The Italian Rare Biliary tract Cancer initiative (IRaBiCa): A multicentric observational study of Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale (GOIM) in collaboration with Gruppo Italiano Colangiocarcinoma (GICO).

INTRODUCTION: About 90% of cholangiocarcinomas are adenocarcinomas with glandular or tubular structures lined by epithelial cells, with no bile production and with a variable degree of differentiation, arising in the background of desmoplastic stroma. The remaining 10% is represented by rarer histological variants of which there is little knowledge regarding the biological behavior, molecular characterization, and sensitivity to the various possible therapies, including molecular-based treatments. Such rare tumors are described only in case reports or small retrospective series because of their exclusion from clinical trials. This national initiative, here presented, aims to address the following knowledge gap: a) how much does histological diversity translate into clinical manifestation variety? b) are those chemotherapy regimens, recommended for conventional biliary tract cancers, potentially active in rare variants?Therefore, epidemiological, pathological, and clinical characterization of series of rare biliary histotypes/variants, for which therapeutic and follow-up data are available, will be collected. METHODS: An Italian task force on rare tumors of the biliary tract (IRaBiCa) has been created, whose initiative is a multicenter retrospective study involving 34 Italian cancer centers.Clinical data from approximately 100 patients will be collected and analyzed. Continuous variables will be presented as median ± standard deviation, while categorical variables will be expressed in terms of frequency. Kaplan-Maier analyses will be used to compare disease free, progression free and overall survival, according to the different histotypes. CONCLUSIONS: We expect to gather novel data on rare histotypes of biliary tract cancer that will be useful to support their molecular and immunological characterization.

Prognostic role of sodium levels in colorectal cancer patients receiving aflibercept plus FOLFIRI.

Aim: To investigate the impact of natremia in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with aflibercept plus folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI). Patients & methods: A total of 84 mCRC patients receiving aflibercept plus FOLFIRI as second-line treatment were enrolled and divided into two groups based on their median sodium value. Progression-free survival and overall survival were analyzed. Results: Patients with sodium levels ≥140 mEq/l had significantly longer median progression-free survival (4.1 vs 2 months; p < 0.01) and median overall survival (12 vs 7.3 months; p < 0.01) compared with those with lower levels. Conclusion: This study suggests that higher pretreatment serum sodium levels are associated with improved outcomes in mCRC patients receiving aflibercept and FOLFIRI, potentially serving as a prognostic marker to aid treatment management.

What is this article about? Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly disease. Despite advances in treatment options, the prognosis remains poor for patients who progress beyond the first-line therapy. Antiangiogenic therapy, which targets blood vessel growth in tumors, has become an important treatment approach for metastatic CRC (mCRC). Aflibercept is a drug used in combination with chemotherapy to treat mCRC patients who have progressed after initial treatment. However, there is limited knowledge about factors that can predict the effectiveness of this treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sodium levels and treatment outcomes in 84 mCRC patients receiving aflibercept and chemotherapy as second-line therapy. What were the results? The results showed that patients with baseline sodium levels of ≥140 mEq/l had significantly longer progression-free survival and overall survival compared with patients with lower sodium levels. This finding suggests that baseline serum sodium levels could serve as a prognostic factor for survival outcomes in mCRC patients treated with aflibercept and chemotherapy. Other factors associated with better survival outcomes included longer survival without disease progression after first-line chemotherapy, receiving maintenance treatment with aflibercept and completing more treatment cycles. What do the results of the study mean? This study highlights the potential significance of serum sodium levels as a predictor of treatment effectiveness in mCRC patients. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and better understand the underlying mechanisms. Evaluating serum sodium levels could be a useful tool in predicting outcomes and improving treatment strategies for mCRC patients.

Clinical outcomes and response to chemotherapy in a cohort of pancreatic cancer patients with germline variants of unknown significance (VUS) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.

PURPOSE: The clinical outcome and the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients with BRCA1/2 Variants of Unknown Significance (VUS) is unknown. We explored the effects of chemotherapy with or without Platinum in non metastatic and metastatic pancreatic cancer patients with BRCA1/2 VUS. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of non-metastatic or metastatic pancreatic cancer patients with gBRCA1/2 VUS treated in 13 Italian centers between November 2015 and December 2020 was performed. All patients were assessed for toxicity and RECIST 1.1 response. Metastatic patients were evaluated for survival outcome. RESULTS: 30 pancreatic cancer patients with gBRCA1/2 VUS were considered: 20 were M+ and 10 were non-M+. Pl-CT was recommended to 16 patients: 10 M+ (6 FOLFIRINOX and 4 PAXG) and 6 non-M+ (3 FOLFIRINOX and 3 PAXG); 11 patients received Nabpaclitaxel-Gemcitabine (AG; 8 M+) and 3 patients (2 M+) were treated with Gemcitabine (G). The RECIST 1.1 response rate was 27% for AG and 44% for Pl-CT (22% for (m) FOLFIRINOX and 71% PAXG). 1 year Progression-Free Survival was 37.5% for patients treated with AG and 33% in the Pl-CT subgroup. Median Overall Survival (OS) was 23.5 months for patients treated with AG and 14 months for the Pl-CT subgroup. 1 Year and 2 Year OS were numerically better for AG (1 Year OS: 75% vs 60% and 2 Year OS: 50% and 20% in AG and Pl-CT subgroups, respectively) as well. CONCLUSIONS: Pl-CT does not seem to be associated with a better outcome compared to AG chemotherapy in PDAC patients with BRCA 1/2 VUS.

The role of nanoliposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil/leucovorin in the continuum of care of patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The NAPOLI-I trial showed better outcome of nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI) plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (5-FU/LV) compared to 5-FU/LV in patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer (advPDAC) progressed to gemcitabine-based therapy. This study aims to explore the real-world efficacy and safety of 5-FU/LV-nal-IRI. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicenter analysis including advPDAC patients receiving 5-FU/LV-nal-IRI after failure of gemcitabine-based therapy. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate analyses by Cox regression. RESULTS: A total of 296 patients (median age 64.4 years, ECOG PS ≥1 in 56% of cases) were treated at 11 Italian institutions between 2016 and 2018. 34% of them underwent primary tumor resection, and 79% received gemcitabine-nabpaclitaxel as first line. 5-FU/LV-nal-IRI was administered as second-line in 73% of cases. Objective response and disease control rate were 12% and 41%, respectively. Treatment was well tolerated with dose reductions in 50% of patients but no one permanent discontinuation; the commonest grade ≥3 toxicities were neutropenia (14%) and diarrhea (12%). Median PFS and OS from 5-FU/LV-nal-IRI initiation was 3.2 and 7.1 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These real-world data confirm the 5-FU/LV-nal-IRI efficacy and safety in advPDAC patients progressed to gemcitabine-based therapy, with outcomes comparable to NAPOLI-1, even in a less-selected population and with more modern therapeutic algorithm.

Perioperative Tailored Treatments for Gastric Cancer: Times Are Changing.

Resectable gastric or gastroesophageal (G/GEJ) cancer is a heterogeneous disease with no defined molecularly based treatment strategy. Unfortunately, nearly half of patients experience disease recurrence despite standard treatments (neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy and surgery). In this review, we summarize the evidence of potential tailored approaches in perioperative treatment of G/GEJ cancer, with a special focus on patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2)-positive and microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors. In patients with resectable MSI-H G/GEJ adenocarcinoma, the ongoing INFINITY trial introduces the concept of non-operative management for patients with complete clinical-pathological-molecular response, and this could be a novel and potential practice changing strategy. Other pathways involving vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), claudin18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2), and DNA damage repair proteins are also described, with limited evidence until now. Although tailored therapy appears to be a promising strategy for resectable G/GEJ cancer, there are several methodological issues to address: inadequate sample size for pivotal trials, underestimation of subgroup effects, and choice of primary endpoint (tumor-centered vs. patient-centered endpoints). A better optimization of G/GEJ cancer treatment allows maximizing patient outcomes. In the perioperative phase, although caution is mandatory, times are changing and tailored strategies could introduce new treatment concepts. Overall, MSI-H G/GEJ cancer patients possess the characteristics to be the subgroup that could receive the most benefit from a tailored approach.

Evaluation of Fruquintinib in the Continuum of Care of Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

The management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has the continuum of care as the treatment paradigm. To date, trifluridine/tipiracil, a biochemically modulated fluoropyrimidine, and regorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, remain the main options for the majority of patients who progressed to standard doublet- or triplet-based chemotherapies, although a tailored approach could be indicated in certain circumstances. Being highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, -2 and -3, fruquintinib demonstrated a strong anti-tumor activity in preclinical models and received approval from China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in 2018 for the treatment of patients with chemo-refractory mCRC. The approval was based on the results of the phase III FRESCO trial. Then, in order to overcome geographic differences in clinical practice, the FRESCO-2 trial was conducted in the US, Europe, Japan, and Australia. In a heavily pretreated patient population, the study met its primary endpoint, demonstrating an advantage of fruquintinib over a placebo in overall survival (OS). Here, we review the clinical development of fruquintinib and its perspectives in gastrointestinal cancers. Then, we discuss the introduction of fruquintinib in the continuum of care of CRC paying special attention to unmet needs, including the identification of cross-resistant and potentially susceptible populations, evaluation of radiological response, and identification of novel biomarkers of clinical benefit.

Optimizing First-Line Chemotherapy in Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Efficacy of FOLFIRINOX versus Nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal tumors in Europe with an overall 5-year survival rate of 5%. Since 1992, gemcitabine (Gem) has been the treatment of choice for metastatic disease with significant improvement in median overall survival (OS) compared to fluorouracil. A good performance status (PS) at diagnosis appears to be a strong predictive factor for better survival. Overall, 50% of PC are metastatic or locally advanced at diagnosis, and more than 70% of the resected patients will experience a recurrence, with a median OS ranging from 4 to 10 months (mos). FOLFIRINOX (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) and Nab-paclitaxel (Nab-p) plus Gem have recently increased survival of patients with metastatic PC, over Gem. Treatment with FOLFIRINOX is generally considered more effective with respect to the doublet, with toxicity concerns, FOLFIRINOX achieves an overall response rate (ORR) of 31.6%, while for Nab-p plus Gem ORR is 23%; however, FOLFIRINOX was associated with higher rates of grade 3 and higher adverse events. Although the international guidelines indicate that both regimens can be used as first-line therapy for patients with metastatic PC, FOLFIRINOX is the most widely used; Nab-p plus Gem is more frequently used in patients with lower PS. In this review, we critically analyze these two regimens to give a pragmatic guide to treatment options.

Second-line therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients with germline BRCA1-2 pathogenic variants (gBRCA1-2pv).

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) harbouring germline BRCA1-2 pathogenic variants (gBRCA1-2pv) is a distinct nosological entity. Information on second-line therapy (2LT) outcome in this setting is lacking. METHODS: Data of gBRCA1-2pv metastatic PDAC patients treated with chemotherapy were collected. A primary analysis of 2LT RECIST response, median progression-free survival (mPFS2) and overall survival (mOS2), was performed. A secondary analysis addressed the impact of timing of platinum introduction on the outcome of patients receiving at least a first-line combination chemotherapy (1LT). RESULTS: Eighty-four gBRCA1-2pv metastatic PDAC patients were enrolled. The primary analysis, including 43 patients, highlighted a significant improvement of mPFS2 and a doubled response rate, in the platinum-based 2LT subgroup as compared to the platinum-free (8.8 versus 3.7 months, p = 0.013). Seventy-seven patients were included in the secondary analysis. Median PFS1 of 3- and 4-drug platinum-based 1LT significantly outperformed both platinum-free combinations and platinum-based doublets (11.4 versus 6.4 versus 7.9 months, p = 0.01). Albeit still immature, data on mOS paralleled those on mPFS. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the beneficial role of platinum agents in gBRCA1-2pv PDAC patients also in second-line treatment setting. However, our data suggest that early use of 3- and 4-drug platinum-based chemotherapy combinations provides a survival outcome advantage.

Systemic Sclerosis Association with Malignancy.

The association of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and cancer is well known from several decades suggesting common genetic and environmental risk factors involved in the development of both diseases. Immunosuppressive drugs widely used in SSc may increase the risk of cancer occurrence and different SSc clinical and serological features identify patients at major risk to develop malignancy. In this context, among serological features, presence of anti-RNA polymerase III and anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies seems to increase cancer frequency in SSc patients (particularly lung and breast cancers). Lung fibrosis and a long standing SSc pulmonary involvement have been largely proposed as lung cancer risk factors, and the exposure to cyclophosphamide and an upper gastrointestinal involvement have been traditionally linked to bladder and oesophagus cancers, respectively. Furthermore, immune checkpoint inhibitors used for cancer therapy can induce immune-related adverse events, which are more frequent and severe in patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases such as SSc. The strong association between SSc and cancer occurrence steers clinicians to carefully survey SSc patients performing periodical malignancy screening. In the present review, the most relevant bilateral relationships between SSc and cancer will be addressed.

Absolute eosinophil count predicts clinical outcomes and toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led to a paradigm shift in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. We investigated absolute eosinophil count (AEC) as a predictor of clinical outcomes and toxicity in NSCLC patients receiving ICIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AEC was retrospectively collected at baseline and during treatment from 158 advanced NSCLC patients treated with single agent anti-PD1/anti-PDL1 monoclonal antibody in first or subsequent line of therapy at Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy), between January 2016 to October 2020. RESULTS: We found a significant association between high baseline AEC (≥130/µL) and better clinical outcomes. The response rates were 64.4% and 35.6% for patients with high and low AEC, respectively (p = 0.009). The high-AEC group showed a significantly longer PFS and OS than the low-AEC group (mPFS = 7.0 months, 95% CI 5.0-10.0 vs 2.5 months, 95% CI 2.0-4.0, p = 0.007 and mOS = 9.0 months, CI 95% 7.0-15.0 vs 5.5 months, 95% CI 4.0-8.0, p = 0.009, respectively). An increased risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) was reported in the high-AEC group (p = 0.133). IrAEs resulted an independent prognostic factor for both better outcomes (mPFS = 8.0 months, 95% CI 7.0-12.0 vs 2.0 months, 95% CI 2.0-3.0, p<0.001; mOS = 13.0 months 95% CI 9.0-19.0 vs 4.0 months 95% CI 3.0-6-0, p<0.001) and response to ICIs (response rate = 33.8% vs 14.9%, disease control rate = 72.0% vs 32.1%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: High baseline AEC value (≥130/µL) is a predictive biomarker of clinical benefit and irAEs occurrence in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs.

Isoforms of the orphan nuclear receptor COUP­TFII differentially modulate pancreatic cancer progression.

The expression of the nuclear receptor transcription factor (TF) COUP­TFII is broadly associated with cell differentiation and cancer development, including of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a devastating disease with one of the poorest prognoses among cancers worldwide. Recent studies have started to investigate the pathological and physiological roles of a novel COUP­TFII isoform (COUP­TFII_V2) that lacks the DNA­binding domain. As the role of the canonical COUP­TFII in PDAC was previously demonstrated, the present study evaluated whether COUP­TFII_V2 may have a functional role in PDAC. It was demonstrated that COUP­TFII_V2 naturally occurs in PDAC cells and in primary samples, where its expression is consistent with shorter overall survival and peripheral invasion. Of note, COUP­TFII_V2, exhibiting nuclear and cytosolic expression, is linked to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression, as confirmed by nude mouse experiments. The present results demonstrated that COUP­TFII_V2 distinctively regulates the EMT of PDAC and, similarly to its sibling, it is associated with tumor aggressiveness. The two isoforms have both overlapping and exclusive functions that cooperate with cancer growth and dissemination. By studying how PDAC cells switch from one isoform to the other, novel insight into cancer biology was gained, indicating that this receptor may serve as a novel possible target for PDAC management.

Evolving pancreatic cancer treatment: From diagnosis to healthcare management.

The prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is still the worst among solid tumors. In this review, a panel of experts addressed the main unanswered questions about the clinical management of this disease, with the aim of providing practical decision support for physicians. On the basis of the evidence available from the literature, the main topics concerning pancreatic cancer are discussed: the diagnosis, as the need for a pathological characterization and the role for germ-line and somatic molecular profiling; the therapeutic management of resectable disease, as the role of upfront surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the post-operative restaging and the optimal timing foradjuvant chemotherapy, the management of the borderline resectable and locally advanced disease; the metastatic disease and the role of surgery for the management of patients with isolated metastasis and the use of biomarkers of metastatic potential; the role of supportive care and the healthcare management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Results of the observational prospective RealFLOT study.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative FLOT (5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and docetaxel) has recently become the gold standard treatment for fit patients with operable gastric (GC) or gastroesophageal (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, getting a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 45%, over 23% with surgery alone. METHODS: RealFLOT is an Italian, multicentric, observational trial, collecting data from patients with resectable GC or GEJ adenocarcinoma treated with perioperative FLOT. Aim of the study was to describe feasibility and safety of FLOT, pathological complete response rate (pCR), surgical outcomes and overall response rate (ORR) in an unselected real-world population. Additional analyses evaluated the correlation between pCR and survival and the prognostic role of microsatellite instability (MSI) status. RESULTS: Of 206 patients enrolled that received perioperative FLOT at 15 Italian centers, 124 (60.2%) received at least 4 full-dose cycles, 190 (92.2%) underwent surgery, and 142 (68.9%) started the postoperative phase. Among patients who started the postoperative phase, 105 (51.0%) received FLOT, while 37 (18%) received de-intensified regimens, depending on clinical condition or previous toxicities. pCR was achieved in 7.3% of cases. Safety profile was consistent with literature. Neutropenia was the most common G 3-4 adverse event (AE): 19.9% in the preoperative phase and 16.9% in the postoperative phase. No toxic death was observed and 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 1.0%. ORR was 45.6% and disease control rate (DCR) was 94.2%. Disease-free survival (DFS) and OS were significantly longer in case of pCR (p = 0.009 and p = 0.023, respectively). A trend towards better DFS was observed among MSI-H patients. CONCLUSIONS: These real-world data confirm the feasibility of FLOT in an unselected population, representative of the clinical practice. pCR rate was lower than expected, nevertheless we confirm pCR as a predictive parameter of survival. In addition, MSI-H status seems to be a positive prognostic marker also in patients treated with taxane-containing triplets.

Association of Systemic Steroid Treatment and Outcome in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Real-World Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are inflammatory side effects, which can occur during immune-checkpoint(s) inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. Steroids are the first-line agents to manage irAEs because of their immunosuppressive properties. However, it is still debated whether or when steroids can be administered without abrogating the therapeutic efforts of immunotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 146 patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with ICIs. We assessed the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients treated with steroids due to an irAE compared to a no-steroid group. RESULTS: The early treatment with steroid (within the first 30 days from the beginning of immunotherapy) was not related to a shorter PFS (p = 0.077). Interestingly, patients who were treated with steroids after 30 days from the start of immunotherapy had significantly longer PFS (p = 0.017). In a multivariate analysis, treatment with steroids after 30 days was an independent prognostic factor for PFS (HR: 0.59 [95% CI 0.36-0.97], p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study points out that early systemic steroids administration to manage irAEs might not have a detrimental effect on patient clinical outcome in NSCLC, melanoma and RCC patients.

Aflibercept Plus FOLFIRI as Second-Line Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Single-Institution Real-Life Experience.

The addition of aflibercept to FOLFIRI has been demonstrated to improve survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who progressed after receiving a standard oxaliplatin-based regimen. In this retrospective, single-institution, observational study we collected clinical data from mCRC patients who received aflibercept in combination with FOLFIRI in routine clinical practice from October 2012 to March 2021 to describe feasibility and efficacy of this regimen in a real-world population. Forty-nine patients receiving aflibercept-FOLFIRI as second-line treatment were identified, 40.8% of whom were aged over 65 years. The majority of patients had multi-organ metastases (73.5%), and had previously received bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy (CT) as first-line treatment (79.6%). Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 13 and 6 months, respectively; overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 12.3% and 49.1%, respectively. Several factors were associated with survival in univariate analysis, including PFS in first-line therapy, number of metastatic sites, bone metastases and others. However, in multivariate analysis, only PFS in first-line CT over 12 months was significantly associated with better OS (HR 0.32; 95% CI 0.13-0.79; p = 0.01). Hypertension was the most commonly reported grade (G) 3-4 adverse event (AE), affecting 18.4% of the overall population. Thromboembolic events were observed in 16.3% of patients, hemorrhagic events in 10.2%, and proteinuria in 8.2%. Neutropenia was the most frequently observed hematological G3-4 AE with an incidence of 10.2%. Aflibercept-FOLFIRI has been confirmed as a feasible second-line treatment for mCRC in a re-al-life setting, and PFS in first-line therapy >12 months resulted as the only predictive marker of better survival.

Activity and Safety of NAB-FOLFIRI and NAB-FOLFOX as First-Line Treatment for metastatic Pancreatic Cancer (NabucCO Study).

BACKGROUND: Relevant improvement in first-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC) was provided by FOLFIRINOX and by gemcitabine (gem) plus nab-paclitaxel (Nab-p) regimens. Regardless of the first-line treatment survival benefit, most patients survive less than 1 year. AIM: The objectives of this multicenter phase I/II study were to evaluate as first-line chemotherapy (CT) two modified regimens of FOLFIRINOX, replacing either oxaliplatin (Oxa) or irinotecan with Nab-p, in patients with mPC. METHODS: The primary objectives of phase 1 were the definition of the dose limit binations, while for phase II they were the characterization of safety and activity of Nab-FOLFIRI and Nab-FOLFOX in mPC. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients received Nab-FOLFIRI or Nab-FOLFOX in phase I. We defined MTD at 120 mg/m2 for Nab-p with FOLFIRI and 160 mg/m2 with FOLFOX. In phase II, we randomized 42 patients for each arm with the following results: (1) overall response rate (ORR) was 31% for both schedules; (2) a clinical benefit rate (CBR) of 69% and 71%; (3) 1-year survival was 41% and 50%; (4) progression free survival (PFS) was 6 months and 5.6 months; (5) median overall survival (OS) was 10.2 and 10.4 months for Nab-FOLFIRI and Nab-FOLFOX, respectively. (6) Neutropenia was the most common grade ≥3 adverse event in our regimens, significantly lower than that reported for the FOLFIRINOX triplet. CONCLUSION: Nab-FOLFIRI and Nab-FOLFOX might be hopeful first-line CT options for mPC patients, with promising activity and a good safety profile.

Circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer: the OMITERC prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Within the OMITERC prospective study (OMIcs application from solid to liquid biopsy for a personalised ThERapy of Cancer), we explored the prognostic role of liquid biopsy encompassing cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in KRAS mutated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS: We defined a workflow including pre-analytical and analytical procedures collecting blood before therapy and every 3 months until disease progression (PD). CTCs were counted by CellSearch® and isolated by DEPArray™. NGS sequencing of CTCs and cfDNA was performed using a panel of cancer/CRC related genes respectively. RESULTS: KRAS mutational status was mostly concordant between tumour tissues and liquid biopsy. The percentage of cfDNA samples with mutations in CRC driver genes was in line with literature. In longitudinal monitoring circulating biomarkers anticipated or overlapped conventional diagnostic tools in predicting PD. The presence of CTCs at baseline was confirmed a negative prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS: Cell-free DNA and CTCs are readily available candidates for clinical application in mCRC. While CTCs demonstrated a prognostic significance at baseline, cfDNA was confirmed an easily accessible material for monitoring the mutational status of the tumour over time. Moreover, in the longitudinal study, the two markers emerged as complementary in assessing disease progression.

Association between Immune Related Adverse Events and Outcome in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in oncological patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may be associated with favorable clinical outcome. We reported the clinical correlation between irAEs and the efficacy of ICIs in a real-world cohort of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 43 patients with mRCC who were treated with nivolumab or with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. We considered seven specific classes of irAEs including pulmonary, hepatic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, endocrine, rheumatological, and renal manifestations. We assessed progression-free survival (PFS) of specific irAEs classes compared to the no-irAEs group. RESULTS: Twenty-nine out of 43 patients (67.4%) experienced a total of 49 irAEs registered. The most frequent irAE was thyroid dysfunction (n = 14). The median PFS after the beginning of therapy was significantly longer in patients with thyroid dysfunction and cutaneous reactions. In multivariate analysis, thyroid dysfunction was an independent factor for favorable outcome [HR: 0.29 (95% CI 0.11-0.77) p = 0.013]. Moreover, experiencing ≥2 irAEs in the same patient correlated in multivariate analysis with better outcome compared with none/one irAE [HR: 0.33 (95% CI 0.13-0.84) p = 0.020]. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study suggests an association between specific irAES (thyroid dysfunction and skin reaction) and efficacy of ICIs in metastatic RCC. Notably, multiple irAEs in a single patient were associated with better tumor response.