Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption and Body Composition in Spanish Elite Rowers.

The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric characteristics and sport supplement (SS) consumption patterns of heavyweight and lightweight international rowers. Methods: The 13 heavyweights (11 males) and seven lightweights (five males) of the Spanish National Rowing Team were recruited for the study. Body composition was measured by bio-impedance analysis, and the questionnaire used in this investigation was previously validated to assess SS consumption. According to anthropometrics parameters, it was reported that male heavyweight rowers were heavier (p < 0.001) and taller (p < 0.001), but no statistical differences were reported for % body fat (p = 0.104) or % lean body mass (p = 0.161). All rowers reported consumption of at least one SS. Based on the Australian Institute of Sport's classification, higher medical supplement consumption was observed when comparing heavyweight rowers to lightweight rowers (2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5, p = 0.040). There were no differences in the totals of group A (strong scientific evidence for sports scenarios, p = 0.069), group B (emerging scientific support, deserving of further research, p = 0.776), or group C (scientific evidence not supportive of benefit and/or security amongst athletes, p = 0.484). The six most consumed SSs were iron (85%), caffeine (85%), ß-alanine (85%), energy bars (85%), vitamin supplements (80%), and isotonic drinks (80%), with no statistical differences between heavyweight and lightweight rowers (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the absence of differences in body composition (expressed as a percentage) do not represent anthropometric disadvantages for heavyweight rowers. In addition, SS consumption was similar between rowers, reporting only higher medical supplement consumption in heavyweight rowers.

Relación entre necesidades básicas y autodeterminación en deportistas de élite / Relationship between basic needs and self-determination in elite athletes / Relação entre as necessidades básicas e autodeterminação em atletas de elite

Este trabajo se centró en algunas de las predicciones hechas desde de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación a nivel contextual en la población de deportistas de élite. El objetivo principal fue estudiar la relación entre la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y la motivación, comparando ambas en función del género y la modalidad deportiva. Además se exploró la orientación de los deportistas hacia la recompensa económica. Un total de 79 deportistas de élite participaron en el estudio. Generalmente, los resultados mostraron correlaciones positivas entre la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y los grados más auto-regulados de la motivación, y correlaciones negativas entre la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y los grados menos auto-regulados. En cuanto a las diferencias en función del género y la modalidad deportiva, pruebas t para datos independientes revelaron que las mujeres sentían una mayor satisfacción de la necesidad básica de relación (t [77] = -2,46; p = .016) y una mayor motivación integrada (t [52.36] = -2,72; p = .009). Además, los hombres tenían una mayor preocupación con el hecho de ganar dinero (t [77] = 2,88; p = .005). En cuanto a la modalidad, los deportistas individuales exhibieron mayores niveles de amotivación que los de equipo (t [77] = 2,73; p =.008) y los deportistas de equipo estaban más preocupados con ganar dinero (t [77] = -2,25; p = .028). Finalmente, se discuten estos resultados teniendo en cuenta resultados de estudios previos. Éste estudio descriptivo encontró diferencias respecto a la necesidad básica de competencia y a las variables de género y modalidad (AU)

This article was focused in the study of some variables realized from the Self-Determination Theory at the contextual level in elite athletes. The aim of this article was to study the relationship between satisfaction of basic needs and motivation, comparing both variables in function of modality and gender. Also, the orientation for an economical reward has been explored. A total of 79 elite athletes participated in this study. In general, results showed positive correlations between basic needs satisfaction and more self-regulated degrees, and negative correlations between satisfaction of basic needs and the lower self-regulated degrees. As for difference regarding gender and modality, t for independent values exposed that women felt more satisfaction of the basic need of relationship (t [77] = -2,46; p = .016) and more integrated motivation (t [52.36] = -2,72; p = .009). Further, men were more worried about earning money (t [77] = 2,88; p = .005). Regarding modality, individual athletes exhibited higher amotivation than collective athletes (t [77] = 2,73; p =.008) and collective athletes were more worried about earning money (t [77] = -2,25; p = .028). Finally, results were discussed comparing it with previous literature and limitations of this study. The descriptive study illustrates differences in basic need competence, modality and gender in the variables studied (AU)

Este trabalho centrou-se em estudar algumas variáveis dadas pela Teoría da Autodeterminação no nível contextual da poblação de desportistas de élite. O objectivo principal foi avaliar a relação entre a satisfação das necessidades básicas e a motivação, comparando as duas em função do género e da modalidade desportiva. E explorar a orientação para remuneração económica. Um total de 79 desportistas de élite participaram no estudo. Geralmente os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva entre a satisfação das necesidades básicas e os graus mais auto-regulados da motivação, e correlações negativas entre a satisfação das necessidades básicas e os graus menos auto-regulados. Nas comparações realizadas em função do género e a modalidade desportiva as provas t para dados independientes exposto que as mulheres sentem uma maior satisfação da necessidade básica de relação (t [77] = -2,46; p = .016) e uma maior motivação integrada (t [52.36] = -2,72; p = .009). Também, os homens estavam mais preocupados em ganhar dinheiro (t [77] = 2,88; p = .005). Relativamenta a modalidade, os desportistas indivudais exibiram maiores níveis de desmotivação do que as equipas (t [77] = 2,73; p =.008) y os desportistas de equipa estavam mais preocupados em ganhar dinheiro (t [77] = -2,25; p = .028). Finalmente são discutidos estos resultados tendo em conta resultados de estudos previos e as limitações deste trabalho. En este estudo descritivo se encontraram diferenças na necessidade básica para as variáveis de competência e de gênero e modalidade (AU)