Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of the Long-Term Effects of Omeprazole on Healthy Dogs.

The use of omeprazole as a preventive treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers in veterinary medicine has been questioned during previous years. The aim of the present study is to assess the long-term effect of omeprazole on cobalamin and serum gastrin levels in healthy dogs. Eighteen healthy dogs were included: 10 in the control group and 8 in the omeprazole group. Three samples were collected: before starting the treatment (T0), 30 days after the start of treatment (T1), and at 60 days (T2). The mean cobalamin value (ng/L) in the control group was 481.4 (±293.70) at T0, 481.4 (±170.21) at T1, and 513.2 (±174.50) at T2. In the omeprazole group, the values were 424.62 (±161.57) at T0, 454.5 (±160.96) at T1, and 414.87 (±127.90) at T2. No statistically significant changes were detected in cobalamin levels between the three-time period in both study groups. These results agree with previous findings in felines but contrast with human medicine studies. The median gastrin values (pg/mL) in the control group were 62.45 [30.17-218.75] at T0, 76.06 [30.67-199.87] at T1, and 63.02 [35.81-176.06] at T2. The median gastrin value in the omeprazole group was 67.59 [55.96-101.60] at T0, 191.77 [75.31-1901.77] at T1, and 128.16 [43.62-1066.46] at T2. Statistically significant differences were detected (p = 0.008), indicating an increase in gastrin levels after initiating treatment with omeprazole. In conclusion, the increased levels of gastrin observed in this population underscore the importance of conducting a comprehensive clinical assessment to identify potential gastrointestinal disorders, particularly in consideration of the usage of omeprazole as a preventive treatment.

Microanatomical findings with relevance to trigeminal ganglion enhancement on post-contrast T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in dogs.

Introduction: Trigeminal ganglion contrast enhancement (TGCE) is reported to be a normal and a common finding on magnetic resonance imaging studies of dogs, cats and humans. The intent of the present study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the trigeminal ganglion, its surrounding structures, and histological features that are relevant to explain or hypothesize on the reason for TGCE on T1-weighted post-contrast MRI studies of the brain in dogs. Methods: Eight dog cadavers were dissected to study the anatomy of the trigeminal ganglion. The presence and anatomy of vessels was studied by dissection and by histological techniques. Two trigeminal ganglia were isolated and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Two other trigeminal ganglia included in the trigeminal canal and trigeminal cavity were decalcified with formic acid/formalin for 12 weeks and stained with HE to study the related vessels. Additionally, a corrosion cast was obtained from a separate canine specimen. Results: Leptomeninges and a subarachnoid space were identified at the level of the trigeminal nerve roots and the trigeminal ganglion. No subarachnoid space was identified and leptomeninges were no longer present at the level of the three trigeminal nerve branches. Small arterial vessels ran to and supplied the trigeminal ganglion, passing through the dura mater. No venous plexus was visualized at the level of the trigeminal ganglion in the dissections. A complex arterial vascular network was identified within the leptomeningeal covering of the trigeminal ganglion and was best appreciated in the corrosion cast. Histological examination revealed small-to moderate-sized blood vessels located in the epineurium around the ganglion; from there a multitude of arterioles penetrated into the perineurium. Small endoneurial branches and capillaries penetrated the ganglion and the trigeminal nerve branches. Discussion: Limitations to this study include the limited number of canine specimens included and the lack of electron microscopy to further support current hypotheses included in our discussion. In conclusion, this study provides further support to the theory that TGCE in dogs may be due an incomplete blood-nerve barrier or blood-ganglion barrier at the interface between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Evaluation of the effect of etamsylate on thromboelastographic traces of canine blood with and without the addition of heparin.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of etamsylate on canine blood and heparinised canine blood from healthy dogs using thromboelastography (TEG). Citrated blood was obtained from twenty healthy client-owned dogs, and 3 experiments were performed. Experiment 1 compared TEG in blood versus blood with etamsylate (250 mM). Experiment 2 evaluated TEG in heparinised blood (1 U/mL) with and without the addition of etamsylate (250 mM). Experiment 3 evaluated dose escalation of etamsylate (control, 250 µM, 500 µM and 1000 µM) in heparinised blood (1 U/mL). The addition of etamsylate to canine blood in experiment 1 increased the percentage of clot lysis at 30 min (z = -2.103, p = .035) and 60 min (z = -1.988, p = .047), suggesting that etamsylate could have a fibrinolytic effect. When etamsylate was added to heparinised canine blood (1 U/mL), etamsylate produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the effect of heparin when higher concentrations of etamsylate were used (500 µM and 1000 µM). The linear mixed effects model showed significant increases in α angle and maximal amplitude when high dose etamsylate was added compared to the control. In conclusion, etamsylate could be used at higher doses to inhibit the effect of heparin in dogs when protamine might not be available. However, etamsylate might have a fibrinolytic effect when used in healthy dogs.

Sex Differences in Oxycodone/Naloxone vs. Tapentadol in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: An Observational Real-World Study.

Despite the large body of research on sex differences in pain, there is a lack of translation to real-world pain management. Our aim was to analyse the sex differences in the analgesic response to oxycodone/naloxone (OXN) and tapentadol (TAP), in comparison with other opioids (OPO) commonly prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP). An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted on ambulatory CNCP patients (n = 571). Sociodemographic, clinical (pain intensity, relief, and quality of life), safety (adverse events (AEs), adverse drug reactions), hospital frequentations and pharmacological (morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD)) variables were collected. Multiple linear regressions were carried out to assess the association between sex and outcomes. Sex differences were observed, with lower female tolerability and higher hospital frequentation, especially in the OXN group (OR AEs report = 2.8 [1.8−4.4], p < 0.001). Here, females showed higher hospital use (23% hospital admission, 30% prescription change, p < 0.05), requiring a higher MEDD (127 ± 103 mg/day, p < 0.05), compared to OXN men. Regardless of the opioid group, CNCP women were significantly older than men (three years), with significantly higher benzodiazepine use (OR = 1.6 [1.1−2.3]), more constipation (OR = 1.34 [0.93−1.90]) and headache (OR = 1.45 [0.99−2.13]) AEs, than men who were more likely to refer sexual dysfunction (OR = 2.77 [1.53−5.01]), and loss of libido (OR = 1.93 [1.22−3.04]). Sex-differences were found related to poorer female drug tolerability and higher hospital resources, even worst in OXN female users. Other differences related to older female ages and benzodiazepine prescription, need to be further analysed from a gender perspective.

Oxycodone/naloxone versus tapentadol in real-world chronic non-cancer pain management: an observational and pharmacogenetic study.

Tapentadol (TAP) and oxycodone/naloxone (OXN) potentially offer an improved opioid tolerability. However, real-world studies in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) remain scarce. Our aim was to compare effectiveness and security in daily pain practice, together with the influence of pharmacogenetic markers. An observational study was developed with ambulatory test cases under TAP (n = 194) or OXN (n = 175) prescription with controls (prescribed with other opioids (control), n = 216) CNCP patients. Pain intensity and relief, quality of life, morphine equivalent daily doses (MEDD), concomitant analgesic drugs, adverse events (AEs), hospital frequentation and genetic variants of OPRM1 (rs1799971, A118G) and COMT (rs4680, G472A) genes, were analysed. Test CNCP cases evidenced a significantly higher pain relief predictable due to pain intensity and quality of life (R2 = 0.3), in front of controls. Here, OXN achieved the greatest pain relief under a 28% higher MEDD, 8-13% higher use of pregabalin and duloxetine, and 23% more prescription change due to pain, compared to TAP. Whilst, TAP yielded a better tolerability due the lower number of 4 [0-6] AEs/patient, in front of OXN. Furthermore, OXN COMT-AA homozygotes evidenced higher rates of erythema and vomiting, especially in females. CNCP real-world patients achieved higher pain relief than other traditional opioids with a better tolerability for TAP. Further research is necessary to clarify the potential influence of COMT and sex on OXN side-effects.

Fast three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the canine lumbar spinal cord vascular supply: A feasibility study.

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is the noninvasive spinal cord vascular imaging modality of choice in human medicine. The aim of this exploratory, prospective, descriptive study was to assess the feasibility of fast three-dimensional (3D) contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA for visualization of spinal vascular structures in the canine lumbar region. Fourteen canine patients weighing > 5 kg were included. The lumbar arteries were consistently visualized (14/14;100%). Spinal arteries, radicular branches, great radicular artery (of Adamkiewicz), ventral spinal artery, and dorsal spinal arteries were not visualized (0/14;0%). The internal vertebral venous plexus was visualized in 11 of 14 (79%) dogs. Overall, the results of this study show that fast 3D CE-MRA of the lumbar region in dogs is feasible. However, the smaller arteries responsible for the spinal cord vascular supply were not visualized in this study.

Factors Associated with Acute Community-Acquired Pyelonephritis Caused by Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli.

This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the presence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-(ESBL) in patients with acute community-acquired pyelonephritis (APN) caused by Escherechia coli (E. coli), with a view of optimising empirical antibiotic therapy in this context. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with community-acquired APN and confirmed E. coli infection, collecting data related to demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and treatment. The associations of these factors with the presence of ESBL were quantified by fitting multivariate logistic models. Goodness-of-fit and predictive performance were measured using the ROC curve. We included 367 patients of which 51 presented with ESBL, of whom 90.1% had uncomplicated APN, 56.1% were women aged ≤55 years, 33.5% had at least one mild comorbidity, and 12% had recently taken antibiotics. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli was 13%. In the multivariate analysis, the factors independently associated with ESBL were male sex (OR 2.296; 95% CI 1.043-5.055), smoking (OR 4.846, 95% CI 2.376-9.882), hypertension (OR 3.342, 95% CI 1.423-7.852), urinary incontinence (OR 2.291, 95% CI 0.689-7.618) and recurrent urinary tract infections (OR 4.673, 95% CI 2.271-9.614). The area under the ROC curve was 0.802 (IC 95% 0.7307-0.8736), meaning our model can correctly classify an individual with ESBL-producing E. coli infection in 80.2% of cases.

El cuestionamiento como herramienta fundamental para el desarrolo de la toma de decisiones de los alumnos en educación física / Questioning as a fundamental tool for physical education students to develop decision-making skills / O questionamento como ferramenta fundamental para o desenvolvimento da tomada de decisão de estudantes em educação física

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de enseñanza comprensiva, basado en el cuestionamiento, sobre la toma de decisiones en las habilidades del pase y del lanzamiento, en una unidad didáctica de baloncesto en Educación Primaria. Participaron 37 alumnos de 6º de Primaria con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 12 años. La variable independiente fue el programa de intervención, basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). La variable de toma de decisiones fue evaluada a través de la observación sistemática. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, tras la intervención, los alumnos que recibieron el cuestionamiento durante el desarrollo de las actividades formativas mejoraron su toma de decisiones en comparación con los alumnos que no lo recibieron. Estos resultados manifiestan la necesidad de incluir este modelo pedagógico en las programaciones docentes en los niveles superiores de la etapa de Primaria

O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de um programa de ensino centrado na compreensão, baseado no questionamento, na tomada de decisões nas ações de passe e do lançamento, numa unidade didática de basquetebol no ensino fundamental. Participaram 37 alunos com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 12 anos. A variável independente foi o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). A variável dependente de tomada de decisão foi avaliada através da observação sistemática. Os resultados mostraram que, após a intervenção, os alunos que receberam o questionamento durante o desenvolvimento das atividades de treino melhoraram sua tomada de decisão em relação aos alunos que não o receberam. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de incluir esse modelo pedagógico nos programas de ensino nos níveis superiores do ensino fundamental

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a comprehensive questioning-based teaching program about decision-making on passing and throwing abilities in a Primary Education teaching unit focused on basketball. Thirty-seven students aged 11-12 participated in the study. The independent variable was the intervention program based on the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). The decision-making variable was assessed by systematic observation. The results obtained showed that, after the intervention, the students who received the questioning when developing training activities improved their decision-making compared to those who did not. These results show the need to include this pedagogical model in teaching programs at the higher levels of Primary Education

New insights on technology and assessment: introduction to JWOP special issue

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Number of drugs used in secondary cardiovascular prevention and late survival in the population of Valencia Community, Spain.

BACKGROUND: Drug treatment for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is recommended by guidelines, but it is not always followed in real life. This study wanted to assess the size of this gap and its impact on mortality in subjects after a cardiovascular event (MACE). METHODS: Patients with any of MACE in the period from January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2013, and more than one year of follow-up were selected from population of the Valencian Community. Drugs for secondary prevention were antiplatelets, renin-angiotensin system blockers and statins. Assessment of treatment was performed one year after the initial event. Mortality risk was assessed using Cox by the number of drug classes (G0 no medication, G1 one, G2 two and G3 three drugs) adjusted by confounders. RESULTS: A total of 92,436 patients (62% men, mean age 72 years) of whom 60.5% presented with stroke, 30.6% with myocardial infarction and 8.9% with revascularization were included. Among them, 4.1% were G0, 20.2% G1, 32.9% G2 and 42.7% G3. A progressive decrease in mortality was observed in G1 (HR 0.83, CI 95% 0.73-0.95), G2 (HR 0.70, CI 95% 0.60-0.82) and G3 (HR 0.61, CI95% 0.51-0.74) vs. G0. In diabetic subgroup, significant reduction of risk was observed in the G2 (0.79, CI 95% 0.63-0.98) and G3 (0.72, CI9 5% 0.56-0.95), but not in G1 (0.97, CI 95% 0.80-1.17). CONCLUSION: A gap between guidelines and reality in the use of cardiovascular protecting drugs one year after the initial event still exists and it is largely related with all-cause late mortality.

Measurement of ripening of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L) by near infrared and colorimetric imaging techniques.

This work includes the evaluation of 168 samples of raspberries 'Glen Lyon', representing whole maturation period, by colorimetric and near infrared imaging techniques, as well as the quantification of total phenols, total anthocyanins and antioxidant activity by chemical methods. Samples showed significant differences depending on the maturation stage using CIELAB colour parameters and total anthocyanins content. The application of partial least squares regression allowed predicting the chemical features from image analysis data, with coefficients of determination (R2) up to 0.75. The best prediction for total anthocyanins including colorimetric data was observed. The proposed methodology can be used as a reference method for assessing important quality attributes of raspberries. Moreover, it is useful, rapid and accurate automatic inspection method.

A three dimensional integral equation approach for fluids under confinement: Argon in zeolites.

In this work, we explore the ability of an inhomogeneous integral equation approach to provide a full three dimensional description of simple fluids under conditions of confinement in porous media. Explicitly, we will consider the case of argon adsorbed into silicalite-1, silicalite-2, and an all-silica analogue of faujasite, with a porous structure composed of linear (and zig-zag in the case of silicalite-1) channels of 5-8 Å diameter. The equation is based on the three dimensional Ornstein-Zernike approximation proposed by Beglov and Roux [J. Chem. Phys. 103, 360 (1995)] in combination with the use of an approximate fluid-fluid direct correlation function furnished by the replica Ornstein-Zernike equation with a hypernetted chain closure. Comparison with the results of grand canonical Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics simulations evidences that the theory provides an accurate description for the three dimensional density distribution of the adsorbed fluid, both at the level of density profiles and bidimensional density maps across representative sections of the porous material. In the case of very tight confinement (silicalite-1 and silicalite-2), solutions at low temperatures could not be found due to convergence difficulties, but for faujasite, which presents substantially larger channels, temperatures as low as 77 K are accessible to the integral equation. The overall results indicate that the theoretical approximation can be an excellent tool to characterize the microscopic adsorption behavior of porous materials.

Efectos de la edad y de la formación académica en la comprensión de la información escrita que entregamos habitualmente a nuestros pacientes / Effects of age and educational background in understanding the written information normally deliver to our patients

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Enxofre elementar no manejo do pH de substrato orgânico alcalino / Elemental sulfur for pH management of alkaline organic substrates

Embora existam recomendações agronômicas consolidadas para a elevação do pH de substratos orgânicos, poucas são as informações disponíveis para a redução. Porém, a crescente utilização de matérias-primas alternativas às tradicionais torna necessário o emprego de métodos para diminuição do pH, já que alguns materiais com boas características físicas e biológicas são alcalinos e incompatíveis com o cultivo da maioria das espécies. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram verificar a eficiência do enxofre elementar (S0) na diminuição do pH de um substrato orgânico alcalino e avaliar um critério para determinação da dose a ser adicionada. Para tanto, testou-se a mistura de cinco doses de S0 a um substrato comercial composto por casca de eucalipto compostada (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16g S0 dm-3 de substrato), com base no valor do seu poder de neutralização (PN). Avaliou-se o pH e a condutividade elétrica (CE) dos substratos. Observou-se que o S0 é eficiente na redução do pH de substratos orgânicos, mas acarreta aumento da CE. O PN do substrato é um critério confiável para balizar a determinação da dose de S0 a ser utilizada.

Although agronomic recommendations for raising the pH of organic substrates are consolidated, little information is available for its reduction. The increasing use of alternative raw materials, however, makes it necessary to develop methods for decreasing pH, since some materials with good physical and biological properties are alkaline and are not recommended for the majority of species. The objective of this research was to determine the efficiency of elemental sulfur (S0) in decreasing the pH of an alkaline substrate, and evaluate a method to calculate the dose to be added. It was evaluated the mixture of five doses of S0 to a commercial substrate compound of composted eucalyptus bark (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16g S0 dm-3 substrate), based on its neutralizing value (NV). The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the substrates were assessed. The S0 is effective in reducing the pH of organic substrates, but it causes increases in EC. The NV of the substrate is a reliable criterion for guiding the determination of the S0 dose to be added.

Los 100 años de Tratamiento de lepra en Fontilles: 2º parte / No disponible

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Características sociosanitarias de quienes formalizan el documento de voluntades anticipadas / Social-health characteristics of subjects who make a living will

Introducción: El documento de voluntades anticipadas (DVA) cuenta con muy escasa difusión, siendo un gran desconocido para la población general y para los profesionales sanitarios. Objetivo: Describir las características de los sujetos que formalizan el DVA, referidas a la situación sociodemográfica, estado de salud y grado de dependencia, características de la atención sanitaria y aspectos psicosociales. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo realizado en el Área Sanitaria de Albacete a 123 personas que formalizaron el DVA en un registro de voluntades anticipadas durante 2011. Se recogieron variables de salud autopercibida, situación funcional, morbilidad, características sociodemográficas, utilización de servicios sanitarios, actitudes hacia el DVA y aspectos psicosociales. Resultados: Los otorgantes, predominantemente mujeres (64,2%), presentaban una edad media de 53,3 a˜nos (desviación estándar [DE]: 14,5), niveles de instrucción elevados (61% con al menos estudios secundarios) y formas de convivencia diferentes a vivir en pareja y con hijos (67,5%). Mayoritariamente eran independientes para actividades de la vida diaria (98,4% para básicas y 94,3% para instrumentales) y presentaban alguna enfermedad crónica (73,2%). Pese a mantener relaciones duraderas con sus médicos (9,4 a˜nos; DE: 7,9), las conversaciones sobre el final de la vida eran escasas (18,3%). El 54,5% tenía algún familiar que había formalizado un documento previamente, el 68,5% lo consideraba útil ante el fallecimiento de un allegado y el 56,7% había ejercido como cuidador de algún enfermo terminal. Conclusiones: Personas de mediana edad y predominantemente mujeres son las que con mayor frecuencia formalizan un DVA. Suelen ser pacientes crónicos, independientes para realizar actividades de la vida diaria y, en su mayoría, están convencidos de poder intervenir en su situación de salud (AU)

Introduction: The Living Will (LW) is well publicised, and still largely unknown to the general public and health professionals. Objective: To describe the characteristics of the subjects that formalize a LW related to sociodemographic situation, health status, degree of dependence, healthcare characteristics and psychosocial aspects. Method: Descriptive observational study conducted in the Health Area of Albacete including 123 people who formalized the LW in a Will Register in 2011. Study variables included: selfperceived health, functional status, morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics, use of health services, attitudes towards the LW, and psychosocial aspects. Results: Those that made an LW, were mainly women (64.2%), had a mean age of 53.3 years (SD: 14.5), higher levels of education (61% with at least secondary education), and a lifestyle other than living with a partner, and with children (67.5%). The majority were self-sufficient for their daily living activities (98.4% to 94.3% for basic and instrumental), and suffered from chronic disease (73.2%). Despite lasting relationships with their physicians (9.4 years; SD: 7.9), there was very little talk about the end of life (18.3%). More than a half had a family member who had previously signed a document (54.5%). More than two-thirds (68.5%) considered this document useful in the death of a relative, and also a 56.7% had also served as a caregiver of a terminal patient. Conclusions: Middle-aged people, predominantly women, formalized an LW most often. They are usually chronic, but self-sufficient for their daily living activities, and are convinced that they can influence their health situation (AU)

[Social-health characteristics of subjects who make a living will]. / Características sociosanitarias de quienes formalizan el documento de voluntades anticipadas.

INTRODUCTION: The Living Will (LW) is well publicised, and still largely unknown to the general public and health professionals. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of the subjects that formalize a LW related to socio-demographic situation, health status, degree of dependence, healthcare characteristics and psychosocial aspects. METHOD: Descriptive observational study conducted in the Health Area of Albacete including 123 people who formalized the LW in a Will Register in 2011. Study variables included: self-perceived health, functional status, morbidity, socio-demographic characteristics, use of health services, attitudes towards the LW, and psychosocial aspects. RESULTS: Those that made an LW, were mainly women (64.2%), had a mean age of 53.3 years (SD: 14.5), higher levels of education (61% with at least secondary education), and a lifestyle other than living with a partner, and with children (67.5%). The majority were self-sufficient for their daily living activities (98.4% to 94.3% for basic and instrumental), and suffered from chronic disease (73.2%). Despite lasting relationships with their physicians (9.4 years; SD: 7.9), there was very little talk about the end of life (18.3%). More than a half had a family member who had previously signed a document (54.5%). More than two-thirds (68.5%) considered this document useful in the death of a relative, and also a 56.7% had also served as a caregiver of a terminal patient. CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged people, predominantly women, formalized an LW most often. They are usually chronic, but self-sufficient for their daily living activities, and are convinced that they can influence their health situation.

Results of the surgical correction of urinary stress incontinence according to the type of transobturator tape utilized.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the short and long term results of tapes of different materials used to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI). A secondary objective was to evaluate the ability to adjust the tape after implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 355 patients with SUI operated between March 2003 and October 2011. Eight different types of transobturator tapes were used: Gynecare TVT-O®, Monarc®, SAFYRE®, Contasure KIM®, I-Stop®, DynaMesh®, Aris® Bandellete and Swing-band®. Results and complications were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age at operation was 61 years. Correction of SUI was achieved in 87.88% of cases. The best results were obtained with Contasure KIM® (98.26 % continence). The tape was well tolerated and was elastic enough to be able to be adjusted 48-72 hours after implantation without deformation. Slings with macropores and over lock stitches on the superior and inferior borders presented the lower rates of postoperative urinary retention, pain, perior postoperative bleeding and urinary tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: Transobturator tension free tapes require a short operation time and have a low complication rate. The possibility of adjustment in the early postoperative period increases the success rate and reduces complications. Knotless meshes with macropores and over lock stitches appear to be better balanced, are quite resistant to stretching and deformation when readjusted after implantation and present a low infection rate.