Cirugía fetoscópica en síndrome de banda amniótica: comunicación del primer caso exitoso en el Perú con correlación posnatal a los 6 y 12 meses de vida

El síndrome de banda amniótica (SBA) o complejo de disrupción de banda amniótica es aquella malformación congénita que ocurre como consecuencia de bridas amnióticas de etiología heterogénea, patogénesis que involucra una serie de manifestaciones clínicas fetales, tales como constricción, amputación y múltiples defectos craneofaciales, viscerales y de la pared del cuerpo. La prevalencia estimada de SBA oscila entre 1:15,000 y 1:1,200 nacidos vivos. Afecta a ambos sexos por igual. El diagnóstico prenatal puede sospecharse tan pronto como el primer trimestre tardío, cuando las imágenes por ultrasonido detectan anillos de constricción, amputaciones de extremidades y/o defectos craneofaciales. La terapia prenatal puede ofrecer una alternativa de tratamiento con la liberación de anillos de constricción bajo fetoscopia en aquellos fetos que se verían beneficiados con el procedimiento.

Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) or amniotic band disruption complex is a congenital malformation that occurs because of amniotic flanges of heterogeneous etiology, a pathogenesis that involves a series of fetal clinical manifestations, such as constriction, amputation, and multiple craniofacial, visceral and wall defects. The estimated prevalence of ABS ranges from 1:15.000 to 1:1.200 liveborn. It affects both sexes equally. Prenatal diagnosis may be suspected as early as the late first trimester when ultrasound imaging detects constriction rings, limb amputations and/or craniofacial defects. Prenatal therapy may offer an alternative treatment with release of constriction rings through fetoscopy in those fetuses that would benefit from the procedure.

Manejo del embarazo gemelar monocoriónico monoamniótico: revisión de la literatura y reporte de caso

A propósito de la presentación de un caso de embarazo gemelar monocoriónico monoamniótico, se revisó la literatura sobre su diagnóstico y manejo mediante búsqueda electrónica en la base de datos de Medline, OVID, Cochrane y PubMed entre los años 1966 y 2019. Las palabras clave utilizadas en la indagación fueron: embarazo, gemelos, monoamniótico, enredamiento de cordones. Existe un riesgo alto de muerte fetal súbita en gemelos monoamnióticos causado por el enredamiento de los cordones umbilicales, por lo que el diagnóstico oportuno de la corionicidad y amnionicidad en el embarazo gemelar mediante ecografía puede dar la pauta para una vigilancia fetal estrecha y mejorar así el resultado obstétrico.

In view of the presentation of a case of monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy, the literature on its diagnosis and management was reviewed by electronic search in the Medline, OVID, Cochrane, and PubMed databases between 1966 and 2019. The key words used in the inquiry were: pregnancy, twins, monoamniotic, cord entanglement. There is a high risk of sudden fetal death in monoamniotic twins caused by entanglement of the umbilical cords, so timely diagnosis of chorionicity and amnionicity in twin pregnancy by ultrasonography may provide guidance for close fetal surveillance and thus improve obstetric outcome.

Prediction of neonatal survival according to lung-to-head ratio in fetuses with right congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH): A multicentre study from the Latin American CDH Study Group registry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate survival outcomes of fetuses with right sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) treated in Latin American centres and to assess the utility of left lung area to predict neonatal survival. METHODS: A retrospective cohort including isolated right sided CDH cases managed expectantly during pregnancy in six tertiary centers from five Latin American countries. The utility of the observed/expected lung-to-head ratio (O/E-LHR) in predicting neonatal survival was assessed, and the best cut-off to predict prognosis was automatically selected by decision tree analysis. RESULTS: A total of 99 right sided CDH cases were recruited, 58 isolated fetuses were selected at a median gestational age of 26.2 weeks, showing an overall survival rate of 26.2%. A linear trend was observed between survival and the O/E-LHR, showing that at higher O/E-LHR, the greater probability of survival (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). O/E-LHR discriminates two groups with different survival outcomes: fetuses with an O/E-LHR ≥65% showed a significantly higher survival rate than those with an O/E-LHR <65% (81.8% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival rate in right sided CDH is lower in Latin American countries. The severity category of pulmonary hypoplasia should be classified according to lung area and the survival rate in such population.

A Technical Look at Fetoscopic Laser Ablation for Fetal Laryngeal Surgical Recanalization in Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome.

Background: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare condition characterized by complete obstruction of the upper fetal airways. Left untreated, it is uniformly fatal. Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) has been used to establish a surgical airway in affected fetuses during delivery. While this procedure benefits those fetuses that survive to delivery, high mortality in the prenatal period necessitates earlier innovative strategies. Herein, we report a novel technique for in utero intervention. Methods: A fetoscopic intervention was performed at 28 weeks on a 35-year-old G1P0 woman with fetal CHAOS from a laryngeal obstruction measuring 11 mm in length on prenatal imaging. Under ultrasound guidance, a 3.3-mm curved fetoscope was used to access the uterine cavity through a single subcentimeter maternal skin incision. The scope was driven through the fetal oral cavity and manipulated to attain a view of the vocal cords. A subglottic obstruction was observed. A 600-micron laser fiber was passed through the working channel of the scope and used to ablate the obstructed airway. Using the laser fiber and a guidewire, the ablated opening was traversed with the fetoscope to the level of the carina. Results: Postoperatively, the lungs became less hyperinflated. There was improvement in ascites and diaphragmatic eversion. At 31 1/7 weeks' gestation, the mother experienced preterm premature rupture of membranes with active labor and the fetus was delivered through EXIT to tracheostomy. The infant was managed on mechanical ventilation and is currently thriving at home with a tracheostomy at 2 years of age. Conclusion: Fetoscopy with laser ablation of the airway obstruction is an effective prenatal management strategy that offers the potential to alter the devastating natural course of CHAOS.

A multicentre study to predict neonatal survival according to lung-to-head ratio and liver herniation in fetuses with left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH): Hidden mortality from the Latin American CDH Study Group Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate natural history of fetuses congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) prenatally diagnosed in countries where termination of pregnancy is not legally allowed and to predict neonatal survival according to lung area and liver herniation. METHODS: Prospective study including antenatally diagnosed CDH cases managed expectantly during pregnancy in six tertiary Latin American centres. The contribution of the observed/expected lung-to-head ratio (O/E-LHR) and liver herniation in predicting neonatal survival was assessed. RESULTS: From the total population of 380 CDH cases, 144 isolated fetuses were selected showing an overall survival rate of 31.9% (46/144). Survivors showed significantly higher O/E-LHR (56.5% vs 34.9%; P < .001), lower proportion of liver herniation (34.8% vs 80.6%, P < .001), and higher gestational age at birth (37.8 vs 36.2 weeks, P < 0.01) than nonsurvivors. Fetuses with an O/E-LHR less than 35% showed a 3.4% of survival; those with an O/E-LHR between 35% and 45% showed 28% of survival with liver up and 50% with liver down; those with an O/E-LHR greater than 45% showed 50% of survival rate with liver up and 76.9% with liver down. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal mortality in CDH is higher in Latin American countries. The category of lung hypoplasia should be classified according to the survival rates in our Latin American CDH registry.

Cirugía fetal en bandas amnióticas

The amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is characterized by accumulation of fibrous tissue bands or strings that adhere to the fetus and may produce compression in different sites. Most cases present multiple congenital anomalies incompatible with life. A small group of fetuses have isolated constrictions of the limb that may cause severe limb dysfunction or limb amputation if not treated during pregnancy. This rare condition occurs in approximately 1:1 200 to 1:15 000 live births. The exact cause of ABS remains uncertain; however, theories of intrinsic, extrinsic and iatrogenic reasons have been proposed. The evolution of the limb affected by ABS is characterized by progression of distal edema due to venous obstruction, and intrauterine amputation of the limb from vascular insufficiency. Fetoscopic release of the amniotic bands through minimally invasive surgery techniques may allow life preservation as well as limb function. Literature review suggests that fetoscopic release of amniotic bands allows preservation of limb function in 50% of cases.

El síndrome de bandas amnióticas (SBA) se caracteriza por un acúmulo de bandas o cuerdas de tejido fibroso que se adhieren al feto y pueden producir compresión en diferentes partes del mismo. La gran mayoría de los casos presentan múltiples anomalías congénitas incompatibles con la vida. En un pequeño grupo de fetos se evidencian constricciones aisladas de la extremidad, las cuales pueden causar disfunción severa de la extremidad o amputación del miembro si no son tratadas mientras el feto está todavía en el útero. Esta rara condición ocurre en aproximadamente 1:1 200 a 1:15 000 nacidos vivos. La causa exacta de SBA permanece incierta; sin embargo, se plantean teorías de origen intrínseco, extrínseco y iatrogénico. La evolución de la extremidad afectada por SBA se caracteriza por la progresión de edema distal debido a obstrucción venosa, con amputación intrauterina del miembro secundaria a insuficiencia vascular. La liberación fetoscópica de las bandas amnióticas a través de técnicas de cirugía mínimamente invasivas, puede permitir la preservación de la vida, así como la función de los miembros en los casos de fetos con diagnóstico de SBA. Al revisar la literatura se concluye que la liberación fetoscópica de bandas amnióticas permite la preservación de la función de la extremidad en 50% de los casos.

Cirugía fetal en tumores pulmonares mediante escleroterapia

Microcystic fetal lung tumors or masses such as the congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) and bronchopulmonary sequestration (SBP) are rare congenital pathologies, diagnosed by ultrasound during prenatal assessment, with a high mortality rate of 95% as a consequence of prenatal complications due to hydrops and postnatal death from pulmonary hypoplasia. Minimally invasive therapies using sclerosing agents are positioned among the low cost and highly effective techniques for such pathologies. Methodology: We conducted a prospective, randomized, blind clinical study in 17 pregnant women with diagnosis of fetal microcystic CCAM or hybrid lesion (CCAM + SBP), who were treated with betamethasone or polidocanol. Alternative therapy was employed in case of failure of the initial procedure. Results: In four (44.4%) of the nine cases treated with betamethasone, the alternative therapy of sclerosis with polidocanol was required for treatment due to fetal compromise. Involution of the lung lesion and the hydropic condition was faster and progressive with percutaneous sclerotherapy compared to the maternal steroid effect. Perinatal results were also more satisfactory in the group with polidocanol (91.7%) than in the group with the steroid (60%). Conclusions: Percutaneous sclerotherapy with polidocanol was found efficacious for CCAM and hybrid lesion treatment, with faster and more efficient resolution of the pathology in cases resistant to previously administered steroid therapy.

Las tumoraciones o masas pulmonares fetales microquísticas, tales como la malformación adenomatoidea quística congénita (CCAM, por sus siglas en inglés) y el secuestro bronco pulmonar (SBP), representan patologías congénitas poco frecuentes, diagnosticadas por ultrasonido durante la evaluación prenatal, con un alto índice de mortalidad de 95% como consecuencia de las complicaciones prenatales por hidropesía y fallecimiento posnatal debido a hipoplasia pulmonar. Las terapias de mínima invasión usando agentes esclerosantes han tomado posicionamiento entre las técnicas de bajo costo y alta efectividad para dichas patologías. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio clínico prospectivo, aleatorio, ciego, en 17 embarazadas con diagnóstico de CCAM microquística o de lesión híbrida (CCAM +SBP) tratadas con betametasona o con polidocanol, optando por la terapia alternativa en caso de fallar la técnica inicial. Resultados. En 4/9 (44,4%) de los 9 casos tratados con betametasona se requirió la terapia alternativa de esclerosis con polidocanol para la resolución del cuadro, que comprometía el estado fetal. La involución de la lesión pulmonar y del cuadro hidrópico fue más rápida y progresiva con la escleroterapia percutánea en comparación con el efecto esteroideo materno. Los resultados perinatales fueron asimismo más satisfactorios en el grupo con polidocanol (91,7%) que en el grupo con el esteroide (60%). Conclusiones. Se comprobó la eficacia de la escleroterapia percutánea con polidocanol para el tratamiento de la CCAM y de lesión híbrida, con resolución más rápida y eficaz de la patología en los casos donde existía resistencia a la terapia esteroidea previamente administrada.

Inter-twin placental anastomoses not crossing the dividing membrane: laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels in the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome / Anastomosis placentarias intergemelares que no cruzan la membrana divisoria: fotocoagulación láser de vasos comunicantes en el síndrome de transfusión intergemelar

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is thought to result from an unbalanced exchange of blood through inter-twin vascular anastomoses. Laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels has been used to prevent the development of the syndrome. Some authors have proposed that vessels crossing the membrane are "suspicious" to participate in the development of the syndrome and the laser photocoagulation of these vessels would reverse the syndrome. We present two cases of TTTS where the communicating vessels did not cross the dividing membrane, which were successfully treated with laser.

El síndrome de transfusión intergemelar (STIG) resulta de un intercambio desbalanceado de sangre a través de anastomosis vasculares entre las circulaciones de ambos fetos en embarazos monocoriales. La fotocoagulación láser de vasos comunicantes se ha utilizado para detener el desarrollo del síndrome. Algunos autores han propuesto que los vasos que cruzan la membrana divisoria son 'sospechosos' de participar en el desarrollo del síndrome y que la fotocoagulación láser de estos es capaz de revertirlo. Presentamos dos casos de STIG tratados exitosamente con fotocoagulación láser de anastomosis intergemelares, en los cuales los vasos comunicantes no cruzaban la membrana divisoria.

Doppler assessment of patients with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and survival following fetoscopic laser surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate fetal-survival rates following laser surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and the impact of Doppler analysis. METHODS: The present retrospective single-center study included data from patients with pregnancies exhibiting TTTS treated with fetoscopic laser surgery between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016. Perinatal outcomes were examined and variables were compared between the donor and recipient fetuses that survived and died, respectively. RESULTS: There were 86 pregnancies exhibiting TTTS treated with fetoscopic laser surgery included in the study. The median length of pregnancy at the time of surgery was 21.1 weeks. Both twin fetuses and at least one fetus survived in 61 (71%) and 73 (85%) pregnancies, respectively. Among recipient fetuses, ductus venosus a-wave anomalies (P=0.026), shorter cervical length (P=0.044), and a greater than 25% discrepancy in the estimated weight of the twin fetuses (P=0.045) were associated with reduced survival. CONCLUSION: Among pregnancies exhibiting TTTS, laser surgery was associated with significant dual-fetus survival. Preoperative ductus venosus anomalies were associated with lower survival among recipient fetuses, and 1-week postsurgical ultrasonography data demonstrated lower survival among recipient fetuses with persistent anomalous ductus venosus compared with normalized ductus venosus.

Monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy with selective IUGR type 2: fetoscopic and sonographic findings of ominous prognosis / Gestación gemelar monocorial complicada con RCIU selectiva tipo 2: hallazgos ecográficos y fetoscópicos de mal pronóstico

A woman with a monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy was referred to our Centre due to a discrepancy in size between the foetuses. She was 17 weeks' pregnant when the diagnosis of selective IUGR type 2 was made and the laser ablation of the placental anastomoses was performed. During the fetoscopy, we identified an arterio-venous anastomosis with bidirectional flow, which is atypical in this type of anastomoses (unidirectionals) and could represent a sign of ominous prognosis for the restricted twin.

Presentamos el caso de una gestante de 17 semanas con una gestación gemelar monocoriónica biamniótica complicada con RCIU selectivo tipo 2 que requirió, de acuerdo a criterios ecográficos, ablación quirúrgica láser de las anastomosis placentarias. Se identificó durante la fetoscopia una anastomosis arterio-venosa que mostraba flujo bidireccional lo cual es sumamente inusual en este tipo de anastomosis, no reportado antes en la literatura, constituyendo así un signo de mal pronóstico para el gemelo pequeño.

Endoscopic Placental Laser Coagulation in Dichorionic and Monochorionic Triplet Pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcome of monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) triamniotic (TA) triplet pregnancies treated with endoscopic laser coagulation of the communicating placental vessels for severe feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS) and selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). METHODS: Laser surgery was performed at 18 (15-24) weeks' gestation in 11 MCTA and 33 DCTA pregnancies complicated by FFTS and 14 DCTA pregnancies complicated by sFGR. Data from our study and previous reports were pooled using meta-analytic techniques. RESULTS: Survival of at least one baby and survival among all fetuses was 97.0 and 72.7% in DCTA pregnancies with FFTS, 78.6 and 52.4% in DCTA pregnancies with sFGR and 81.8 and 39.4% in MCTA pregnancies with FFTS. In the combined data from our study and previous reports, the pooled survival rates in 132 DCTA pregnancies with FFTS were 94.4 and 76.1%, and in 29 MCTA pregnancies with FFTS, they were 80.6 and 57.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Survival after laser surgery is higher in DC triplets with FFTS than in those with sFGR and in DC than in MC triplets with FFTS.

Diagnóstico ecográfico de la corionicidad y amnionicidad en el embarazo múltiple

La determinación ecográfica de la corionicidad y de la amnionicidad constituye la piedra angular en el manejo obstétrico del embarazo múltiple. Esta debe hacerse en el primer trimestre del embarazo, no solamente por la mayor facilidad diagnóstica sino sobretodo porque constituye el inicio de la ruta a seguir en el control de este tipo de gestaciones. Por lo mencionado anteriormente, el profesional que lidie con esta clase de ecografías debe disponer de los conocimientos necesarios para llegar a un diagnóstico certero de la corionicidad y amnionicidad por ultrasonido.

Determination of chorionicity and amnionicity by ultrasound is the most important step in the management of multiple pregnancies. This diagnosis should be done in the first trimester of pregnancy not only because less difficulty but because it constitutes the beginning ofvarious steps in the control of these types of pregnancies. It is highly recommended that professionals dealing with this kind of study have the knowledge to assess correctly and promptly chorionicity and amnionicity in multiple pregnancies.

Estudio doppler del istmo aórtico fetal en gestantes del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal / Doppler study of fetal aortic isthmus in pregnant women at the National Institute Materno Perinatal

Introducción: La Restricción del Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU) es una importante complicación del embarazo ya que se asocia a un riesgo significativo de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal. Dado que la gran mayoría de RCIU se deben a una disfunción placentaria, el Gold estándar que permitía diferenciarlos de los constitucionalmente pequeños era el doppler umbilical; sin embargo, evidencia actual demuestra que hay dos grupos diferentes de RCIU, los de aparición temprana 34 semanas. Los últimos, especialmente, no suelen presentar compromiso en la arteria umbilical, pero sí en el istmo aórtico fetal (IA) por lo que su evaluación doppler permite su identificación y manejo. Objetivo: Determinar la velocimetría doppler (Indice de Pulsatilidad) del istmo aórtico fetal a través de curvas de normalidad en gestantes del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo de tipo diagnóstico explorativo, en gestantes del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Se seleccionó una muestra de 258 gestantes entre las 28 y las 37 semanas de gestación. En dicha muestra se analizó la historia clínica materna con la finalidad de determinar las características o presencia de las variables de estudio, entre ellas el doppler del istmo aórtico fetal realizado por vía transabdominal en cualquiera de los 2 planos del arco aórtico, longitudinal o transverso. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 258 gestantes, entre 15 y 30 casos para cada semana de gestación entre las 28 y 37 semanas. El tamaño de la muestra, superior al de otros estudios realizados justifica, la fiabilidad del resultado obtenido. El valor promedio del Indice de Pulsatilidad (IP) del la fetal en general fue de 2,7562 con un factor de corrección de 0,0154 por cada semana de edad gestacional, donde a su vez se define como valores patológicos del IP, aquellos por encima del percentil 95 para la edad gestacional, a la vez que se...

íocon la pareja en madres de neonatos con bajo peso al nacer / Couple's Relationship in mothers of low birth weight neonates

Objetivo: Caracterizar la relación con la pareja en madres de neonatos con bajo peso al nacer (BPN). Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico, realizado en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP). Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios. Se tomó a toda la población de madres que dieron a luz un recién nacido único con BPN durante los meses de julio y agosto del 2008 en el INMP. Se recopilaron los datos por medio de revisión de historias clínicas, cuestionarios y entrevistas. se caracterizó la relación con la pareja mediante cuatro preguntas: ¨su pareja la ayuda bastante? ¨tiene problemas con su pareja? ¨se siente controlada por su pareja? ¨se siente amada por su pareja? El presente estudio contó con la aprobación del Comié‚ de ética del INMP. Resultados: La población de estudio fue de 126 madres (puérperas). Se encontró que 31.7% de las entrevistadas no recib¡an la ayuda suficiente por parte de sus parejas. 91.9% refer¡a con frecuencia tener problemas con sus parejas. 92.1% refirió sentirse controlada por su pareja de forma frecuente y 14.2% refirió no sentirse amada por su pareja. Conclusiones: La relación con la pareja en madres de neonatos con BPN muestra una alta proporción de los siguientes indicadores: falta de apoyo, problemas frecuentes y sentimiento de control por parte de la pareja. A partir de esta información se resalta la necesidad de considerar de modo integral la realidad que vive una mujer en el período inmediato al parto, sobre todo en las madres que de por sí se encuentran en mayor riesgo como las que acaban de tener un neonato con BPN.

Objective: To characterize couple’s relationship in mothers of low birth weight neonates (LBW). Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and analytical study, held in Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal(INMP). It was made secondary data analysis. Were included the entire population of mothers who delivered a newborn with LBW among months of July and August 2008 in INMP. Data was colected through revision of case history, questionnaires and interviews. Relation with couples was characterized by 4 questions: Do you receive a lot of help from your partner?, Do you have problems with your partner?, Do you feel controlled by your partner?, Do you feel loved by your partner? The present study was approved by The Committee of Ethics of INMP. Results: The study population was 126 puerperal mothers. It was found that 31.7% refer did not receive enough help from their partners. 91.9% referred to have problems frequently with their partners. 92.1% referred feeling controlled by their partner and 14.2% referred not feeling loved by their couple. Conclusions: The couple's relationship in mothers of LBW neonates evidences a high proportion of following indicators: Lack of support, frequent problems and feeling controlled by the partner. This information shows the necessity to consider on an integral mode the reality that lives a woman in the childbirth immediate period, mainly the mothers with bigger risk like the mothers who have a LBW neonate.

Procrastinación en el estudio: exploración del fenómeno en adolescentes escolarizados: Lima Metropolitana, Perú / Procrastination in learning: exploring the phenomenon among adolescent students: Metropolitan Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Explorar el fenómeno de la Procrastinación en el Estudio (PrE) y evaluar la asociación con apoyo familiar y uso de internet en adolescentes escolares. Estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio, por conglomerados, con selección bietápica. Se incluyó a 292 estudiantes. Se evaluó el nivel de procrastinación en el estudio (PrE), mediante la ôEscala de la Procrastinación en el Estudioõ, el apoyo familiar mediante la ôEscala Multidimensional del Apoyo Social Percibidoõ y el uso de internet. La edad media de los entrevistados fue de 13.9 ± 1.7 años, siendo 66.1% varones. El puntaje promedio para PrE fue de 5.4 ± 3.1 puntos con un rango de 0 a 15. Al análisis bivariado, se encontró que la PrE se asocia significativamente con jornada de estudio, plan de vida, apoyo familiar y motivos de uso de internet. La PrE no es un fenómeno aislado a la vida del adolescente. Existe asociación significativa entre PrE y variables que en conjunto evidencian una mala administración del tiempo por parte de los adolescentes.

Aim: To explore the procrastination phenomenon in learning (PrL) and evaluate its association with family support and use of the Internet in teenagers. Methods: Analytic, observational and cross-sectional study. We conducted a randomized sampling by clusters, with two-stage selection. We assessed the level of procrastination in learning through "The Procrastination Scale in Learning ", family support through "Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support" and Internet use by direct question. Results: The study included 292 students. The average age of respondents was 13.9±1.7 years, with 66.1% being males. The average score for PrL was 5.4±3.1 points with a range of 0 to 15. In the bivariate analysis, we found that PrL was significantly associated with study day, life plan, family support and reasons for Internet use. Conclusions: PrL is not an isolated phenomenon in the life of a teenager. Significant association between PrL and other variables has been found which shows that teenagers have a poor management of their time.

Blues Materno en puérperas de Lima Metropolitana y Callao: Validación de un instrumento y factores asociados. Estudio multicéntrico en cinco hospitales, 2009 / Maternity Blues among postpartum women of Lima Metropolitana and Callao: Validation of an instrument and associated factors. Multicenter study in five hospitals, 2009

Objetivo: Validar un instrumento de evaluación del Blues Materno (BM) y evaluar las variables biopsicosociales asociadas a BM, en madres puérperas durante el segundo día postparto. Métodos: Estudio analítico observacional transversal multicéntrico en 5 hospitales de Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Muestra por conglomerados con afijación de Neyman constituida por 772 puérperas. Consentimiento informado aprobado por el Comité de Ética del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal. Aplicación de la Escala del Blues Materno de Lima (EBML), información obtenida mediante revisión de historias clínicas, cuestionarios de autorreporte y entrevista personal. Se calcularon estadísticos univariados, bivariados y se realizó regresión logística lineal. Resultados: Alfa de Cronbach para EBML: 0.86. La media para BM fue de 6.4 ± 4.8 y las variables asociadas fueron: edad, controles prenatales, tipo de parto, planificación del embarazo, alojamiento conjunto, apoyo social (amigos y familiares) y antecedente de maltrato. El modelo de regresión explicó el 10% de la variabilidad de la muestra. Conclusiones: La EBML presenta alta consistencia interna. El BM es una entidad multifactorial con factores determinables en su dinámica. Implementar talleres, para identificar/controlar dichos factores, es una tarea pendiente a fin de establecer los lineamientos adecuados para una buena adaptación de la mujer en el periodo temprano del embarazo.

Aim: To validate an assessment tool for Mother Blues (MB) and evaluate biopsychosocial variables associated with MB, in postpartum mothers during the second day postpartum. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study in 5 hospitals in Lima Metropolitana and Callao. Cluster sample with a Neyman allocation consisted of 772 postpartum women. Informed consent approved by the Ethics Committee of the Maternal-Perinatal National Institute. Information was obtained by Lima Maternity Blues Scale (EMBL), review of medical records, self-report questionnaires and personal interview. Statistical analysis included univariate, bivariate and linear regression. Cronbach alpha EMBL: 0.86. Results: Mean MB scale punctuation was 6.4±4.8. Associated variables were age, prenatal care, delivery, desired pregnancy, place of residence, social support (friends and family) and a history of abuse. Regression model explained 10% of the variability of the sample. EMBL scale had a high internal consistency. Conclusions: MB is a multifactorial entity with determining factor in its dynamics. In order to implement workshops to identify / control these factors, it is a pending task to establish appropriate guidelines for good adaptation of women in the early period of pregnancy.