Sensing performances of spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu and Zn) based electrochemical sensors: A review.

The history of ferrites comes from many centuries and was fundamental in many fields. Initially, ferrites were extracted directly from nature, but in the last century, scientists learned to produce ferrites with different properties that gave origin to many advances in industrial and instrumental applications. More recently, the designed preparation of ferrites with nanometric size revealed remarkable characteristics. In the last years, different spinel ferrites were used as electroactive layers to build high-performance modified electrodes. In this review, it is presented a critical overview of the utilization of spinel ferrites (with a general formula MFe2O4, where M2+ = Mg2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) to create differentiated voltammetric sensors. The association of these materials with graphene, glassy carbon, carbon nitride, ionic liquids, nanoparticles of noble metals, oxides of transition metals and other materials can produce notable synergic responses towards electrochemical activity. Some of these sensors can produce very sensitive signals and ample concentration ranges for compounds such hydrogen peroxide, glucose and bisphenol A, and present potential for many other applications. Along this review, all these aspects will be discussed and the main results are organized in tables, using as a base the metal associated with the ferrite.

Electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction promoted by cobalt-Prussian blue and its thermal decomposition product under mild conditions.

Cobalt-Prussian blue analogues are remarkable catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (water oxidation) under mild conditions such as neutral pH. Although there are extensive reports in the literature about the application of these catalysts in water oxidation (the limiting step for hydrogen evolution), some limitations must be overcome in terms of improving the turnover frequency, oxygen production, long term stability, and elucidation of the mechanism. Another important feature to consider is the industrial processability of electrolytic cells for water splitting. For these reasons, we have reported herein a comparison of the electrochemical and chemical properties of three catalysts produced from cobalt-Prussian blue. Co-Co PBA 60 refers to cobalt-Prussian blue heated up to 60 °C with a high content of water. Co-Co PBA 200 is the same starting material but heated up to 200 °C with a low water content. Finally, Co3O4 is a thermal decomposition product obtained from heating cobalt-Prussian blue up to 400 °C. Although Co-Co PBA 60 has a higher overpotential for water oxidation than Co-Co PBA 200, this catalyst is kinetically faster than Co PBA 200. It is suggested that the water coordinated to Co2+ in Co-Co PBA 60 can accelerate the reaction and that there is a balance between the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics for determining the final properties of the catalyst at pH = 7. Another important observation is that the Co3O4 catalyst has the best performance among the considered catalysts with the highest TON and TOF. This suggests that the different mechanisms and surface effects demonstrated by the Co3O4 catalyst are more conducive to efficient water oxidation than those of Prussian blue. Further studies concerning the effect of water and surface on these catalysts under mild conditions are essential to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of water oxidation and to advance the development of new catalysts.