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A connection between language and movement information in metaphorical and literal expressions activates the motor system. Despite numerous studies exploring distinctions between idioms and metaphors, a notable research gap remains in the specific effect of idioms with different transparency levels concerning motor resonance. Our primary focus was analysing the functional role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in processing hand motor verbs both in literal expressions and in two idiomatic contexts, i.e., opaque and transparent idioms. Additionally, we explored a potential language and cultural effect by comparing Turkish and Spanish speakers. An overt priming task with self-paced reading was used to judge the relatedness of a primer and a target sentence. We implemented a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol using continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) compared to sham stimulation over the M1 in both Turkish and Spanish native speakers prior to the experimental task. Our findings reveal that the performance of Turkish and Spanish participants in processing hand motor actions was facilitated after the application of cTBS over the left M1. Moreover, brain stimulation specifically facilitated the processing of only transparent-but not opaque-idioms in both Spanish and Turkish participants. Our study reports distinct motor resonance results between different types of idioms with a parallel cross-cultural effect.
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INTRODUCTION: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) frequently occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), and an early identification is essential to prevent severe psychosocial consequences. The Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) has been developed to evaluate the severity of ICDs along with a range of impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) in PD; however, its Italian version has not yet been validated. METHODS: One hundred consecutive outpatients with PD were administered an Italian version of the QUIP-RS and a brief neuropsychological assessment to evaluate global cognitive status and scales to measure depression, apathy and impulsive disorders. We evaluated the internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and factorial structure of QUIP-RS. We also explored the possible association between QUIP-RS scores and clinical factors and dopaminergic medication. RESULTS: Subsyndromal ICDs manifestations were observed in 54% of the patients, and one in four (22%) reported two or more ICDs or related behaviors. The QUIP-RS demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.806) and construct validity, and its factorial structure reflected different ICDs and ICBs domains. No association emerged between QUIP-RS scores and the clinical aspects of PD and dopaminergic medication. CONCLUSION: We provided, for the first time, an Italian translation of the QUIP-RS and demonstrated its feasibility in clinical and research settings. Severity of ICDs was independent of clinical factors and dopaminergic medication, underlining the need to adopt a broader perspective on their etiopathology in PD.
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Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta , Doença de Parkinson , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Doença de Parkinson/psicologia , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Itália , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/diagnóstico , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/etiologia , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos de Coortes , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Psicometria/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) frequently occurs in Parkinson Disease (PD), probably caused by upper airway dysfunctions or shared pathogenetic mechanisms. OSA may precede PD diagnosis or worsen throughout its course, but its relationship with clinical features and dopaminergic medication remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to provide a reliable estimate of OSA prevalence in the PD population (PD-OSA) and to clarify its clinical associated factors to help clinicians in understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed up to April 2023 using the PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Articles were included if they provided data on PD patients with and without OSA. Pooled prevalence for PD-OSA was calculated using the proportions of PD participants diagnosed with OSA. Demographic and clinical features associated with PD-OSA were explored by comparing PD patients with and without OSA. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled OSA prevalence was 45% of a total sample of 1448 PD patients and was associated with older age, male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), more severe motor disturbances and periodic limb movements, reduced risk of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, intake of dopamine agonists, and worse excessive daytime sleepiness. No relationship emerged with cognitive functioning and neuropsychiatric manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: OSA affects nearly half of PD patients as a secondary outcome of predisposing factors such as older age and higher BMI in addition to PD-related motor impairment. Future studies should focus on determining the impact of both clinical features and dopaminergic medication on the development of PD-OSA.
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Doença de Parkinson , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Humanos , Masculino , Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Doença de Parkinson/epidemiologia , Polissonografia , Prevalência , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/etiologia , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REM/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/epidemiologia , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Social cognition is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether social cognitive impairment (iSC) is a by-product of the underlying cognitive deficits in PD or a process independent of cognitive status is unknown. To this end, the present study was designed to investigate the weight of specific cognitive deficits in social cognition, considering different mild cognitive impairment subtypes of PD (PD-MCI). METHODS: Fifty-eight PD patients underwent a neuropsychological battery assessing executive functions, memory, language, and visuospatial domains, together with social cognitive tests focused on theory of mind (ToM). Patients were divided into subgroups according to their clinical cognitive status: amnestic PD-MCI (PD-aMCI, n = 18), non-amnestic PD-MCI (PD-naMCI, n = 16), and cognitively unimpaired (PD-CU, n = 24). Composite scores for cognitive and social domains were computed to perform mediation analyses. RESULTS: Memory and language impairments mediated the effect of executive functioning in social cognitive deficits in PD patients. Dividing by MCI subgroups, iSC occurred more frequently in PD-aMCI (77.8%) than in PD-naMCI (18.8%) and PD-CU (8.3%). Moreover, PD-aMCI performed worse than PD-CU in all social cognitive measures, whereas PD-naMCI performed worse than PD-CU in only one subtype of the affective and cognitive ToM tests. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that ToM impairment in PD can be explained by memory dysfunction that mediates executive control. ToM downsides in the amnesic forms of PD-MCI may suggest that subtle changes in social cognition could partly explain future transitions into dementia. Hence, the evaluation of social cognition in PD is critical to characterize a possible behavioral marker of cognitive decline.
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Transtornos Cognitivos , Disfunção Cognitiva , Doença de Parkinson , Teoria da Mente , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Doença de Parkinson/psicologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/psicologia , Função Executiva , Transtornos da Memória , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Considering the extension of working life due to socioeconomic and political factors, many people may experience cognitive complaints (CC) at their workplace, with severe consequences on their quality of life. The identification of workers reporting significative SCC is crucial to eventually address them to an objective neuropsychological evaluation and implement cognitive interventions to guarantee workers' well-being. Since no Italian questionnaires for detecting CC were designed for occupational settings, the aim of the study was to validate the Italian version of the Cognitive Function at Work Questionnaire (CFWQ) and to provide its normative data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and factorial structure of the CFWQ were evaluated. A regression-based procedure served to compute percentiles of CFWQ and its subscales. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-one participants without psychiatric and/or neurological disorders completed the survey. We found that the Italian CFWQ included 26 items, with a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.897) and a six-factor structure (memory, language, processing speed, abstract thinking/behavioral control, behavioral inertia, planning ability). CFWQ score did not correlate with empathy but correlated strongly with memory scores and moderately with anxiety and depression scores. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian CFWQ showed good psychometric properties, in analogy with the original English scale. Therefore, it can be successfully employed in organizational contexts to possibly identify workers with CC and therefore with possible co-occurrent psychological, behavioral, and cognitive consequences.
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Psicometria , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria/normas , Feminino , Adulto , Itália , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto Jovem , Testes Neuropsicológicos/normas , Cognição/fisiologia , Local de Trabalho/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Psychometric instruments assessing behavioural and functional outcomes (BFIs) in neurological, geriatric and psychiatric populations are relevant towards diagnostics, prognosis and intervention. However, BFIs often happen not to meet methodological-statistical standards, thus lowering their level of recommendation in clinical practice and research. This work thus aimed at (1) providing an up-to-date compendium on psychometrics, diagnostics and usability of available Italian BFIs and (2) delivering evidence-based information on their level of recommendation. METHODS: This review was pre-registered (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021295430) and performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Several psychometric, diagnostic and usability measures were addressed as outcomes. Quality assessment was performed via an ad hoc checklist, the Behavioural and Functional Instrument Quality Assessment. RESULTS: Out of an initial N = 830 reports, 108 studies were included (N = 102 BFIs). Target constructs included behavioural/psychiatric symptoms, quality of life and physical functioning. BFIs were either self- or caregiver-/clinician-report. Studies in clinical conditions (including neurological, psychiatric and geriatric ones) were the most represented. Validity was investigated for 85 and reliability for 80 BFIs, respectively. Criterion and factorial validity testing were infrequent, whereas content and ecological validity and parallel forms were almost never addressed. Item response theory analyses were seldom carried out. Diagnostics and norms lacked for about one-third of BFIs. Information on administration time, ease of use and ceiling/floor effects were often unreported. DISCUSSION: Several available BFIs for the Italian population do not meet adequate statistical-methodological standards, this prompting a greater care from researchers involved in their development.
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Transtornos Mentais , Qualidade de Vida , Humanos , Idoso , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , ItáliaRESUMO
The neural correlates of action language processing are still debated within embodied cognition research and little is known about the flexible involvement of modality-specific pre-motor system and multimodal high-level temporo-parietal regions as a function of explicit and implicit tasks. A systematic review and the Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses on functional neuroimaging studies were performed to identify neural correlates of action language processing activated during explicit and implicit tasks. The contrast ALE meta-analysis revealed activation of modality-specific premotor area and inferior frontal areas during explicit action language tasks while a greater activation of posterior temporo-occipital areas emerged for implicit tasks. The conjunction analysis revealed overlap in the temporo-parietal multimodal high-level regions for both types of tasks. Functional specialization of the middle temporal gyrus was found where the more posterior-occipital part resulted activated during implicit action language tasks whereas the antero-lateral part was involved in explicit tasks. Our findings were discussed within a conceptual flexibility perspective about the involvement of both the modality-specific and multimodal brain system during action language processing depending on different types of tasks.