Application of enzymes for targeted removal of biofilm and fouling from fouling-release surfaces in marine environments: A review.

Biofouling causes adverse issues in underwater structures including ship hulls, aquaculture cages, fishnets, petroleum pipelines, sensors, and other equipment. Marine constructions and vessels frequently are using coatings with antifouling properties. During the previous ten years, several alternative strategies have been used to combat the biofilm and biofouling that have developed on different abiotic or biotic surfaces. Enzymes have frequently been suggested as a cost-effective, substitute, eco-friendly, for conventional antifouling and antibiofilm substances. The destruction of sticky biopolymers, biofilm matrix disorder, bacterial signal interference, and the creation of biocide or inhibitors are among the catalytic reactions of enzymes that really can successfully prevent the formation of biofilms. In this review we presented enzymes that have antifouling and antibiofilm properties in the marine environment like α-amylase, protease, lysozymes, glycoside hydrolase, aminopeptidases, oxidase, haloperoxidase and lipases. We also overviewed the function, benefits and challenges of enzymes in removing biofouling. The reports suggest enzymes are good candidates for marine environment. According to the findings of a review of studies in this field, none of the enzymes were able to inhibit the development of biofilm by a site marine microbial community when used alone and we suggest using other enzymes or a mixture of enzymes for antifouling and antibiofilm purposes in the sea environment.

Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries.

Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.