RESUMO
Alcohol remains readily available to youth in most countries. We examined the associations between both the on- and off-premises commercial availability of alcohol to youth and their alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol-related harms. We conducted the study using data from a survey of a sample of 594 students in central Mexico between 12 and 17 years of age in 2016. Both the perceived availability of alcohol and the purchasing of alcohol at an off-premises establishment were positively related to past-30-day alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking, as well as to alcohol-related harms in the past year. Consumption at on-premises establishments was also positively associated with alcohol-related harms. Preventive efforts to reduce the availability of alcohol at off- and on-premises establishments, by such strategies as mystery shopper and responsible beverage service programs, are imperative.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/epidemiologia , Bebidas Alcoólicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Intoxicação Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores SexuaisAssuntos
Política de Planejamento Familiar , Política de Saúde , Nível de Saúde , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Anticoncepção/economia , Anticoncepção/estatística & dados numéricos , Política de Planejamento Familiar/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Níger , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento DemográficoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The enterocytic absorption pathway of the food fortificant iron bis-glycine chelate has been the subject of controversy because it is not clear whether that substance uses the classic nonheme-iron absorption pathway or a pathway similar to that of heme absorption. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the absorption pathway of iron bis-glycine chelate in human subjects. DESIGN: Eighty-five healthy adult women were selected to participate in 1 of 6 iron-absorption studies. Study A involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of the absorption of ferrous sulfate (through a nonheme-iron absorption pathway); study B involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway; study C involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of heme-iron absorption; study D involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with hemoglobin for the heme-iron absorption pathway; and studies E and F were the same as studies A and B, except that the iron bis-glycine chelate was encapsulated in enteric gelatin capsules so that it would not be processed in the stomach. RESULTS: Iron from the bis-glycine chelate competed with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate also competed with ferrous sulfate for absorption when liberated directly into the intestinal lumen. Iron from the bis-glycine chelate did not compete with heme iron for the heme-iron absorption pathway. CONCLUSION: The iron from iron bis-glycine chelate delivered at the level of the stomach or duodenum becomes part of the nonheme-iron pool and is absorbed as such.