Efficacy of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Reducing Post-Operative Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Post-operative infections are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antimicrobial agent that has been used in various surgical settings to prevent infections. However, the literature on its efficacy in reducing post-operative infections remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of PHMB in reducing post-operative infections. The risk of bias and methodologic quality of the included studies were also assessed. Results: The systematic review included nine RCTs, and eight were included in the meta-analysis that showed that the use of PHMB was associated with a reduction in the rate of post-operative infections. The overall effect size was statistically significant, with moderate heterogeneity across the included studies (log Peto's odds ratio [OR], -0.890; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.411 to -0.369; I2 = 41.89%). However, the diversity in the application of PHMB and the potential influence of other factors, such as adherence to infection prevention protocols and organizational-level variables, underscore the need for further primary studies. Conclusions: Polyhexamethylene biguanide appears to be a promising intervention for reducing post-operative infections. However, more high-quality, well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm these findings and to explore the most effective ways to use PHMB within specific infection prevention bundles. Future research should also aim to control for potential confounding factors to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of PHMB in reducing post-operative infections.

Is the equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (EMONO) associated with audiovisuals effective in reducing pain and side effects during peripheral venous access placement in children? Protocol for a single-centre randomised controlled trial from Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Nurses frequently place a peripheral venous catheter during children's hospitalisation. Many studies suggest treatment of venipuncture-related pain. The administration of an equimolar mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (EMONO) is employed for pain control; however, no studies have analysed the association between EMONO and audiovisuals.The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of EMONO administration when combined with audiovisuals (EMONO+Audiovisual) versus EMONO alone on perceived pain, side effects and level of cooperation during peripheral venous access placement in children aged 2-5 years. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The first 120 eligible children admitted to the paediatric ward of the Lodi Hospital and presenting the indication for peripheral venous access will be enrolled. Sixty children will be randomly assigned to the experimental group (EMONO+Audiovisual) and 60 to the control group (EMONO alone).The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale will be used to assess pain in the children aged 2-years old; pain in the children aged 3-5 years will be assessed using the Wong-Baker scale. The cooperation throughout the procedure will be measured using the Groningen Distress Rating Scale. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Milan Area 1 Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (Experiment Registry No. 2020/ST/295). The trial results will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05435118.

Motivational Interviewing for Enhancing Self-care in Patients With Heart Failure: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is characterized by an increasing prevalence, representing a public health problem and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Self-care is a cornerstone approach for optimizing therapy for patients with HF. Patients play a crucial role in managing their condition, given that several adverse health outcomes might be avoided with adequate self-care. In this regard, the literature describes motivational interviewing (MI) as highly favorable for treating chronic diseases, with promising results supporting its efficacy in enhancing self-care. Moreover, caregivers' availability constitutes a fundamental supporting factor among the strategies to improve self-care behaviors in people with HF. OBJECTIVE: The primary study aim is to test the efficacy of a structured program, including scheduled MI interventions, in improving self-care maintenance in the 3-month follow-up from the enrollment. Secondary aims comprehend the assessment of the effectiveness of the above intervention on secondary outcomes (eg, self-care monitoring, quality of life, sleep disturbance) and the corroboration of the superiority of caregivers' participation to the intervention over the program administrated only to individual patients in enhancing self-care behaviors and other outcomes at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the enrollment. METHODS: This study protocol designed a prospective, parallel-arm, open-label, 3-arm, controlled trial. The MI intervention will be administered by nurses trained in HF self-care and MI; the education program will be provided to nurses by an expert psychologist. Analyses will be performed within the framework of intention-to-treat analysis. Comparisons between groups will be based on an alpha of 5% and 2-tailed null hypotheses. In the case of missingness, analyzing the extent of the missingness and identifying underlying mechanisms and patterns will guide imputation methods. RESULTS: The data collection was started in May 2017. We completed the data collection with the last follow-up in May 2021. We plan to perform data analysis by December 2022. We plan to publish the study results within March 2023. CONCLUSIONS: MI enhances potential self-care practices in patients with HF and their caregivers. Although MI is effectively largely employed either alone or combined with other treatments and is administered in different settings and ways, face-to-face interventions seem to be more effective. Dyads with higher shared HF knowledge are more efficient in promoting self-care adherence behaviors. Moreover, patients and caregivers may perceive proximity with health care professionals, resulting in a better ability to follow the received health professionals' directions. The scheduled in-person meetings with patients and caregivers will be exploited to administer MI, respecting all the safety regulations for infection containment. The conduction of this study may support changes in clinical practice to include MI to improve self-care for patients with HF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05595655; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05595655. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/44629.

Non-pharmacologic interventions for improving cancer-related fatigue (CRF): A systematic review of systematic reviews and pooled meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Literature encloses numerous systematic reviews (SRs) on nonpharmacologic interventions for improving cancer-related fatigue (CRF). The effect of these interventions remains controversial, and the available SRs have not been synthesized yet. We conducted a systematic synthesis of SRs and meta-analysis to determine the effect of nonpharmacologic interventions on CRF in adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We systematically searched 4 databases. The effect sizes (standard mean difference) were quantitatively pooled using a random-effects model. Chi-squared (Q) and I-square statistics (I²) tested the heterogeneity. RESULTS: We selected 28 SRs, including 35 eligible meta-analyses. The pooled effect size (standard mean difference, 95% CI) was -0.67 (-1.16, -0.18). The subgroup analysis by types of interventions showed a significant effect in all the investigated approaches (complementary integrative medicine, physical exercise, self-management/e-health interventions). CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that nonpharmacologic interventions are associated with CRF reduction. Future research should focus on testing these interventions on specific population clusters and trajectories. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42020194258.

A Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial to Test the Efficacy of Nurse-Led Motivational Interviewing for Enhancing Self-Care in Adults with Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: The role of nurse-led motivational interviewing (MI) in improving self-care among patients with heart failure (HF) is promising, even if it still requires further empirical evidence to determine its efficacy. For this reason, this study tested its efficacy in enhancing self-care maintenance (primary endpoint), self-care management, and self-care confidence after three months from enrollment in adults with HF compared to usual care, and assessed changes in self-care over follow-up times (3, 6, 9, and 12 months). METHODS: A single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, superiority study with two experimental arms and a control group was performed. Allocation was in a 1:1:1 ratio between intervention groups and control. RESULTS: MI was effective in improving self-care maintenance after three months when it was performed only for patients (arm 1) and for the patients-caregivers dyad (arm 2) (respectively, Cohen's d = 0.92, p-value < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.68, p-value < 0.001). These effects were stable over the one-year follow-up. No effects were observed concerning self-care management, while MI moderately influenced self-care confidence. CONCLUSIONS: This study supported the adoption of nurse-led MI in the clinical management of adults with HF.

Remote motivational interviewing to improve patient self-care and caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure (REMOTIVATE-HF): Rationale, design, and methodology for a multicentre randomized controlled trial.

In patients with heart failure (HF), self-care, and caregiver contribution to self-care (i.e., the daily management of the disease by patients and caregivers) are essential for improving patient outcomes. However, patients and caregivers are often inadequate in their self-care and contribution to self-care, respectively, and struggle to perform related tasks. Face-to-face motivational interviewing (MI) effectively improves self-care and caregiver contribution to self-care, but the evidence on remote MI is scarce and inconclusive. The aims of this randomized controlled trial will be to evaluate whether remote MI performed via video call in patients with HF: (1) is effective at improving self-care maintenance in patients (primary outcome); (2) is effective for the following secondary outcomes: (a) for patients: self-care management, self-care monitoring, and self-efficacy; HF symptoms; generic and disease-specific quality of life; anxiety and depression; use of healthcare services; and mortality; and (b) for caregivers: contribution to self-care, self-efficacy, and preparedness. We will conduct a two-arm randomized controlled trial. We will enroll and randomize 432 dyads (patients and their informal caregivers) in Arm 1, in which patients and caregivers will receive MI or, in Arm 2, standard care. MI will be delivered seven times over 12 months. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and 3 (primary outcome), 6, 9, and 12 months from enrollment. This trial will demonstrate whether an inexpensive and easily deliverable intervention can improve important HF outcomes. With the restrictions on in-person healthcare professional interventions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to evaluate whether MI is also effective remotely.

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Nursing Self-Efficacy Scale for Managing Cancer Treatment-Induced Cardiotoxicity: An Exploratory Mixed-Method Study.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing nursing self-efficacy could be strategic to sustain nursing competence. This study aimed to develop and validate the nursing self-efficacy scale for managing cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity (NSS-CTC). DATA SOURCES: An exploratory mixed-method study was performed by including two main phases. The first comprised the developmental tasks to generate the initial pool of items, including a literature review and a consensus meeting based on a nominal group technique. The second phase initially involved an external panel of experts in assessing the content validity of the novel scale, followed by a cross-sectional data collection to perform exploratory factor analysis by employing a multicenter and convenience sampling approach. The most plausible psychometric structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis was tested with a confirmatory factor analysis using a second data collection round on another sample enrolled with a multicenter and convenience sampling approach. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alfa. CONCLUSION: The NSS-CTS is a novel 15-item self-report measure for assessing nurse self-efficacy in dealing with cancer treatment-related cardiotoxicity. Its two plausible domains were labeled knowledge-related self-efficacy (Cronbach's α = 0.924) and practice-related self-efficacy (Cronbach's α = 0.937); the factor analyses in both samples showed adequate fit to sample statistics. Future studies are necessary to corroborate its construct validity and assess its measurement invariance across various country contexts. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Assessing nursing self-efficacy for managing cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity is a promising approach for identifying educational gaps and promoting nursing competency in this particular area of cancer care.

A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Pooled Meta-Analysis on Psychosocial Interventions for Improving Cancer-Related Fatigue.

OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial care is essential in oncology to address specific cancer-related fatigue dimensions. Psychosocial interventions have been defined as nonpharmacologic interventions that address psychological or social factors rather than biological mechanisms and might positively influence symptoms, quality of life, and social functioning. This systematic review of systematic reviews pooled the effects from the recent systematic reviews describing the relationships between psychosocial interventions and fatigue in adult patients with cancer, providing an overall estimate of their effect on cancer-related fatigue. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PEDro, and PsycINFO were searched from 2010 through 2022. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The risk of bias in eligible systematic reviews was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool (ROBIS). PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: Prospero (CRD42020194254). CONCLUSION: Psychosocial interventions are a promising option to reduce cancer-related fatigue, albeit with short-term effects. However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of specific interventions within population clusters and to examine their long-term effectiveness. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses play a crucial role in promoting psychosocial dimensions in cancer care. This study provides clinicians and researchers with up-to-date information on the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for reducing cancer-related fatigue overcoming the limits of several separate systematic reviews. The results might guide future research and facilitate the translation of the evidence into clinical practice, acknowledging that a gap between the unmet needs of patients with cancer and appropriate health care services still needs addressing.

Barriers and facilitators of experiencing pregnancy and motherhood with congenital heart disease: A secondary qualitative analysis.

AIMS: To explore and describe perceived factors that favour or hinder the challenges faced by mothers with congenital heart disease during pregnancy and motherhood. DESIGN: A secondary qualitative analysis, according to the interpretative phenomenological analysis approach. METHODS: A previous study by Flocco et al., 2020 led us to identify that this population share risks, fear, worries and challenges related to pregnancy. To better understand two a priori themes, barriers and facilitators, we adopted The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines, and the processes of credibility, transferability and dependability guaranteed the rigour. RESULTS: The perceived barriers that were identified from the twelve semi-structured interviews were mainly identified in clinical and psychological risks, uncertainty about the future. The main facilitators were identified in positive mental attitude, self-motivation, trust in support by clinicians and nurses. CONCLUSION: The study results confirmed two main a priori themes, revealing that CHD women perceive considerable obstacles and figure out facilitators to face the difficulties encountered in their path to become mothers.

Technology-delivered motivational interviewing to improve health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review of the literature.

AIMS: Provide an overview of remote motivational interviewing (MI) interventions for chronically ill patients, and understand their degree of effectiveness on different health outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria included studies that administered remote MI alone or in combination with other remote approaches. A narrative synthesis and two meta-analyses were performed. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. MI administration almost exclusively occurred by telephone and individual sessions. Eight studies reported treatment fidelity aspects, and four declared adopting a theoretical framework. Most targeted outcomes were therapeutic adherence, physical activity, depression, quality of life, and mortality. Risk of bias varied markedly, with the largest source resulting from selection process and intervention performance. The two meta-analyses indicated a significant effect of MI on depression [standardized mean difference = -0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.34, -0.05, Z = 2.73, P = 0.006, I2 = 0%], and no effect of MI on glycosylated haemoglobin (mean difference = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.48, 0.45, P = 0.94, I2 = 84%). CONCLUSION: Remote MI can be a promising approach for improving depression in chronic disease patients. However, studies are inconclusive due to risks of bias, heterogeneity, and lack of reporting of interventionist's training, treatment fidelity, and theoretical frameworks' use. More studies with solid designs are needed to inform clinical decision-making and research. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42021241516.

Efficacy of motivational interviewing on enhancing self-care behaviors among patients with chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Although motivational interviewing (MI) seems to be promising for enhancing self-care behaviors (i.e., daily disease management and responses to symptoms) in patients with heart failure (HF), no quantitative pooling of effect sizes has been described to summarize and test its efficacy on self-care. Given that self-care behaviors of patients with HF are essential to enhance pharmacological adherence and disease management and optimize clinical outcomes, we sought to perform a systematic review of randomized control trials (RCTs) regarding MI's efficacy on enhancing self-care behaviors among patients with HF, synthesizing MI effects on self-care through meta-analyses. Nine randomized controlled trials were included. MI showed moderate effects on enhancing self-care confidence (Hedge's g = 0.768; 95%CI = 0.326-1.210; P = 0.001) and self-care management (i.e., responses to symptoms) (Hedge's g = 0.744; 95%CI = 0.256-1.232; P = 0.003) and large effects on improving self-care maintenance (i.e., adherence to treatment and symptom monitoring) (Hedge's g = 0.873; 95%CI  = 0.430-1.317; P < 0.001). No significant effects were found for enhancing the self-reported physical functioning (Hedge's g = -0.385; 95%CI = -1.063-0.294; P = 0.267) or the directly assessed physical functioning using the 6-min walking test (Hedge's g = -0.131; 95%CI = -0.981-0.720; P = 0.072). Although future research is still required to identify situation-specific indications regarding how MI should be implemented in relation to specific clinical conditions, this study showed that MI is an effective strategy to improve self-care in patients with HF.

Mapping the literature on Digital and Technological Solutions in nursing: a scoping review protocol. / Mappatura della letteratura sulle soluzioni digitali e tecnologiche nell'assistenza infermieristica: un protocollo di scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Digital and technological solutions (DTS) might have an impact on people's personal and professional lives. These types of solutions, according to studies, have the potential to revolutionize and improve the quality and long-term sustainability of healthcare activities, with nurses playing a significant role. Although DTS appears to be intimately linked to the future of nursing, technology must be utilized as an active rather than passive tool. Nonetheless, understanding DTS appears to be difficult, and a scoping study can provide a thorough overview of such a complicated topic. As a result, the scoping study on this topic will map all of the important aspects of DTS and synthesize studies on the nursing workforce, as well as analyze and clarify knowledge gaps and aid future research and development. This article presents the study protocol. METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology will be used for the proposed scoping review. It will include both quantitative and qualitative scientific research as well as grey literature on DTS in nursing. Only English-language works will be considered for inclusion. Two independent reviewers will take part in an iterative process of evaluating literature, choosing papers, and extracting data. Disagreements among reviewers will be resolved through debate until a consensus is reached or through consultation with the study team if necessary. Results will be presented using descriptive statistics, diagrammatic or tabular displayed information, and narrative summaries, as specified in the JBI guidelines. DISCUSSION: This scoping review protocol explained why it is important to describe the literature on embracing DTS in the nursing field, how to approach the research process, and what the study's key implications will be. The protocol itself may be helpful to increase transparency in the research process, attract interested researchers to work with the group that developed the protocol and offer a practical methodological benchmark for researchers interested in performing scoping reviews by serving as an example of a scoping review protocol.

One-week longitudinal daily description of moral distress, coping, and general health in healthcare workers during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: A quantitative diary study.

Background and aim of the work .The fluctuation from day to day within a working week of moral distress, coping, and general health of frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) in facing the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic has been poorly studied. This study described the weekly fluctuation from day to day of moral distress, coping, and general health in frontline HCWs who worked during the first epidemic wave (May-June 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. METHODS: This study has an intensive longitudinal design, and a convenience sampling procedure was employed to enroll physicians, nurses, allied health professions, and healthcare assistants. Data collection was performed using diary encompassed four sections: a socio-demographic form (required only at the baseline data collection) and three scales to assess moral distress, coping, and general health. RESULTS: Results confirmed poor perceived health and mild moral distress in frontline HCWs, especially in HCWs with offspring, during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic and the stability of their daily perception over a working week regarding moral distress, general health, and avoidant coping strategy, while approach coping strategy reported a slight fluctuation over time. CONCLUSIONS: Accordingly, on the one hand, these results confirm that outcomes regarding mental health and moral distress are pretty stable and provide insights, on the other hand, regarding the possible organizational interventions to support approach coping strategy as it seems more susceptible to variation over time.

Burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder in frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies published in 2020.

This study aimed to systematically synthesize evidence regarding burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among nurses engaged in the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting their risk and protective factors. The specific literature on nurses' mental health outcomes still remains not synthesized. A systematic review was performed (PROSPERO: CRD42021227939), searching literature published in 2020 on Pubmed, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycInfo. We quantitatively pooled means of included studies measuring burnout and PTSD with the same tools. Twenty-five studies were included in this review. Seven (3766 nurses) were included in the meta-analysis for estimating means of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, respectively: 7,40 (95%CI=6,00-8,80) and 22,82 (95%CI=19,24-26,41). Likely, 12 studies were used to estimate two pooled means for PTSD, one for six studies adopting the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (1551 nurses), and six adopting the PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (8547 nurses). The main risk and protective factors of both outcomes were female sex and younger age, work-related variables, and physical and mental factors, such as concerns, skin lesions from wearing personal protective equipment. This systematic review portrayed the situation described in literature during 2020 on nurses' burnout and PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the outcomes' levels described in the included studies are diverse, the broad situation appears alarming, and supportive multi-level strategies, considering individual and system-level, should be planned to decrease the described worsening scenario within the clinical settings avoid middle and long-term negative consequences.

Exercise-induced mitral regurgitation and right ventricle to pulmonary circulation uncoupling across the heart failure phenotypes.

Exercise-induced mitral regurgitation (Ex-MR) is one of the mechanisms that contribute to reduced functional capacity in heart failure (HF). Its prevalence is not well defined across different HF subtypes. The aim of the present study was to describe functional phenotypes and cardiac response to exercise in HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, according to Ex-MR prevalence. A total of 218 patients with HF [146 men, 68 (59-78) yr], 137 HFrEF, 41 HFmrEF, 40 HFpEF, and 23 controls were tested with cardiopulmonary exercise test combined with exercise echocardiography. Ex-MR was defined as development of at least moderate (≥2+/4+) regurgitation during exercise. Ex-MR was highly prevalent in the overall population (52%) although differed in the subgroups as follows: 82/137 (60%) in HFrEF, 17/41 (41%) in HFmrEF, and 14/40 (35%) in HFpEF (P < 0.05). Ex-MR was associated with a high rate of ventilation (VE) to carbon dioxide production (VCO2) in all HF subtypes [31.2 (26.6-35.6) vs. 33.4 (29.6-40.5), P = 0.004; 28.1 (24.5-31.9) vs. 34.4 (28.2-36.7), P = 0.01; 28.8 (26.6-32.4) vs. 32.2 (29.2-36.7), P = 0.01] and with lower peak VO2 in HFrEF and HFmrEF. Exercise right ventricle to pulmonary circulation (RV-PC) uncoupling was observed in HFrEF and HFpEF patients with Ex-MR [peak TAPSE/SPAP: HFrEF 0.40 (0.30-0.57) vs. 0.29 (0.23-0.39), P = 0.006; HFpEF 0.44 (0.28-0.62) vs. 0.31 (0.27-0.33), P = 0.05]. HFpEF with Ex-MR showed a distinct phenotype characterized by better chronotropic reserve and peripheral O2 extraction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ex-MR is a common mechanism across the spectrum of HF subtypes and combines with ventilatory inefficiency and RV-PC uncoupling. Interestingly, in HFpEF, Ex-MR emerged as unexpectedly prevalent and peculiarly associated with increased chronotropic response and peripheral O2 extraction as potential adaptive mechanisms to backward flow redistribution.

Development and validation of the pressure ulcer management self-efficacy scale for nurses.

BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers (PUs) represent a current issue for healthcare delivery. Nurse self-efficacy in managing PUs could predict patients' outcome, being a proxy assessment of their overall competency to managing PUs. However, a valid and reliable scale of this task-specific self-efficacy has not yet been developed. OBJECTIVES: To develop a valid and reliable scale to assess nurses' self-efficacy in managing PUs, that is, the pressure ulcer management self-efficacy scale for nurses (PUM-SES). METHODS: This study had a multi-method and multi-phase design, where study reporting was supported by the STROBE checklist (File S1). Phase 1 referred to the scale development, consisting in the items' generation, mainly based on themes emerged from the literature and discussed within a panel of experts. Phase 2 focused on a three-step validation process: the first step aimed to assess face and content validity of the pool of items previously generated (initial version of the PUM-SES); the second aimed to assess psychometrics properties through exploratory factorial analysis; the third step assessed construct validity through confirmative factorial analysis, while concurrent validity was evaluated describing the relationships between PUM-SES and an established general self-efficacy measurement. Reliability was assessed through the evaluation of stability and internal consistency. RESULTS: PUM-SES showed evidence of face and content validity, adequate construct and concurrent validity, internal consistency and stability. Specifically, PUM-SES had four domains, labelled as follows: assessment, planning, supervision and decision-making. These domains were predicted by the same second-order factor, labelled as PU management self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: PUM-SES is a 10-item scale to measure nurses' self-efficacy in PU management. A standardised 0-100 scoring is suggested for computing each domain and the overall scale. PUM-SES might be used in clinical and educational research. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Optimising nurses' self-efficacy in PU management might enhance clinical assessment, determining better outcomes in patients with PUs.

Treating a non-healing postoperative sternal wound in a woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case report.

One of the leading causes of impaired chronic wound healing is diabetes mellitus because it involves many factors that influence the physiopathology of tissue healing. Therefore, it is strategic to analyse clinical cases of this population. We presented a clinical case report of a 51-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus, presenting a non-healing sternal wound after open heart surgery. Appropriate dressing and assessment contributed to the healing of the sternal wound in 5 weeks.