The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of lung tumors: new entities since the 2004 Classification.

In the last few years different new pulmonary neoplastic lesions have been recognised and some of them, namely NUT carcinoma, PEComatous tumors, pneumocytic adenomyoepithelioma, pulmonary myxoid sarcoma, myoepithelial tumors/carcinomas entered in the last 2015-WHO classification of lung tumors. In addition angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma and ciliated muconodular papillary tumor have been morphologically and genetically characterized albeit not yet included in the 2015-WHO classification.In the present paper we summarised the clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features of these new entities. The knowledge of key histologic and molecular characteristics may help pathologists in achieving a correct diagnosis thus leading to an adequate therapeutic approach.

Evolution of Magneto-Orbital order Upon B-Site Electron Doping in Na_{1-x}Ca_{x}Mn_{7}O_{12} Quadruple Perovskite Manganites.

We present the discovery and refinement by neutron powder diffraction of a new magnetic phase in the Na_{1-x}Ca_{x}Mn_{7}O_{12} quadruple perovskite phase diagram, which is the incommensurate analogue of the well-known pseudo-CE phase of the simple perovskite manganites. We demonstrate that incommensurate magnetic order arises in quadruple perovskites due to the exchange interactions between A and B sites. Furthermore, by constructing a simple mean field Heisenberg exchange model that generically describes both simple and quadruple perovskite systems, we show that this new magnetic phase unifies a picture of the interplay between charge, magnetic, and orbital ordering across a wide range of compounds.

Thermoelectric behavior of Ruddlesden-Popper series iridates.

The goal of this work is to study the evolution of thermoelectric transport across the members of the Ruddlesden-Popper series iridates [Formula: see text], where a metal-insulator transition driven by bandwidth change occurs, from the strongly insulating Sr2IrO4 to the metallic non Fermi liquid behavior of SrIrO3. Sr2IrO4 ([Formula: see text]), Sr3Ir2O7 ([Formula: see text]) and SrIrO3 ([Formula: see text]) polycrystals are synthesized at high pressure and characterized by structural, magnetic, electric and thermoelectric transport analyses. We find a complex thermoelectric phenomenology in the three compounds. Thermal diffusion of charge carriers accounts for the Seebeck behavior of Sr2IrO4, whereas additional drag mechanisms come into play in determining the Seebeck temperature dependence of Sr3Ir2O7 and SrIrO3. These findings reveal a close relationship between magnetic, electronic and thermoelectric properties, strong coupling of charge carriers with phonons and spin fluctuations as well as the relevance of multiband description in these compounds.

Pathological complete response in a patient affected by multiple synchronous, breast and lung primary malignancies: a case report and review of the literature.

A pathological complete response in a patient affected by multiple synchronous, breast and lung primary malignancies is reported. A 63-year-old woman presented with an invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and a lung adenocarcinoma. After multidisciplinary discussion, the patient underwent pulmonary left lower lobectomy followed by radio-chemotherapy with cisplatin and vinorelbine and started hormone therapy with letrozole. Ten months later, a left mastectomy with axillary lymph nodes dissection was performed. Histologically, a pathological complete response (pCR) was documented. With a review of the Literature, we discuss the issue of multiple primary malignancies, with its diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In cases of multiple synchronous malignancies it has been highlighted the importance of the choice of the best therapeutic approach for both the malignancies, reducing collateral individual effects.

Structural evolution and medium range order in permanently densified vitreous SiO2.

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy is employed to measure the size of the interstitial void spaces characterizing the structure of a set of permanently densified SiO2 glasses. The average volume of the voids is markedly affected by the densification process and linearly shrinks by almost an order of magnitude after a relative density variation of 22%. In addition, x-ray diffraction shows that this change of density does not modify appreciably the short range order, which remains organized in SiO4 tetrahedra. These results strongly suggest a porous medium description for v-SiO2 glasses where the compressibility and the medium range order are dominated by the density variation of the voids volume up to densities close to that of α-quartz.

Role of disorder in the thermodynamics and atomic dynamics of glasses.

We measured the density of vibrational states (DOS) and the specific heat of various glassy and crystalline polymorphs of SiO2. The typical (ambient) glass shows a well-known excess of specific heat relative to the typical crystal (α-quartz). This, however, holds when comparing a lower-density glass to a higher-density crystal. For glassy and crystalline polymorphs with matched densities, the DOS of the glass appears as the smoothed counterpart of the DOS of the corresponding crystal; it reveals the same number of the excess states relative to the Debye model, the same number of all states in the low-energy region, and it provides the same specific heat. This shows that glasses have higher specific heat than crystals not due to disorder, but because the typical glass has lower density than the typical crystal.

Emergence of crystal-like atomic dynamics in glasses at the nanometer scale.

The vibrational dynamics of a permanently densified silica glass is compared to the one of an α-quartz polycrystal, the silica polymorph of the same density and local structure. The combined use of inelastic x-ray scattering experiments and ab initio numerical calculations provides compelling evidence of a transition, in the glass, from the isotropic elastic response at long wavelengths to a microscopic regime as the wavelength decreases below a characteristic length ξ of a few nanometers, corresponding to about 20 interatomic distances. In the microscopic regime the glass vibrations closely resemble those of the polycrystal, with excitations related to the acoustic and optic modes of the crystal. A coherent description of the experimental results is obtained assuming that the elastic modulus of the glass presents spatial heterogeneities of an average size a ~ ξ/2 π.

Dielectric versus magnetic pairing mechanisms in high-temperature cuprate superconductors investigated using Raman scattering.

We suggest, and demonstrate, a systematic approach to the study of cuprate superconductors, namely, progressive change of ion size in order to systematically alter the interaction strength and other key parameters. R(Ba,Sr)2Cu3Oy (R={La,…,Lu,Y}) is such a system where potentially obscuring structural changes are minimal. We thereby systematically alter both dielectric and magnetic properties. Dielectric fluctuation is characterized by ionic polarizability while magnetic fluctuation is characterized by exchange interactions measurable by Raman scattering. The range of transition temperatures is 70-107 K, and we find that these correlate only with the dielectric properties, a behavior which persists with external pressure. The ultimate significance may remain to be proven, but it highlights the role of dielectric screening in the cuprates and adds support to a previously proposed novel pairing mechanism involving exchange of quantized waves of electronic polarization.

Solution-free and catalyst-free synthesis of ZnO-based nanostructured TCOs by PED and vapor phase growth techniques.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most promising materials for realizing three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) on large scale, because it is cheap, it can be modified with large concentrations of trivalent elements (such Al, Ga or In) and it is characterized by good electron mobility, wide bandgap and visible-range transparency. But, above all, it can be easily obtained in the form of different nanostructures with a large number of growth techniques. A solution-free and catalyst-free approach has been explored here by the vapor phase synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on ZnO:Al (AZO) films grown by pulsed electron deposition (PED). The obtained nanostructured TCOs resulted to be homogeneous on large areas and easily patternable by means of mechanical masks. The morphology, crystalline structure, electrical and optical properties of the obtained samples have been characterized in depth. The possible use of such a nanostructured TCO in excitonic (e.g. DSSC) or low-reflectivity traditional solar cells is discussed.

Vibrational dynamics of permanently densified GeO2 glasses: densification-induced changes in the boson peak.

Vitreous GeO(2), one of the main prototypes of strong glasses, was densified at several pressures up to 6 GPa, achieving more than 20% of densification. The density dependence of the vibrational density of states and of the low temperature properties of these glasses was investigated by means of inelastic neutron scattering and calorimetric measurements. With increasing density, both the boson peak and the bump in c(p)/T(3) versus T plot exhibit variations which are stronger than the elastic medium expectation. If one reduces the measured spectra to a common master curve, one finds that this is only possible for the densified samples; the first densification step has an additional effect, similar to other cases in the literature. Nevertheless, the existence of a master curve for the three densified samples proves that the total number of excess modes remains constant on further densification. The experimental data are discussed in the framework of different theoretical models.

Charge, orbital and spin ordering phenomena in the mixed valence manganite (NaMn3+(3))(Mn3+(2)Mn4+(2))O12.

Mixed-valence manganites with the ABO3 perovskite structure display a variety of magnetic and structural transitions, dramatic changes of electrical conductivity and magnetoresistance effects. The physical properties vary with the relative concentration of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the octahedral corner-sharing network, and the proportion of these two cations is usually changed by doping the trivalent large A cation (for example, La3+) with divalent cations. As the dopant and the original cation have, in general, different sizes, and as they are distributed randomly in the structure, such systems are characterized by local distortions that make it difficult to obtain direct information about their crystallographic and physical properties. On the other hand, the double oxides of formula AA'3Mn4O12 contain a perovskite-like network of oxygen octahedra centred on the Mn cations, coupled with an ordered arrangement of the A and A' cations, whose valences control the proportion of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the structure. The compound investigated in this work, (NaMn3+(3))(Mn3+(2)Mn4+(2))O12, contains an equal number of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in the octahedral sites. We show that the absence of disorder enables the unambiguous determination of symmetry, the direct observation of full, or nearly full, charge ordering of Mn3+ and Mn4+ in distinct crystallographic sites, and a nearly perfect orbital ordering of the Mn3+ octahedra.

The cytopathology of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. A detailed analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology of 58 cases compared with 101 invasive ductal carcinomas.

Bonzanini M., Gilioli E., Brancato B., Cristofori A., Bricolo D., Natale N., Valentini A., and Dalla Palma P. (2001)Cytopathology 12, 107-119. The cytopathology of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. A detailed analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology of 58 cases compared with 101 invasive ductal carcinomas. The existence of cytological findings that discriminate ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) has not been unanimously accepted and the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) remains controversial. We report the cytological findings of a large series of FNAC from histologically proven DCIS compared with those of ductal carcinomas having a different extent of the invasive component. The association of high cohesiveness of atypical cells and absence of tubular aggregates showed good sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) for the diagnosis of DCIS vs IDC. The simultaneous presence of necrotic background, atypical cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and a low percentage of single malignant cells resulted in low sensitivity but high specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) for differential cytological diagnosis of DCIS vs IDC.

Cytologic features of 22 radial scar/complex sclerosing lesions of the breast, three of which associated with carcinoma: clinical, mammographic, and histologic correlation.

Radial scar/complex sclerosing lesion (RS/CSL) of the breast has become more frequently detected with the increasing performance of mammography as a screening test. The clinical, mammographic, and cytologic features of 22 cases of histologically proved breast RS/CSL, 3 of which associated with carcinoma arising at the periphery of the lesion, were reviewed. Clinical examination and mammography did not show specific features in differentiating RS/CSL from carcinoma of the breast. Cytology of RS/CSL without associated malignant changes was dominated by bland epithelial clusters and bipolar naked nuclei. Apocrine cells, papillary clusters, foam cells, and fibrillary elastoid material were also frequently seen. At the cytologic review, only one case of RS with apocrine adenosis, showing atypical cells, was diagnosed as suspicious. Two of the three cases of CSL with associated carcinoma in situ were cytologically characterized by the presence of single atypical cells. In the third case, characterized by a small tubular carcinoma near to CSL, fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed few tubular clusters without myoepithelial cells. Although cytology of RS/CSL without associated carcinoma does not seem characteristic, in most cases a diagnosis of benignancy can be performed correctly. The application of fine-needle aspiration cytology to mammographic lesions with features suggesting RS/CSL may permit a better planning of these lesions.

Clear cell "sugar" tumor of the pancreas. A novel member of the family of lesions characterized by the presence of perivascular epithelioid cells.

We report at unique, previously unreported pancreatic tumor occurring in a 60-year-old woman who was preoperative diagnosed on cytoaspiration as having clear cell carcinoma. The resected tumor consisted of a population of large epithelioid cells with clear or eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, rich in glycogen, with nuclear pleomorphism and no mitotic activity. In spite of the epithelioid appearance, the tumor cells were negative for epithelial (CAM 5.2, KL1, AE1-AE3), endocrine (neuron-specific enolase [NSE], chromogranin A), and acinar (lipase, amylase) markers and positive for actin and melanogenesis-related marker HMB 45. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells showed membrane-bound granules; no evidence of either epithelial or melanocytic differentiation was present. These morphophenotypic features have never been reported in a pancreatic tumor and overlap those of clear cell "sugar" tumor of the lung. The same morphophenotypic features are observed in a family of lesions characterized by the presence of the perivascular epithelioid cell that also includes lymphangiomyomatosis and angiomyolipoma. The present case may be considered a novel member of this family of lesions. We propose this new entity be named clear cell "sugar" tumor of the pancreas.

Immunohistochemical differentiation of follicular lymphoma from florid reactive follicular hyperplasia with monoclonal antibodies reactive on paraffin sections.

In this study monoclonal antibodies which recognize lymphoid-associated antigens on paraffin sections (LN1, MB2, L26, MT2, UCHL1) have been evaluated to assess their usefulness in the distinction between reactive and neoplastic lesions of lymphoid follicles. Thirty-three follicular lymphoma samples and 36 reactive samples (lymph nodes and tonsils) were analyzed. MT2 appeared as the most valuable immunophenotypic marker as emerged from a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of 2329 reactive follicles and 2288 neoplastic follicles performed on MT2 immunostained sections. MT2-positive follicles were found in all lymphoma samples but one. Overall 1908 of 2288 neoplastic follicles were judged as positive whereas no follicles with comparable strong MT2 immunoreactivity could be found in non neoplastic samples. These latter showed weak MT2 positivity only in about 10% (224/2329) of reactive follicles. This study confirms that MT2 follicular positivity can be considered a reliable marker of follicular neoplasia, although negative results ought to be considered with caution. The detection of centrofollicular cells outside the germinal centers, which is considered a reliable criterion of follicular neoplasia, was highly improved by LN1 immunostaining. On the other hand pan-B antibodies such as L26 and MB2 were less informative because of the large number of B-lymphocytes observed in interfollicular areas of nonneoplastic samples.

Immunohistochemical characterization of osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells with monoclonal antibody MB1 on paraffin-embedded tissues.

In this study we provide evidence that MB1, a newly developed monoclonal antibody which reacts with B lymphocytes and a proportion of T cells and monocytes, can be successfully used for the direct immunohistochemical identification of osteoclasts on paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. The antigen(s) recognized by MB1 is present at high density in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts of fetal bone and in the multinucleated cells of human giant cell tumour of bone (osteoclastoma), but is weakly expressed or absent in the giant cells of granulomas. MB1 is thus proposed as a new immunohistochemical marker for osteoclasts on paraffin-embedded material.