Activation of the mPFC-NAc Pathway Reduces Motor Impulsivity but Does Not Affect Risk-Related Decision-Making in Innately High-Impulsive Male Rats.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are characterized by exacerbated motor and risk-related impulsivities, which are associated with decreased cortical activity. In rodents, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been separately implicated in impulsive behaviors, but studies on the specific role of the mPFC-NAc pathway in these behaviors are limited. Here, we investigated whether heightened impulsive behaviors are associated with reduced mPFC activity in rodents and determined the involvement of the mPFC-NAc pathway in motor and risk-related impulsivities. We used the Roman High- (RHA) and Low-Avoidance (RLA) rat lines, which display divergent phenotypes in impulsivity. To investigate alterations in cortical activity in relation to impulsivity, regional brain glucose metabolism was measured using positron emission tomography and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG). Using chemogenetics, the activity of the mPFC-NAc pathway was either selectively activated in high-impulsive RHA rats or inhibited in low-impulsive RLA rats, and the effects of these manipulations on motor and risk-related impulsivity were concurrently assessed using the rat gambling task. We showed that basal [18F]FDG uptake was lower in the mPFC and NAc of RHA compared to RLA rats. Activation of the mPFC-NAc pathway in RHA rats reduced motor impulsivity, without affecting risk-related decision-making. Conversely, inhibition of the mPFC-NAc pathway had no effect in RLA rats. Our results suggest that the mPFC-NAc pathway controls motor impulsivity, but has limited involvement in risk-related decision-making in our current model. Our findings suggest that reducing fronto-striatal activity may help attenuate motor impulsivity in patients with impulse control dysregulation.

Dissociable Roles of the mPFC-to-VTA Pathway in the Control of Impulsive Action and Risk-Related Decision-Making in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats.

BACKGROUND: Impulsive action and risk-related decision-making (RDM) are associated with various psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse. Both behavioral traits have also been linked to reduced frontocortical activity and alterations in dopamine function in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, despite direct projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the VTA, the specific role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling impulsive action and RDM remains unexplored. METHODS: We used positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose to evaluate brain metabolic activity in Roman high- (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rats, which exhibit innate differences in impulsive action and RDM. Notably, we used a viral-based double dissociation chemogenetic strategy to isolate, for the first time to our knowledge, the role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in controlling these behaviors. We selectively activated the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in RHA rats and inhibited it in RLA rats, assessing the effects on impulsive action and RDM in the rat gambling task. RESULTS: Our results showed that RHA rats displayed higher impulsive action, less optimal decision-making, and lower cortical activity than RLA rats at baseline. Chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway reduced impulsive action in RHA rats, whereas chemogenetic inhibition had the opposite effect in RLA rats. However, these manipulations did not affect RDM. Thus, by specifically targeting the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in a phenotype-dependent way, we reverted innate patterns of impulsive action but not RDM. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a dissociable role of the mPFC-to-VTA pathway in impulsive action and RDM, highlighting its potential as a target for investigating impulsivity-related disorders.

Decoupling Dopamine Synthesis from Impulsive Action, Risk-Related Decision-Making, and Propensity to Cocaine Intake: A Longitudinal [18F]-FDOPA PET Study in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats.

Impulsive action and risk-related decision-making (RDM) are two facets of impulsivity linked to a hyperdopaminergic release in the striatum and an increased propensity to cocaine intake. We previously showed that with repeated cocaine exposure, this initial hyperdopaminergic release is blunted in impulsive animals, potentially signaling drug-induced tolerance. Whether such dopaminergic dynamics involve changes in dopamine (DA) synthesis as a function of impulsivity is currently unknown. Here, we investigated the predictive value of DA synthesis for impulsive action, RDM, and the propensity to take cocaine in a rat model of vulnerability to cocaine abuse. Additionally, we assessed the effects of cocaine intake on these variables. Rats were tested sequentially in the rat Gambling Task (rGT) and were scanned with positron emission tomography and [18F]-FDOPA to respectively assess both impulsivity facets and striatal DA synthesis before and after cocaine self-administration (SA). Our results revealed that baseline striatal levels of DA synthesis did not significantly predict impulsive action, RDM, or a greater propensity to cocaine SA in impulsive animals. Besides, we showed that impulsive action, but not RDM, predicted higher rates of cocaine taking. However, chronic cocaine exposure had no impact on DA synthesis, nor affected impulsive action and RDM. These findings indicate that the hyper-responsive DA system associated with impulsivity and a propensity for cocaine consumption, along with the reduction in this hyper-responsive DA state in impulsive animals with a history of cocaine use, might not be mediated by dynamic changes in DA synthesis.

Repeated Cocaine Intake Differentially Impacts Striatal D2/3 Receptor Availability, Psychostimulant-Induced Dopamine Release, and Trait Behavioral Markers of Drug Abuse.

Current research indicates that altered dopamine (DA) transmission in the striatum contributes to impulsivity and novelty-seeking, and it may mediate a link concerning a higher susceptibility to drug abuse. Whether increased susceptibility to drug abuse results from a hyperdopaminergic or hypodopaminergic state is still debated. Here, we simultaneously tracked changes in DA D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability and amphetamine-(AMPH)-induced DA release in relation to impulsivity and novelty-seeking prior to, and following, cocaine self-administration (SA) in Roman high- (RHA) and low- (RLA) avoidance rats. We found that high-impulsive/high novelty-seeking RHA rats exhibited lower D2/3R availabilities and higher AMPH-induced DA release in the striatum that predicted higher levels of cocaine intake compared with RLAs. Cocaine SA did not alter striatal D2/3R availability or impulsivity in RHA or RLA rats. Critically, cocaine exposure led to a baseline-dependent blunting of stimulated DA release in high-impulsive/high novelty-seeking RHA rats only, and to a baseline-dependent increase in novelty-seeking in low-impulsive/low novelty-seeking RLA rats only. Altogether, we propose that susceptibility to drug abuse results from an innate hyper-responsive DA system, promoting impulsive action and novelty-seeking, and producing stronger initial drug-reinforcing effects that contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of drug use. However, with repeated cocaine use, a tolerance to drug-induced striatal DA elevations develops, leading to a compensatory increase in drug consumption to overcome the reduced reward effects.

Motor impulsivity but not risk-related impulsive choice is associated to drug intake and drug-primed relapse.

Introduction: Motor impulsivity and risk-related impulsive choice have been proposed as vulnerability factors for drug abuse, due to their high prevalence in drug abusers. However, how these two facets of impulsivity are associated to drug abuse remains unclear. Here, we investigated the predictive value of both motor impulsivity and risk-related impulsive choice on characteristics of drug abuse including initiation and maintenance of drug use, motivation for the drug, extinction of drug-seeking behavior following drug discontinuation and, finally, propensity to relapse. Methods: We used the Roman High- (RHA) and Low- Avoidance (RLA) rat lines, which display innate phenotypical differences in motor impulsivity, risk-related impulsive choice, and propensity to self-administer drugs. Individual levels of motor impulsivity and risk-related impulsive choice were measured using the rat Gambling task. Then, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.3 mg/kg/infusion; 14 days) to evaluate acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration, after which motivation for cocaine was assessed using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, rats were tested for their resistance to extinction, followed by cue-induced and drug-primed reinstatement sessions to evaluate relapse. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the dopamine stabilizer aripiprazole on reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviors. Results: We found that motor impulsivity and risk-related impulsive choice were positively correlated at baseline. Furthermore, innate high levels of motor impulsivity were associated with higher drug use and increased vulnerability to cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking. However, no relationships were observed between motor impulsivity and the motivation for the drug, extinction or cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking. High levels of risk-related impulsive choice were not associated to any aspects of drug abuse measured in our study. Additionally, aripiprazole similarly blocked cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking in both high- and low-impulsive animals, suggesting that aripiprazole acts as a D2/3R antagonist to prevent relapse independently of the levels of impulsivity and propensity to self-administer drugs. Discussion: Altogether, our study highlights motor impulsivity as an important predictive factor for drug abuse and drug-primed relapse. On the other hand, the involvement of risk-related impulsive choice as a risk factor for drug abuse appears to be limited.

A cycle-consistent adversarial network for brain PET partial volume correction without prior anatomical information.

PURPOSE: Partial volume effect (PVE) is a consequence of the limited spatial resolution of PET scanners. PVE can cause the intensity values of a particular voxel to be underestimated or overestimated due to the effect of surrounding tracer uptake. We propose a novel partial volume correction (PVC) technique to overcome the adverse effects of PVE on PET images. METHODS: Two hundred and twelve clinical brain PET scans, including 50 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 50 18F-Flortaucipir, 36 18F-Flutemetamol, and 76 18F-FluoroDOPA, and their corresponding T1-weighted MR images were enrolled in this study. The Iterative Yang technique was used for PVC as a reference or surrogate of the ground truth for evaluation. A cycle-consistent adversarial network (CycleGAN) was trained to directly map non-PVC PET images to PVC PET images. Quantitative analysis using various metrics, including structural similarity index (SSIM), root mean squared error (RMSE), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), was performed. Furthermore, voxel-wise and region-wise-based correlations of activity concentration between the predicted and reference images were evaluated through joint histogram and Bland and Altman analysis. In addition, radiomic analysis was performed by calculating 20 radiomic features within 83 brain regions. Finally, a voxel-wise two-sample t-test was used to compare the predicted PVC PET images with reference PVC images for each radiotracer. RESULTS: The Bland and Altman analysis showed the largest and smallest variance for 18F-FDG (95% CI: - 0.29, + 0.33 SUV, mean = 0.02 SUV) and 18F-Flutemetamol (95% CI: - 0.26, + 0.24 SUV, mean = - 0.01 SUV), respectively. The PSNR was lowest (29.64 ± 1.13 dB) for 18F-FDG and highest (36.01 ± 3.26 dB) for 18F-Flutemetamol. The smallest and largest SSIM were achieved for 18F-FDG (0.93 ± 0.01) and 18F-Flutemetamol (0.97 ± 0.01), respectively. The average relative error for the kurtosis radiomic feature was 3.32%, 9.39%, 4.17%, and 4.55%, while it was 4.74%, 8.80%, 7.27%, and 6.81% for NGLDM_contrast feature for 18F-Flutemetamol, 18F-FluoroDOPA, 18F-FDG, and 18F-Flortaucipir, respectively. CONCLUSION: An end-to-end CycleGAN PVC method was developed and evaluated. Our model generates PVC images from the original non-PVC PET images without requiring additional anatomical information, such as MRI or CT. Our model eliminates the need for accurate registration or segmentation or PET scanner system response characterization. In addition, no assumptions regarding anatomical structure size, homogeneity, boundary, or background level are required.

Concurrent measures of impulsive action and choice are partially related and differentially modulated by dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors in a rat model of impulsivity.

Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, but the relationships between its constructs and their respective underlying dopaminergic underpinnings in the general population remain unclear. A cohort of Roman high- (RHA) and low- (RLA) avoidance rats were tested for impulsive action and risky decision-making in the rat gambling task, and then for delay discounting in the delay-discounting task to concurrently measure the relationships among the three constructs of impulsivity using a within-subject design. Then, we evaluated the effects of dopaminergic drugs on the three constructs of impulsivity, considering innate differences in impulsive behaviors at baseline. Risky decision-making and delay-discounting were positively correlated, indicating that both constructs of impulsive choice are related. Impulsive action positively correlated with risky decision-making but not with delay discounting, suggesting partial overlap between impulsive action and impulsive choice. RHAs showed a more impulsive phenotype in the three constructs of impulsivity compared to RLAs, demonstrating the comorbid nature of impulsivity in a population of rats. Amphetamine increased impulsive action and had no effect on risky decision-making regardless of baseline levels of impulsivity, but it decreased delay discounting only in high impulsive RHAs. In contrast, while D1R and D3R agonism as well as D2/3R partial agonism decreased impulsive action regardless of baseline levels of impulsivity, D2/3R agonism decreased impulsive action exclusively in high impulsive RHAs. Irrespective of baseline levels of impulsivity, risky decision-making was increased by D1R and D2/3R agonism but not by D3R agonism or D2/3R partial agonism. Finally, while D1R and D3R agonism, D2/3R partial agonism and D2R blockade increased delay discounting irrespective of baseline levels of impulsivity, D2/3R agonism decreased it in low impulsive RLAs only. These findings indicate that the acute effects of dopamine drugs were partially overlapping across dimensions of impulsivity, and that only D2/3R agonism showed baseline-dependent effects on impulsive action and impulsive choice.

Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of cannabis use disorder.

Current research indicates deficits in cognitive function together with widespread changes in brain activity following long-term cannabis use. In particular, cannabis use has been associated with excessive spectral power of the alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz), which is also known to be modulated during attentional states. Recent neuroimaging studies have linked heavy cannabis use with structural and metabolic changes in the brain; however, the functional consequences of these changes are still not fully characterized. This study investigated the electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of cannabis dependence by comparing patients with a cannabis use disorder (CUD; N = 24) with cannabis nonuser controls (N = 24), using resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) source-imaging. In addition to evaluating mean differences between groups, we also explored whether particular EEG patterns were associated with individual cognitive-behavioral measures. First, we replicated historical findings of elevated levels of (relative) alpha rhythm in CUD patients compared with controls and located these abnormalities to mainly prefrontal cortical regions. Importantly, we observed a significant negative correlation between alpha spectral power in several cortical regions and individual attentional performance in the Go/NoGo task. Because such relationship was absent in the nonuser control group, our results suggest that reduced prefrontal cortical activation (indexed by increased relative alpha power) could be partly responsible for the reported cognitive impairments in CUD. Our findings support the use of electroencephalography as a noninvasive and cost-effective tool for biomarker discovery in substance abuse and have the potential of directly informing future intervention strategies.

Early environmental enrichment and impoverishment differentially affect addiction-related behavioral traits, cocaine-taking, and dopamine D2/3 receptor signaling in a rat model of vulnerability to drug abuse.

RATIONALE: Risk factors for drug addiction include genetics, environment, and behavioral traits such as impulsivity and novelty preference (NP), which have been related to deficits in striatal dopamine (DA) D2/3-receptors (D2/3R) and heightened amphetamine (AMPH)-induced DA release. However, the influence of the early rearing environment on these behavioral and neurochemical variables is not clear. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the influence of early rearing environment on striatal D2/3R availabilities and AMPH-induced DA release in relation to impulsivity, NP, and propensity to drug self-administration (SA) in "addiction-prone" Roman high- (RHA) and "addiction-resistant" Roman low-avoidance (RLA) rats. METHODS: Animals were reared post-weaning in either environmental enrichment (EE) or impoverishment (EI) and were assessed at adulthood for impulsivity, NP, and propensity to cocaine SA. EE and EI rats were also scanned using single-photon emission computed tomography to concurrently measure in vivo striatal D2/3R availability and AMPH-induced DA release. RESULTS: EE vs. EI was associated with heightened impulsivity and a lack of NP in both rat lines. Higher dorsal striatal D2/3R densities were found in RHA EE and higher AMPH-induced DA release in RLA EE. Both impulsivity and NP were negatively correlated to dorsal striatal D2/3R availabilities and positively correlated with AMPH-induced DA release in EI but not in EE. EE vs. EI was related to a faster rate of cocaine intake and elevated active timeout responses in RHAs. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest non-monotonic, environment-dependent, relationships between impulsivity, NP, and D2/3R-mediated signaling, and suggest that EI vs. EE may decrease the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in predisposed individuals.

Fast dynamic brain PET imaging using stochastic variational prediction for recurrent frame generation.

PURPOSE: We assess the performance of a recurrent frame generation algorithm for prediction of late frames from initial frames in dynamic brain PET imaging. METHODS: Clinical dynamic 18 F-DOPA brain PET/CT studies of 46 subjects with ten folds cross-validation were retrospectively employed. A novel stochastic adversarial video prediction model was implemented to predict the last 13 frames (25-90 minutes) from the initial 13 frames (0-25 minutes). The quantitative analysis of the predicted dynamic PET frames was performed for the test and validation dataset using established metrics. RESULTS: The predicted dynamic images demonstrated that the model is capable of predicting the trend of change in time-varying tracer biodistribution. The Bland-Altman plots reported the lowest tracer uptake bias (-0.04) for the putamen region and the smallest variance (95% CI: -0.38, +0.14) for the cerebellum. The region-wise Patlak graphical analysis in the caudate and putamen regions for eight subjects from the test and validation dataset showed that the average bias for K i and distribution volume was 4.3%, 5.1% and 4.4%, 4.2%, (P-value <0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: We have developed a novel deep learning approach for fast dynamic brain PET imaging capable of generating the last 65 minutes time frames from the initial 25 minutes frames, thus enabling significant reduction in scanning time.

Effect of 5-HT2A receptor antagonism on levels of D2/3 receptor occupancy and adverse behavioral side-effects induced by haloperidol: a SPECT imaging study in the rat.

Several studies suggested that 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) blockade may provide a more favorable efficacy and side-effect profile to antipsychotic treatment. We hypothesized that a combined haloperidol (a D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) antagonist) and MDL-100,907 (a 5-HT2AR antagonist) treatment would reverse the side effects and the neurochemical alterations induced by haloperidol alone and would potentialize its efficacy. We thus chronically treated male Mdr1a knock-out rats with several doses of haloperidol alone or in combination with a saturating dose of a MDL-100,907. Receptor occupancy at clinically relevant levels was validated with a dual-radiotracer in-vivo SPECT imaging of D2/3R and 5-HT2AR occupancy. Experimental tests of efficacy (dizocilpine-disrupted prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex) and side effects (catalepsy, vacuous chewing movements) were performed. Finally, a second dual-radiotracer in-vivo SPECT scan assessed the neurochemical changes induced by the chronic treatments. Chronic haloperidol failed to reverse PPI disruption induced by dizocilpine, whilst administration of MDL-100,907 along with haloperidol was associated with a reversal of the effect of dizocilpine. Haloperidol at 0.5 mg/kg/day and at 1 mg/kg/day induced catalepsy that was significantly alleviated (by ~50%) by co-treatment with MDL-100,907 but only at 0.5 mg/kg/day dose of haloperidol. Chronic haloperidol treatment, event at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg/day induced a significant upregulation of the D2/3R in the striatum (by over 40% in the nucleus accumbens and over 20% in the caudate-putamen nuclei), that was not reversed by MDL-100,907. Finally, an upregulation of 5-HT2AR after chronic haloperidol treatment at a moderate dose only (0.25 mg/kg/day) was demonstrated in frontal cortical regions and the ventral tegmental area. Overall, a partial contribution of a 5-HT2AR antagonism to the efficacy and side-effect profile of antipsychotic agents is suggested.

Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Availabilities and Evoked Dopamine Release in Striatum Differentially Predict Impulsivity and Novelty Preference in Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rats.

BACKGROUND: Impulsivity and novelty preference are both associated with an increased propensity to develop addiction-like behaviors, but their relationship and respective underlying dopamine (DA) underpinnings are not fully elucidated. METHODS: We evaluated a large cohort (n = 49) of Roman high- and low-avoidance rats using single photon emission computed tomography to concurrently measure in vivo striatal D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) availability and amphetamine (AMPH)-induced DA release in relation to impulsivity and novelty preference using a within-subject design. To further examine the DA-dependent processes related to these traits, midbrain D2/3-autoreceptor levels were measured using ex vivo autoradiography in the same animals. RESULTS: We replicated a robust inverse relationship between impulsivity, as measured with the 5-choice serial reaction time task, and D2/3R availability in ventral striatum and extended this relationship to D2/3R levels measured in dorsal striatum. Novelty preference was positively related to impulsivity and showed inverse associations with D2/3R availability in dorsal striatum and ventral striatum. A high magnitude of AMPH-induced DA release in striatum predicted both impulsivity and novelty preference, perhaps owing to the diminished midbrain D2/3-autoreceptor availability measured in high-impulsive/novelty-preferring Roman high-avoidance animals that may amplify AMPH effect on DA transmission. Mediation analyses revealed that while D2/3R availability and AMPH-induced DA release in striatum are both significant predictors of impulsivity, the effect of striatal D2/3R availability on novelty preference is fully mediated by evoked striatal DA release. CONCLUSIONS: Impulsivity and novelty preference are related but mediated by overlapping, yet dissociable, DA-dependent mechanisms in striatum that may interact to promote the emergence of an addiction-prone phenotype.

Deep learning-guided joint attenuation and scatter correction in multitracer neuroimaging studies.

PET attenuation correction (AC) on systems lacking CT/transmission scanning, such as dedicated brain PET scanners and hybrid PET/MRI, is challenging. Direct AC in image-space, wherein PET images corrected for attenuation and scatter are synthesized from nonattenuation corrected PET (PET-nonAC) images in an end-to-end fashion using deep learning approaches (DLAC) is evaluated for various radiotracers used in molecular neuroimaging studies. One hundred eighty brain PET scans acquired using 18 F-FDG, 18 F-DOPA, 18 F-Flortaucipir (targeting tau pathology), and 18 F-Flutemetamol (targeting amyloid pathology) radiotracers (40 + 5, training/validation + external test, subjects for each radiotracer) were included. The PET data were reconstructed using CT-based AC (CTAC) to generate reference PET-CTAC and without AC to produce PET-nonAC images. A deep convolutional neural network was trained to generate PET attenuation corrected images (PET-DLAC) from PET-nonAC. The quantitative accuracy of this approach was investigated separately for each radiotracer considering the values obtained from PET-CTAC images as reference. A segmented AC map (PET-SegAC) containing soft-tissue and background air was also included in the evaluation. Quantitative analysis of PET images demonstrated superior performance of the DLAC approach compared to SegAC technique for all tracers. Despite the relatively low quantitative bias observed when using the DLAC approach, this approach appears vulnerable to outliers, resulting in noticeable local pseudo uptake and false cold regions. Direct AC in image-space using deep learning demonstrated quantitatively acceptable performance with less than 9% absolute SUV bias for the four different investigated neuroimaging radiotracers. However, this approach is vulnerable to outliers which result in large local quantitative bias.

PET Imaging of Dopamine Neurotransmission During EEG Neurofeedback.

Neurofeedback (NFB) is a brain-based training method that enables users to control their own cortical oscillations using real-time feedback from the electroencephalogram (EEG). Importantly, no investigations to date have directly explored the potential impact of NFB on the brain's key neuromodulatory systems. Our study's objective was to assess the capacity of NFB to induce dopamine release as revealed by positron emission tomography (PET). Thirty-two healthy volunteers were randomized to either EEG-neurofeedback (NFB) or EEG-electromyography (EMG), and scanned while performing self-regulation during a single session of dynamic PET brain imaging using the high affinity D2/3 receptor radiotracer, [18F]Fallypride. NFB and EMG groups down-regulated cortical alpha power and facial muscle tone, respectively. Task-induced effects on endogenous dopamine release were estimated in the frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and thalamus, using the linearized simplified reference region model (LSRRM), which accounts for time-dependent changes in radiotracer binding following task initiation. Contrary to our hypothesis of a differential effect for NFB vs. EMG training, significant dopamine release was observed in both training groups in the frontal and anterior cingulate cortex, but not in thalamus. Interestingly, a significant negative correlation was observed between dopamine release in frontal cortex and pre-to-post NFB change in spontaneous alpha power, suggesting that intra-individual changes in brain state (i.e., alpha power) could partly result from changes in neuromodulatory tone. Overall, our findings constitute the first direct investigation of neurofeedback's effect on the endogenous release of a key neuromodulator, demonstrating its feasibility and paving the way for future studies using this methodology.

Differential involvement of D2 and D3 receptors during reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in the Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.

Roman high- (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rats have been used as a model for drug-addiction, showing, respectively, high- and low-responding to psychostimulants, and low versus high dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3R) striatal density. Previous studies indicated a major involvement of D2/3R on reinstatement of cocaine seeking, although the respective role of the two receptor subtypes is not clear. Here, we investigated sensitivity to cocaine self-administration (SA) through a dose-response protocol in RHAs and RLAs, and reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior at 15 days and 5 weeks following withdrawal. Compared to RLAs, RHAs confirmed a higher vulnerability to cocaine SA that was not related to a difference in sensitivity to the drug, as highlighted by the dose-response analysis. Both at early and late withdrawal, RHAs showed higher susceptibility than RLAs to reinstatement of drug-seeking when cocaine was used as a primer, but the two sublines did not differ when primed with the D2/3R agonist quinpirole. Moreover, while the specific D2R antagonist L741,626 blocked, the specific D3R antagonist SB-277011A failed to impair cocaine-primed relapse. The higher vulnerability of RHA versus RLA rats to cocaine-primed relapse, which contrasts with their similar vulnerability to quinpirole-primed relapse, suggests that the different propensity of both sublines to relapse likely relies on presynaptic rather than postsynaptic mechanisms. Moreover, our study challenges the involvement of D3R in the mechanisms underlying relapse to cocaine addiction, at least in conditions that may involve high levels of dopaminergic stimulation, and supports a major role of postsynaptic D2R over D3R in the vulnerability to relapse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Dynamic image denoising for voxel-wise quantification with Statistical Parametric Mapping in molecular neuroimaging.

PURPOSE: PET and SPECT voxel kinetics are highly noised. To our knowledge, no study has determined the effect of denoising on the ability to detect differences in binding at the voxel level using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). METHODS: In the present study, groups of subject-images with a 10%- and 20%- difference in binding of [123I]iomazenil (IMZ) were simulated. They were denoised with Factor Analysis (FA). Parametric images of binding potential (BPND) were produced with the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) and the Logan non-invasive graphical analysis (LNIGA) and analyzed using SPM to detect group differences. FA was also applied to [123I]IMZ and [11C]flumazenil (FMZ) clinical images (n = 4) and the variance of BPND was evaluated. RESULTS: Estimations from FA-denoised simulated images provided a more favorable bias-precision profile in SRTM and LNIGA quantification. Simulated differences were detected in a higher number of voxels when denoised simulated images were used for voxel-wise estimations, compared to quantification on raw simulated images. Variability of voxel-wise binding estimations on denoised clinical SPECT and PET images was also significantly diminished. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, noise removal from dynamic brain SPECT and PET images may optimize voxel-wise BPND estimations and detection of biological differences using SPM.

Dual-radiotracer translational SPECT neuroimaging. Comparison of three methods for the simultaneous brain imaging of D2/3 and 5-HT2A receptors.

PURPOSE: SPECT imaging with two radiotracers at the same time is feasible if two different radioisotopes are employed, given their distinct energy emission spectra. In the case of 123I and 125I, dual SPECT imaging is not straightforward: 123I emits photons at a principal energy emission spectrum of 143.1-179.9 keV. However, it also emits at a secondary energy spectrum (15-45 keV) that overlaps with the one of 125I and the resulting cross-talk of emissions impedes the accurate quantification of 125I. In this paper, we describe three different methods for the correction of this cross-talk and the simultaneous in vivo [123I]IBZM and [125I]R91150 imaging of D2/3 and 5-HT2A receptors in the rat brain. METHODS: Three methods were evaluated for the correction of the effect of cross-talk in a series of simultaneous, [123I]IBZM and [125I]R91150 in vivo and phantom SPECT scans. Method 1 employs a dual-energy window (DEW) approach, in which the cross-talk on 125I is considered a stable fraction of the energy emitted from 123I at the principal emission spectrum. The coefficient describing the relationship between the emission of 123I at the principal and the secondary spectrum was estimated from a series of single-radiotracer [123I]IBZM SPECT studies. In Method 2, spectral factor analysis (FA) is applied to separate the radioactivity from 123I and 125I on the basis of their distinct emission patterns across the energy spectrum. Method 3 uses a modified simplified reference tissue model (SRTMC) to describe the kinetics of [125I]R91150. It includes the coefficient describing the cross-talk on 125I from 123I in the model parameters. The results of the correction of cross-talk on [125I]R91150 binding potential (BPND) with each of the three methods, using cerebellum as the reference region, were validated against the results of a series of single-radiotracer [123I]R91150 SPECT studies. In addition, the DEW approach (Method 1), considered to be the most straightforward to apply of the three, was further applied in a dual-radiotracer SPECT study of the relationship between D2/3 and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the striatum, both at the voxel and at the regional level. RESULTS: Average regional BPND values of [125I]R91150, estimated on the cross-talk corrected dual-radiotracer SPECT studies provided satisfactory correlations with the BPND values for [123I]R91150 from single-radiotracer studies: r = 0.92, p < 0.001 for Method 1, r = 0.92, p < 0.001 for Method 2, r = 0.92, p < 0.001, for Method 3. The coefficient describing the ratio of the 123I-emitted radioactivity at the 125I-emission spectrum to the radioactivity that it emits at its principal emission spectrum was 0.34 in vivo. Dual-radiotracer in vivo SPECT studies corrected with Method 1 demonstrated a positive correlation between D2/3 and 5-HT2A receptor binding in the rat nucleus accumbens at the voxel level. At the VOI-level, a positive correlation was confirmed in the same region (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Dual-radiotracer SPECT imaging using 123I and 125I-labeled radiotracers is feasible if the cross-talk of 123I on the 125I emission spectrum is properly corrected. The most straightforward approach is Method 1, in which a fraction (34%) of the radioactivity emitted from 123I at its principal energy spectrum is subtracted from the measured radioactivity at the spectrum of 125I. With this method, a positive correlation between the binding of [123I]IBZM and [125I]R91150 was demonstrated in the rat nucleus accumbens. This result highlights the interest of dual-radiotracer SPECT imaging to study multiple neurotransmitter systems at the same time and under the same biological conditions.

Different effects of chronic THC on the neuroadaptive response of dopamine D2/3 receptor-mediated signaling in roman high- and roman low-avoidance rats.

The Roman high (RHA)- and low (RLA)-avoidance rat sublines have been identified as an addiction-prone and addiction-resistant phenotype based on their high vs. low locomotor responsiveness to novelty and high vs. low ability to develop neurochemical and behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants, respectively. Most studies though have focused on psychostimulants and little is known about the neuroadaptive response of these two lines to cannabinoids. This study investigated the effects of chronic exposure to Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3 R) availabilities and functional sensitivity in the mesostriatal system of RHA and RLA rats. At baseline, RLA rats exhibited higher densities of mesostriatal D2/3R but lower levels of striatal CB1 R mRNA and displayed a lower locomotor response to acute THC as compared to RHAs. Following chronic THC treatment, striking changes in D2/3 R signaling were observed in RLA but not in RHA rats, namely an increased availability and functional supersensitivity of striatal D2/3 R, as evidenced by a supersensitive psychomotor response to the D2/3 R agonist quinpirole. Moreover, in RLA rats, the lower was the locomotor response to acute THC, the higher was the psychomotor response to quinpirole following chronic THC. These results showing a greater neuroadaptive response of RLA vs. RHA rats to chronic THC thus contrast with previous studies showing a resistance to neuroadaptive response of RLAs to psychostimulants, This suggests that, contrasting with their low proneness to psychostimulant drug-seeking, RLAs may exhibit a heightened proneness to cannabinoid drug-seeking as compared to RHA rats.

A single-scan protocol for absolute D2/3 receptor quantification with [123I]IBZM SPECT.

PURPOSE: Molecular imaging of the D2/3 receptor is widely used in neuropsychiatric research. Non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) is a very popular quantitative index, defined as the product of the receptor concentration (Bavail) and the radiotracer affinity for the receptor (1/appKd). As the appKd is influenced by parameters such as the endogenous neurotransmitter dynamics, it often constitutes a confounding factor in research studies. A simplified method for absolute quantification of both these parameters would be of great interest in this context. Here, we describe the use of a partial saturation protocol that permits to produce an in vivo Scatchard plot and thus estimate Bavail and appKd separately, through a single dynamic SPECT session. To validate this approach, a multi-injection protocol is used for the full kinetic modeling of [123I]IBZM using a 3-tissue compartment, 7-parameter model (3T-7k). Finally, more "classic" BPND estimation methods are also validated against the results of the 3T-7k. METHODS: Twenty-nine male rats were used. Binding parameters were estimated using the 3T-7k in a multi-injection protocol. A partial saturation protocol was applied at the region- and voxel-level and results were compared to those obtained with the 3T-7k model. The partial saturation protocol was applied after an adenovirus-mediated D2 receptor striatal overexpression and in an amphetamine-induced dopamine release paradigm. The Simplified Reference Tissue Model (SRTM), the Logan's non-invasive graphical analysis (LNIGA) and a simple standardized uptake ratio (SUR) method were equally applied. RESULTS: The partial saturation experiments gave similar values as the 3T-7k both at the regional and voxel-level. After adenoviral-mediated D2-receptor overexpression, an increase in Bavail by approximately 18% was observed in the striatum. After amphetamine administration, a 16.93% decrease in Bavail (p<0.05) and a 39.12% increase (p<0.01) in appKd was observed. BPND derived from SRTM, LNIGA and SUR correlated well with the Bavail values from the 3T-7k (r=0.84, r=0.84 and r=0.83, respectively, p<0.0001 for all correlations). CONCLUSION: A partial saturation protocol permits the non-invasive and time-efficient estimation of Bavail and appKd separately. Given the different biological phenomena that underlie these parameters, this method may be applied for the in-depth study of the dopaminergic system in translational molecular imaging studies. It can detect the biological variations in these parameters, dissociating the variations in receptor density (Bavail) from affinity (1/appKd), which reflects the interactions of the receptor with its endogenous ligand.

Time-dependent effects of repeated THC treatment on dopamine D2/3 receptor-mediated signalling in midbrain and striatum.

This study examined the time-course of alterations in levels and functional sensitivities of dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3R) during the course and up to 6 weeks following cessation of chronic treatment with Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rats. THC treatment led to an increase in D2/3R levels in striatum, as assessed using [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO, that was readily observable after one week of treatment, remained stably elevated during the subsequent 2 weeks of treatment, but fully reversed within 2 weeks of THC discontinuation. THC-induced D2/3R alterations were more pronounced and longer lasting in the dopamine cell body regions of the midbrain, wherein [(3)H]-(+)-PHNO binding was still elevated at 2 weeks but back to control values at 6 weeks after THC cessation. Parallel analyses of the psychomotor effects of pre- and post-synaptic doses of quinpirole also showed a pattern of D2/3R functional supersensitivity indicative of more rapid subsidence in striatum than in midbrain following drug cessation. These results indicate that chronic THC is associated with a biochemical and functional sensitization of D2/3R signaling, that these responses show a region-specific temporal pattern and are fully reversible following drug discontinuation. These results suggest that an increased post-synaptic D2/3R function and a decreased DA presynaptic signaling, mediated by increased D2/3R autoinhibition, may predominate during distinct phases of withdrawal and may contribute both to the mechanisms leading to relapse and to cannabinoid withdrawal symptoms. The different rates of normalization of D2/3R function in striatum and midbrain may be critical information for the development of new pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence.