Arsenic transport, detoxification, and recent technologies for mitigation: A systemic review.

Arsenic (As) is an acute toxic metalloid that affects plant growth and development. As is found in the environment in organic and inorganic forms, but arsenite As(III) and arsenate As(V) are the most prevalent forms that negatively impact the plants. Roots exposed to As can easily absorb it mainly through transporters that carry vital mineral nutrients. As reach the food chain via crops irrigated with As-polluted water and exerts a negative impact. Even at low levels, As exposure disrupts the regular functioning of plants by generating a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results into oxidative damage, and disruption of redox system. Plants have built-in defence mechanisms to combat this oxidative damage. The development of a food crop with lower As levels is dependent upon understanding the molecular process of As detoxification in plants, which will help reduce the consumption of As-contaminated food. Numerous genes in plants that may provide tolerance under hazardous conditions have been examined using genetic engineering techniques. The suppression of genes by RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-Cas 9 (CRISPR associated protein 9) technology revealed an intriguing approach for developing a crop that has minimal As levels in consumable portions. This study aims to present current information on the biochemical and molecular networks associated with As uptake, as well as recent advances in the field of As mitigation using exogenous salicylic acid (SA), Serendipita indica and biotechnological tools in terms of generating As-tolerant plants with low As accumulation.

Predictive potential of MRI in differentiating the predominant component in biphasic pleural mesothelioma.

PURPOSE: To assess the potential of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values derived from diffusion weighted (DW) MRI preoperatively to predict the predominant histologic component among biphasic pleural mesothelioma (PM) tumors. METHODS: ADC maps were generated from DW MRI scans. Histology and predominant component of biphasic PM were confirmed following surgical resection. Statistical analyses were done with R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Average ADC values corresponding to epithelioid- and sarcomatoid-predominant tumors were compared. ADC thresholding was accomplished by recursive partitioning and confirmed with ROC analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients with biphasic PM's, 69 (82 %) epithelioid-predominant (BE) and 15(18 %) sarcomatoid-predominant (BS) tumors were evaluated. Thirty-eight (45 %) patients underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), 39 (46 %) had extended pleural decortication (ePDC) and 7 (8 %) had pleural decortication (PDC). ADC values ranged between 0.696 x 10-3 to 1.921 x 10-3 mm2/s. BE tumors demonstrated significantly higher ADC values than BS tumors (p = 0.026). ADC values above 0.94 x 10-3 mm2/s were associated with a significant increase of relative risk of being in group BE over group BS (relative risk: 1.47, 95 %CI: 1.05-2.06, p = 0.027) CONCLUSION: Average ADC values of BE tumors were higher than BS tumors and the two groups can be separated by a cut off value of 0.94 X 10-3 mm2/s.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Pleural Mesothelioma Staging Project: Proposal for Revision of the TNM Stage Groupings in the Forthcoming (Ninth) Edition of the TNM Classification for Pleural Mesothelioma.

INTRODUCTION: The eighth edition of the TNM classification of pleural mesothelioma (PM) saw substantial changes in T and N components and stage groupings. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer collected data into a multinational database to further refine this classification. This ninth edition proposal incorporates changes proposed in the clinical (c)T component but not the pathologic T component, to include size criteria, and further refines TNM stage groupings for PM. METHODS: Data were submitted through electronic data capture or batch transfer from institutional databases. Survival was measured from diagnosis date. Candidate stage groups were developed using a recursive partitioning and amalgamation algorithm applied to all cM0 cases for clinical stage and subsequently for pathologic stage. Cox models were developed to estimate survival for each stage group. RESULTS: Of 3598 submitted cases, 2192 were analyzable for overall clinical stage and 445 for overall pathologic stage. Recursive partitioning and amalgamation generated survival tree on overall survival outcomes restricted to cM0, with newly proposed (ninth edition) cT and cN component-derived optimal stage groupings of stage I (T1N0), II (T1N1; T2N0), IIIA (T1N2; T2N1/2; any T3), IIIB (any T4), and IV (any M1). Although cT and pathologic T descriptors are different in the ninth edition, aligning pathologic stage groupings with clinical stage produced better discrimination than did retaining eighth edition pathologic stage groupings. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this revision of the clinical TNM classification for PM is the first to incorporate the measurement-based proposed changes in cT category. The pathologic TNM aligns with clinical TNM.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Mesothelioma Staging Project: Proposals for the "N" Descriptors in the Forthcoming Ninth Edition of the TNM Classification for Pleural Mesothelioma.

INTRODUCTION: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer developed an international database to inform potential revisions in the ninth edition of the TNM classification of diffuse pleural mesothelioma (PM). This study analyzed the clinical and pathologic N categories to determine whether revisions were indicated relative to the eighth edition staging system. METHODS: Of 7338 PM cases diagnosed from 2013 to 2022 and 3598 met all inclusion criteria for planned analyses. Data on 2836 patients without metastases were included in this study. Overall survival (OS) was measured from date of diagnosis. Patients were included regardless of whether they received neoadjuvant treatment. For the pathologic N analysis, patients who underwent resection (extrapleural pneumonectomy or pleurectomy/decortication) were included. N subgroups were analyzed and OS assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The existing eighth edition N categories were performed adequately in the ninth edition data set. A median OS advantage was noted for clinical and pathologic N0 versus N1 patients: 23.2 versus 18.5 and 33.8 versus 25.0 months, respectively. Patients with resected pN0 had a 3-year OS of 48%. No difference in OS was noted for single- versus multiple-station nodal metastases. The number of nodal stations sampled at the time of resection was not associated with a difference in OS. CONCLUSIONS: Data regarding clinical and pathologic N categories corroborate those used in the eighth edition. No changes in the N categories are recommended in the ninth edition of PM staging system.

Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging Highlights 2023.

Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging publishes novel research and technical developments in cardiac, thoracic, and vascular imaging. The journal published many innovative studies during 2023 and achieved an impact factor for the first time since its inaugural issue in 2019, with an impact factor of 7.0. The current review article, led by the Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging trainee editorial board, highlights the most impactful articles published in the journal between November 2022 and October 2023. The review encompasses various aspects of coronary CT, photon-counting detector CT, PET/MRI, cardiac MRI, congenital heart disease, vascular imaging, thoracic imaging, artificial intelligence, and health services research. Key highlights include the potential for photon-counting detector CT to reduce contrast media volumes, utility of combined PET/MRI in the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis, the prognostic value of left atrial late gadolinium enhancement at MRI in predicting incident atrial fibrillation, the utility of an artificial intelligence tool to optimize detection of incidental pulmonary embolism, and standardization of medical terminology for cardiac CT. Ongoing research and future directions include evaluation of novel PET tracers for assessment of myocardial fibrosis, deployment of AI tools in clinical cardiovascular imaging workflows, and growing awareness of the need to improve environmental sustainability in imaging. Keywords: Coronary CT, Photon-counting Detector CT, PET/MRI, Cardiac MRI, Congenital Heart Disease, Vascular Imaging, Thoracic Imaging, Artificial Intelligence, Health Services Research © RSNA, 2024.

Circulating SMRP and CA-125 before and after pleurectomy decortication for pleural mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: Tumor recurrence remains the main barrier to survival after surgery for pleural mesothelioma (PM). Soluble mesothelin-related protein (SMRP) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) are established blood-based biomarkers for monitoring PM. We prospectively studied the utility of these biomarkers after pleurectomy decortication (PD). METHODS: Patients who underwent PD and achieved complete macroscopic resection with available preoperative SMRP levels were included. Tumor marker levels were determined within 60 days of three timepoints: (1) preoperation, (2) post-operation, and (3) recurrence. RESULTS: Of 356 evaluable patients, 276 (78%) had recurrence by the end of follow-up interval. Elevated preoperative SMRP levels were associated with epithelioid histology (p < 0.013), advanced TNM (p < 0.001) stage, and clinical stage (p < 0.001). Preoperative CA-125 levels were not significantly associated with clinical covariates. Neither biomarker was associated with survival or disease-free survival. With respect to nonpleural and nonlymphatic recurrences, mean SMRP levels were elevated in patients with pleural (p = 0.021) and lymph node (p = 0.042) recurrences. CA-125 levels were significantly higher in patients with abdominal (p < 0.001) and lymph node (p = 0.004) recurrences. Among patients with all three timepoints available, we observed an average decrease in SMRP levels by 1.93 nmol/L (p < 0.001) postoperatively and again an average increase at recurrence by 0.79 nmol/L (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in levels of CA-125 across the study timepoints (p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal changes in SMRP levels corresponded with a radiographic presence of disease in a subset of patients. SMRP surveillance could aid in detection of local recurrences, whereas CA-125 could be helpful in recognizing abdominal recurrences.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Mesothelioma Staging Project: Proposals for Revisions of the "T" Descriptors in the Forthcoming Ninth Edition of the TNM Classification for Pleural Mesothelioma.

INTRODUCTION: The primary tumor (T) component in the eighth edition of pleural mesothelioma (PM) staging system is based on pleural involvement and extent of invasion. Quantitative assessment of pleural tumor has been found to be prognostic. We explored quantitative and qualitative metrics to develop recommendations for T descriptors in the upcoming ninth edition of the PM staging system. METHODS: The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer prospectively collected data on patients with PM. Sum of maximum pleural thickness (Psum) was recorded. Optimal combinations of Psum and eighth edition cT descriptors were assessed using recursive binary splitting algorithm, with bootstrap resampling to correct for the adaptive nature of the splitting algorithm, and validated in the eighth edition data. Overall survival (OS) was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and differences in OS assessed by the log-rank test. RESULTS: Of 7338 patients submitted, 3598 were eligible for cT analysis and 1790 had Psum measurements. Recursive partitioning identified optimal cutpoints of Psum at 12 and 30 mm, which, in combination with extent of invasion, yielded four prognostic groups for OS. Fmax greater than 5 mm indicated poor prognosis. cT4 category (based on invasion) revealed similar performance to eighth edition. Three eighth edition descriptors were eliminated based on low predictive accuracy. Eighth edition pT descriptors remained valid in ninth edition analyses. CONCLUSION: Given reproducible prognostication by Psum, size criteria will be incorporated into cT1 to T3 categories in the ninth edition. Current cT4 category and all pT descriptors will be maintained, with reclassification of fissural invasion as pT2.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Pleural Mesothelioma Staging Project: Expanded Database to Inform Revisions in the Ninth Edition of the TNM Classification of Pleural Mesothelioma.

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer collaborated with the International Mesothelioma Interest Group to propose the first TNM stage classification system for diffuse pleural mesothelioma in 1995, accepted by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer for the sixth and seventh edition stage classification manuals. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee Mesothelioma Domain developed and analyzed an international registry of patients with pleural mesothelioma and updated TNM descriptors for the eighth edition of the stage classification system. To inform revisions for the forthcoming ninth edition of the TNM stage classification system, data submission was solicited for patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2022 with expanded data elements on the basis of the first project's exploratory analyses, including pleural thickness measurements, updated surgical nomenclature, and molecular markers. The resulting database consisted of a total of 3598 analyzable cases from Europe, Australia, Asia, North America, and South America, with a median age of 71 years (range: 18-99 y), 2775 (77.1%) of whom were men. With only 1310 patients (36.4%) undergoing curative-intent operations, this iteration of the database includes far more patients treated nonsurgically compared with prior. Four separate manuscripts on T, N, M, and stage groupings submitted to this journal will summarize analyses of these data and will serve collectively as the primary source of the proposed changes to the upcoming ninth edition of the pleural mesothelioma stage classification system.

Short peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length in rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease.

Shortened telomere lengths (TLs) can be caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms and loss-of-function mutations in telomere-related genes (TRG), as well as ageing and lifestyle factors such as smoking. Our objective was to determine if shortened TL is associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This is the largest study to demonstrate and replicate that shortened peripheral blood leukocytes-TL is associated with ILD in patients with RA compared with RA without ILD in a multinational cohort, and short PBL-TL was associated with baseline disease severity in RA-ILD as measured by forced vital capacity percent predicted.

What's new in thoracic oncology.

Many changes have occurred in the field of thoracic surgery over the last several years. In this review, we will discuss new diagnostic techniques for lung cancer, innovations in surgery, and major updates on latest treatment options including immunotherapy. All these have significantly started to change our approach toward the management of lung cancer and have great potential to improve the lives of our patients afflicted with this disease.

OsRuvBL1a DNA helicase boost salinity and drought tolerance in transgenic indica rice raised by in planta transformation.

RuvBL, is a member of SF6 superfamily of helicases and is conserved among the various model systems. Recently, rice (Oryza sativa L.) homolog of RuvBL has been biochemically characterized for its ATPase and DNA helicase activities; however its involvement in stress has not been studied so far. Present investigation reports the detailed functional characterization of OsRuvBL under abiotic stresses through genetic engineering. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transformation protocol was developed in indica rice to generate the transgenic lines and study was focused on optimization of factors to achieve maximum transformation efficiency. Overexpressing OsRuvBL1a transgenic lines showed enhanced tolerance under in vivo salinity stress as compared to WT plants. The physiological and biochemical analysis of the OsRuvBL1a transgenic lines showed better performance under salinity and drought stresses. Several stress responsive interacting partners of OsRuvBL1a were identified using Y2H system revealed to its role in stress tolerance. Functional mechanism for boosting stress tolerance by OsRuvBL1a has been proposed in this study. This integration of OsRuvBL1a gene in rice genome using in planta transformation method helped to achieve the abiotic stress resilient smart crop. This study is the first direct evidence to show the novel function of RuvBL in boosting abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Virtual Residency Interviews- A Survival Guide and Lessons Learnt.

With the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the residency programs were required to conduct virtual/online interviews for recruitment of candidates for their residency programs. While both programs and the candidates had challenges, with the abrupt transition of interviews to online platform, there were some perceived benefits by the applicants. This paper will further review the pros and cons, the challenges and the changes brought about by the online transformation of residency interviews and conclude with tips to the residency applicants and lessons learnt from this transition. Although, residency programs are considering going back to in-person interviews, they may continue to offer virtual interview as well to the candidates in the future.

Imaging Follow-Up of Nonsurgical Therapies for Lung Cancer: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review.

Lung cancer continues to be the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the past decade, with the implementation of lung cancer screening programs and advances in surgical and nonsurgical therapies, the survival of patients with lung cancer has increased, as has the number of imaging studies that these patients undergo. However, most patients with lung cancer do not undergo surgical re-section, because they have comorbid disease or lung cancer in an advanced stage at diagnosis. Nonsurgical therapies have continued to evolve with a growing range of systemic and targeted therapies, and there has been an associated evolution in the imaging findings encountered at follow-up examinations after such therapies (e.g., with respect to posttreatment changes, treatment complications, and recurrent tumor). This AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review describes the current status of nonsurgical therapies for lung cancer and their expected and unexpected imaging manifestations. The goal is to provide guidance to radiologists regarding imaging assessment after such therapies, focusing mainly on non-small cell lung cancer. Covered therapies include systemic therapy (conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy), radiotherapy, and thermal ablation.

Autoantibodies against citrullinated and native proteins and prediction of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: A nested case-control study.

Background: To identify fine specificity anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) associated with incident rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Methods: This nested case-control study within the Brigham RA Sequential Study matched incident RA-ILD cases to RA-noILD controls on time of blood collection, age, sex, RA duration, and rheumatoid factor status. A multiplex assay measured ACPA and anti-native protein antibodies from stored serum prior to RA-ILD onset. Logistic regression models calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for RA-ILD, adjusting for prospectively-collected covariates. We estimated optimism-corrected area under the curves (AUC) using internal validation. Model coefficients generated a risk score for RA-ILD. Findings: We analyzed 84 incident RA-ILD cases (mean age 67 years, 77% female, 90% White) and 233 RA-noILD controls (mean age 66 years, 80% female, 94% White). We identified six fine specificity antibodies that were associated with RA-ILD. The antibody isotypes and targeted proteins were: IgA2 to citrullinated histone 4 (OR 0.08 per log-transformed unit, 95% CI 0.03-0.22), IgA2 to citrullinated histone 2A (OR 4.03, 95% CI 2.03-8.00), IgG to cyclic citrullinated filaggrin (OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.71-7.01), IgA2 to native cyclic histone 2A (OR 5.52, 95% CI 2.38-12.78), IgA2 to native histone 2A (OR 4.60, 95% CI 2.18-9.74), and IgG to native cyclic filaggrin (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.47-4.34). These six antibodies predicted RA-ILD risk better than all clinical factors combined (optimism-corrected AUC=0·84 versus 0·73). We developed a risk score for RA-ILD combining these antibodies with the clinical factors (smoking, disease activity, glucocorticoid use, obesity). At 50% predicted RA-ILD probability, the risk scores both without (score=2·6) and with (score=5·9) biomarkers achieved specificity ≥93% for RA-ILD. Interpretation: Specific ACPA and anti-native protein antibodies improve RA-ILD prediction. These findings implicate synovial protein antibodies in the pathogenesis of RA-ILD and suggest clinical utility in predicting RA-ILD once validated in external studies. Funding: National Institutes of Health.

A Large-Scale Proteomics Resource of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Discovery in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis of all common tumors. Earlier cancer diagnosis could increase survival rates and better assessment of metastatic disease could improve patient care. As such, there is an urgent need to develop biomarkers to diagnose this deadly malignancy earlier. Analyzing circulating extracellular vesicles (cEVs) using 'liquid biopsies' offers an attractive approach to diagnose and monitor disease status. However, it is important to differentiate EV-associated proteins enriched in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from those with benign pancreatic diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). To meet this need, we combined the novel EVtrap method for highly efficient isolation of EVs from plasma and conducted proteomics analysis of samples from 124 individuals, including patients with PDAC, benign pancreatic diseases and controls. On average, 912 EV proteins were identified per 100µL of plasma. EVs containing high levels of PDCD6IP, SERPINA12 and RUVBL2 were associated with PDAC compared to the benign diseases in both discovery and validation cohorts. EVs with PSMB4, RUVBL2 and ANKAR were associated with metastasis, and those with CRP, RALB and CD55 correlated with poor clinical prognosis. Finally, we validated a 7-EV protein PDAC signature against a background of benign pancreatic diseases that yielded an 89% prediction accuracy for the diagnosis of PDAC. To our knowledge, our study represents the largest proteomics profiling of circulating EVs ever conducted in pancreatic cancer and provides a valuable open-source atlas to the scientific community with a comprehensive catalogue of novel cEVs that may assist in the development of biomarkers and improve the outcomes of patients with PDAC.

Considerations for Imaging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: A Consensus Statement from the International Mesothelioma Interest Group.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive primary malignancy of the pleura that presents unique radiologic challenges with regard to accurate and reproducible assessment of disease extent at staging and follow-up imaging. By optimizing and harmonizing technical approaches to imaging MPM, the best quality imaging can be achieved for individual patient care, clinical trials, and imaging research. This consensus statement represents agreement on harmonized, standard practices for routine multimodality imaging of MPM, including radiography, computed tomography, 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, by an international panel of experts in the field of pleural imaging assembled by the International Mesothelioma Interest Group. In addition, modality-specific technical considerations and future directions are discussed. A bulleted summary of all technical recommendations is provided.

Image-guided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (iVATS): a single center experience and review.

Lung cancer screening techniques using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans have improved over the last decade. This means that there is an increased rate of detection of small, often non-palpable, nodules and ground-glass opacities. Obtaining a definitive diagnosis of these nodules using techniques such as percutaneous image-guided biopsy or intraoperative localization is challenging, and these nodules have traditionally undergone routine surveillance. Image-guided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (iVATS), which is performed in a hybrid operating room, has made it more feasible to biopsy and resect these nodules. The first thoracic surgery hybrid operative room was introduced at our institution at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Herein, we describe our experience implementing this technique including the methods we used to train key personnel such as radiologists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists to ensure that this technique successfully translated to a clinical setting. We review the benefits of iVATS, which includes decreased rate of fiducial dislodgement, real-time imaging which facilitates successful fiducial placement, and smaller sized resection of lung parenchyma. We will also describe the comparisons between traditional diagnostic methods and iVATS, patient selection criteria and important technical details. Some centers describe alternative techniques for several of the technical aspects, including patient positioning, which we also mention. Lastly, we describe adverse events after iVATS, which are comparable to those seen after a standard VATS.