[Comparative efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease].

Aim To compare efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and reduced creatinine clearance.Material and methods Systematic search for literature and indirect comparison of DOACs were performed.Results The indirect comparison included five randomized clinical trials. The DOACs were comparable by the efficacy of preventing stroke and systemic embolism. The safety profiles had differences. Apixaban significantly decreased the relative risk of major bleeding compared to rivaroxaban by 27 % (relative risk (RR) 0.73; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.55-0.98). The apixaban advantage was even greater in the group of patients with a creatinine clearance <50 ml/min: RR was reduced by 48 % compared to rivaroxaban (RR=0.52; 95 % CI: 0.32-0.84), by 50 % compared to dabigatran 300 mg/day (RR=0.50; 95 % CI: 0.31-0.81), and by 48 % compared to dabigatran 220 mg/day (RR=0.52; 95 % CI: 0.32-0.85)Conclusion The indirect comparison of DOACs showed that their efficacy was comparable. With respect of safety, apixaban is the preferrable DOAC for patients with atrial fibrillation and creatinine clearance below 50 ml/min.

[Idiopathic hypercalciuria. Diagnosis and treatment].

Most patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis have a family history of the disease. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a metabolic abnormality with various causes and developmental pathways. The systematic review describes specific mutations associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. Detection of these mutations may provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disease and personalize patient management depending on the detected polymorphisms. A promising treatment option for a mutation in the vitamin D receptor gene is thiazide diuretics in combination with bisphosphonates. Among bisphosphonates, the drug of choice which has been most strongly supported by research evidence is alendronate.

Spectroscopic and laser properties of bulk iron doped zinc magnesium selenide Fe:ZnMgSe generating at 4.5 - 5.1 µm.

The Fe:Zn(1-x)Mg(x)Se (x = 0.19, 0.27, and 0.38) solid solutions spectroscopic properties were investigated and laser oscillations were achieved for the first time. The increase of the magnesium concentration in the Fe:ZnMgSe crystal was shown to result in an almost similar long wavelength shift of both absorption and fluorescence spectra of about 60 nm per each 10% of magnesium. With the Fe:ZnMgSe crystal temperature decrease, the fluorescence spectrum maximum shifts towards shorter wavelength resulting mainly from strong narrowing of the longest wavelength fluorescence line. Laser radiation wavelength dependence on the magnesium concentration as well as on temperature was observed. The Fe:ZnMgSe x = 0.38 laser oscillation wavelength increased from 4780 nm at 80 K to 4920 nm at 240 K using the optical resonator without any intracavity spectrally-selective element. In comparison with the Fe:ZnSe laser operating in similar conditions, these wavelengths at both temperatures were shifted by about 500 nm towards mid-IR region.