immunotherapies. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as integrating data from different 'omics' fields, standardizing protocols and analysis procedures and utilizing artificial intelligence to interpret complex proteomic data. We require more robust attempts at validating and translating all these findings for patient benefit.

The adolescent brain cognitive development study.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study was launched by the Collaborative Research on Addiction at NIH (CRAN) in 2016 and is now supported by 11 other federal agencies and centers. The six primary aims of ABCD were to: Develop national standards for normal brain development for youth ages 9-19 years; Determine individual developmental trajectories (e.g., brain, cognitive, and emotional development, academic progress), and identify factors that can influence (protectively or adversely) these developmental patterns; Examine the roles of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors in youth development, as well as their interactions; Evaluate the effects of health, physical activity, sleep, social activities, sports injuries, and other experiences on brain and developmental outcomes; Assess the onset and progression of mental health (MH) disorders and factors that influence their course and severity as well as the relations between MH and substance use (SU); Determine how substance exposure patterns affect developmental outcomes, including brain development, and vice versa. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Proteomic Investigation of COVID-19 Severity During the Tsunamic Second Wave in Mumbai.

Maharashtra was severely affected during the noxious second wave of COVID-19, with the highest number of cases recorded across India. The emergence of new symptoms and dysregulation of multiple organs resulted in high disease severity during the second wave which led to increased difficulties in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the disease pathology. Exploring the underlying factors can help to relieve the burden on the medical communities to some extent by prioritizing the patients and, at the same time, opening avenues for improved treatments. In the current study, we have performed a mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to investigate the disease pathology using nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from the COVID-19 patients in the Mumbai region of Maharashtra over the period of March-June 2021, the peak of the second wave. A total of 59 patients, including 32 non-severe and 27 severe cases, were considered for this proteomic study. We identified 23 differentially regulated proteins in severe patients as a host response to infection. In addition to the previously identified innate mechanisms of neutrophil and platelet degranulation, this study revealed significant alterations of anti-microbial peptide pathways in severe conditions, illustrating its role in the severity of the infectious strain of COVID-19 during the second wave. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, and profilin-1 were identified as potential therapeutic targets of the FDA-approved drugs dabrafenib, ZINC4097343, and ritonavir. This study has enlightened the role of the anti-microbial peptide pathway associated with the second wave in India and proposed its importance in potential therapeutics for COVID-19.

Pandemic-Related Changes in the Prevalence of Early Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use, 2020-2021: Data From a Multisite Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Evaluate changes in early adolescent substance use from May 2020 to May 2021 during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using data from a prospective nationwide cohort: the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. METHODS: In 2018-2019, 9,270 youth aged 11.5-13.0 completed a prepandemic assessment of past-month alcohol and drug use, then up to seven during-pandemic assessments between May 2020 and May 2021. We compared the prevalence of substance use among same-age youth across these eight timepoints. RESULTS: Pandemic-related decreases in the past-month prevalence of alcohol use were detectable in May 2020, grew larger over time, and remained substantial in May 2021 (0.3% vs. 3.2% prepandemic, p <.001). Pandemic-related increases in inhalant use (p = .04) and prescription drug misuse (p < .001) were detectable in May 2020, shrunk over time, and were smaller but still detectable in May 2021(0.1%-0.2% vs. 0% pre-pandemic). Pandemic-related increases in nicotine use were detectable between May 2020 and March 2021 and no longer significantly different from prepandemic levels in May 2021 (0.5% vs. 0.2% prepandemic, p = .09). There was significant heterogeneity in pandemic-related change in substance use at some timepoints, with increased rates among youth identified as Black or Hispanic or in lower-income families versus stable or decreased rates among youth identified as White or in higher-income families. DISCUSSION: Among youth ages 11.5-13.0 years old, rates of alcohol use remained dramatically reduced in May 2021 relative to prepandemic and rates of prescription drug misuse and inhalant use remained modestly increased. Differences remained despite the partial restoration of prepandemic life, raising questions about whether youth who spent early adolescence under pandemic conditions may exhibit persistently different patterns of substance use.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on screen time and sleep in early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents and families have turned to online activities and social platforms more than ever to maintain well-being, connect remotely with friends and family, and online schooling. However, excessive screen use can have negative effects on health (e.g., sleep). This study examined changes in sleep habits and recreational screen time (social media, video gaming), and their relationship, before and across the first year of the pandemic in adolescents in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. METHOD: Mixed-effect models were used to examine associations between self-reported sleep and screen time using longitudinal data of 5,027 adolescents in the ABCD Study, assessed before the pandemic (10-13 years) and across six time points between May 2020 and March 2021 (pandemic). RESULTS: Time in bed varied, being higher during May-August 2020 relative to pre-pandemic, partially related to the school summer break, before declining in October 2020 to levels lower than pre-pandemic. Screen time steeply increased and remained high across all pandemic time points relative to pre-pandemic. Higher social media use and video gaming were associated with shorter time in bed, later bedtimes, and longer sleep onset latency. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep behavior and screen time changed during the pandemic in early adolescents. More screen time was associated with poorer sleep behavior, before and during the pandemic. While recreational screen usage is an integral component of adolescent's activities, especially during the pandemic, excessive use can have negative effects on essential health behaviors, highlighting the need to promote balanced screen usage. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Orbital leiomyoma presenting as inverse globe retraction syndrome: a unique presentation of a rare disease.

Inverse globe retraction syndrome is a rare ocular motility disorder characterized by limited abduction, with globe retraction and up- or downshoots on attempted abduction, differentiating it from globe retraction due to Duane retraction syndrome, seen on attempted adduction. It can be congenital or acquired. We report the case of a 3-year-old girl who presented with classical features of inverse globe retraction syndrome secondary to an underlying orbital tumor involving the medial rectus muscle. Incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a leiomyoma. At 10 months' follow-up, vision, ocular alignment, and ocular motility had improved.

Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Risks of Financial Insecurity and Coping.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, families have experienced unprecedented financial and social disruptions. We studied the impact of preexisting psychosocial factors and pandemic-related financial and social disruptions in relation to family well-being among N = 4091 adolescents and parents during early summer 2020, participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Poorer family well-being was linked to prepandemic psychosocial and financial adversity and was associated with pandemic-related material hardship and social disruptions to routines. Parental alcohol use increased risk for worsening of family relationships, while a greater endorsement of coping strategies was mainly associated with overall better family well-being. Financial and mental health support may be critical for family well-being during and after a widespread crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Location matters: Regional variation in association of community burden of COVID-19 with caregiver and youth worry.

Our study characterized associations between three indicators of COVID-19's community-level impact in 20 geographically diverse metropolitan regions and how worried youth and their caregivers in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study have been about COVID-19. County-level COVID-19 case/death rates and monthly unemployment rates were geocoded to participants' addresses. Caregivers' (vs. youths') COVID-19-related worry was more strongly associated with COVID-19's community impact, independent of sociodemographics and pre-pandemic anxiety levels, with these associations varying by location. Public-health agencies and healthcare providers should avoid adopting uniform "one-size-fits-all" approaches to addressing COVID-19-related emotional distress and must consider specific communities' needs, challenges, and strengths.

Dataset on farmers' perception of commodity futures market.

The commodity futures market plays a major role in reducing the price risk for the participants. Unfortunately, the farmers' participation in the futures market particularly from the Tamil Nadu region is very less. A survey was conducted using the interview method to identify the information sources used by farmers for taking pricing decisions, the awareness and perception of farmers towards the futures market, and its effect on preferred marketing alternatives. The data cleaning process was done using content validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability test using Cronbach's alpha, and the assumptions of normality and multicollinearity were examined. The data will be of potential use to researchers who wish to explore farmers' behavior towards hedging in the commodity futures market.

Mass spectrometry and proteome analysis to identify SARS-CoV-2 protein from COVID-19 patient swab samples.

With new emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains and their increased pathogenicity, diagnosis has become more challenging. Molecular diagnosis often involves the use of nasopharyngeal swabs and subsequent real-time PCR-based tests. Although this test is the gold standard, it has several limitations; therefore, more complementary assays are required. This protocol describes how to identify SARS-CoV-2 protein from patients' nasopharyngeal swab samples. We first introduce the approach of label-free quantitative proteomics. We then detail target verification by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Bankar et al. (2021).

Measuring retention within the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD)SM study.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)SM study aims to retain a demographically diverse sample of youth and one parent across 21 sites throughout its 10-year protocol while minimizing selective (systematic) attrition. To evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts, the ABCD Retention Workgroup (RW) has employed a data-driven approach to examine, track, and intervene via three key metrics: (1) which youth completed visits late; (2) which youth missed visits; and (3) which youth withdrew from the study. The RW actively examines demographic (race, education level, family income) and site factors (visit satisfaction, distance from site, and enrollment in ancillary studies) to strategize efforts that will minimize disengagement and loss of participating youth and parents. Data showed that the most robust primary correlates of late visits were distance from study site, race, and parental education level. Race, lower parental education level, parental employment status, and lower family income were associated with higher odds of missed visits, while being enrolled in one of the ancillary studies was associated with lower odds of missed visits. Additionally, parents who were primary Spanish speakers withdrew at slightly higher rates. These findings provide insight into future targets for proactive retention efforts by the ABCD RW.

The Pandemic's Toll on Young Adolescents: Prevention and Intervention Targets to Preserve Their Mental Health.

PURPOSE: Adolescence is characterized by dramatic physical, social, and emotional changes, making teens particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This longitudinal study identifies young adolescents who are most vulnerable to the psychological toll of the pandemic and provides insights to inform strategies to help adolescents cope better in times of crisis. METHODS: A data-driven approach was applied to a longitudinal, demographically diverse cohort of more than 3,000 young adolescents (11-14 years) participating in the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study in the United States, including multiple prepandemic visits and three assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic (May-August 2020). We fitted machine learning models and provided a comprehensive list of predictors of psychological distress in individuals. RESULTS: Positive affect, stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were accurately detected with our classifiers. Female sex and prepandemic internalizing symptoms and sleep problems were strong predictors of psychological distress. Parent- and youth-reported pandemic-related psychosocial factors, including poorer quality and functioning of family relationships, more screen time, and witnessing discrimination in relation to the pandemic further predicted youth distress. However, better social support, regular physical activities, coping strategies, and healthy behaviors predicted better emotional well-being. DISCUSSION: Findings highlight the importance of social connectedness and healthy behaviors, such as sleep and physical activity, as buffering factors against the deleterious effects of the pandemic on adolescents' mental health. They also point to the need for greater attention toward coping strategies that help the most vulnerable adolescents, particularly girls and those with prepandemic psychological problems.

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study Linked External Data (LED): Protocol and practices for geocoding and assignment of environmental data.

Our brain is constantly shaped by our immediate environments, and while some effects are transient, some have long-term consequences. Therefore, it is critical to identify which environmental risks have evident and long-term impact on brain development. To expand our understanding of the environmental context of each child, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® incorporates the use of geospatial location data to capture a range of individual, neighborhood, and state level data based on the child's residential location in order to elucidate the physical environmental contexts in which today's youth are growing up. We review the major considerations and types of geocoded information incorporated by the Linked External Data Environmental (LED) workgroup to expand on the built and natural environmental constructs in the existing and future ABCD Study data releases. Understanding the environmental context of each youth furthers the consortium's mission to understand factors that may influence individual differences in brain development, providing the opportunity to inform public policy and health organization guidelines for child and adolescent health.