Evaluation of Intra- and Interobserver Reproducibility of the New AO/OTA Classification for Distal Radius Fractures Compared with the Fernandez Classification.

Objective To evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reliability and reproducibility of the new AO/OTA 2018 classification for distal radius fractures and to compare it with the Fernandez classification system. Method A questionnaire was applied in the Qualtrics software on 10 specialists in hand surgery who classified 50 radiographs of distal radius fractures according to the Fernandez and AO/OTA 2018 classifications and, subsequently, indicated their treatment. The questionnaire was applied in time T0 and repeated after 4 weeks (t1) . The mean agreement between the answers, and the reliability and inter- and intraobserver reproducibility were analyzed using kappa indexes. Results The mean interobserver agreement in the Fernandez classification was 76.4, and it was 59.2% in the AO/OTA 2018 classification. The intraobserver agreements were 77.3 and 56.6%, respectively. The inter- and intraobserver kappa indexes for the Fernandez classification were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively, and, in the AO/OTA 2018 classification, they were 0.34 and 0.31, respectively. Conclusion The AO/OTA 2018 classification showed a low intra- and interobserver reproducibility when compared with the Fernandez classification. However, both classifications have low intra- and interobserver indexes. Although the Fernandez classification did not obtain excellent results, it remains with better agreement for routine use.

Evaluation of Intra- and Interobserver Reproducibility of the New AO/OTA Classification for Distal Radius Fractures Compared with the Fernandez Classification / Avaliação da reprodutibilidade intra- e interobservador da nova classificação AO/OTA para fraturas distais do rádio comparada com a classificação de Fernandez

Abstract Objective To evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reliability and reproducibility of the new AO/OTA 2018 classification for distal radius fractures and to compare it with the Fernandez classification system. Method A questionnaire was applied in the Qualtrics software on 10 specialists in hand surgery who classified 50 radiographs of distal radius fractures according to the Fernandez and AO/OTA 2018 classifications and, subsequently, indicated their treatment. The questionnaire was applied in time T0 and repeated after 4 weeks (t1). The mean agreement between the answers, and the reliability and inter- and intraobserver reproducibility were analyzed using kappa indexes. Results The mean interobserver agreement in the Fernandez classification was 76.4, and it was 59.2% in the AO/OTA 2018 classification. The intraobserver agreements were 77.3 and 56.6%, respectively. The inter- and intraobserver kappa indexes for the Fernandez classification were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively, and, in the AO/OTA 2018 classification, they were 0.34 and 0.31, respectively. Conclusion The AO/OTA 2018 classification showed a low intra- and interobserver reproducibility when compared with the Fernandez classification. However, both classifications have low intra- and interobserver indexes. Although the Fernandez classification did not obtain excellent results, it remains with better agreement for routine use.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a confiabilidade e a reprodutibilidade inter- e intraobservadores da nova classificação AO/OTA 2018 para fraturas distais do rádio e compará-la com o sistema classificatório de Fernandez. Métodos Foi aplicado um questionário no software Qualtrics em 10 especialistas em cirurgia da mão que classificaram 50 radiografias de fraturas distais de rádio de acordo com as classificações de Fernandez e AO/OTA 2018 e, posteriormente, indicaram seu tratamento. Esse questionário foi aplicado em tempo T0 e repetido após 4 semanas (t1). Analisou-se a média de concordância entre as respostas e confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade inter- e intraobservadores utilizando os índices kappa. Resultados A concordância média interobservador para a classificação de Fernandez foi de 76,4, e de 59,2% para a AO/OTA 2018. A concordância intraobservador foi de 77,3 e 56,6%, respectivamente. O índice de kappa inter- e intraobservador para a classificação de Fernandez foram de 0,57 e de 0,55, respectivamente, e a classificação AO/OTA 2018 obteve 0,34 e 0,31, respectivamente. Conclusão A classificação AO/OTA 2018 mostrou uma reprodutibilidade intra- e interobservadores baixa quando comparada à classificação de Fernandez. Porém, ambas as classificações apresentam índices intra- e interobservadores baixos. Embora a classificação de Fernandez não tenha obtido resultados excelentes, ela permanece com melhor concordância para o uso rotineiro.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome after Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment. One of the most devastating complications is complex regional pain syndrome. Objectivities: The aim of this study was to systematically analyze available evidence about complex regional pain syndrome after carpal tunnel syndrome surgery (CTSS), its risks, associated factors, and treatments. Material and Methods: Research conducted from 1962 through December 31, 2018, in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The quality assessment of the methodology followed the definitions by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence. The GRADE system (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was applied to evaluate the efficacy of the stellate ganglion block, one of the most cited and recurrent treatments. Results: Of the 246 studies retrieved, 44 articles were included. Concerning patients' gender, we identified a ratio of 5 females: 3 males. The mean age for women was 57.79, a standard deviation of 14.96, and for men 60.75, a standard deviation of 9.4. Considering the total of primary publications of CTSS outcomes, the accumulated incidence reached the maximum of 0.15 CRPS after CTSS patients/CTSS patients. The known risk factors for CRPS after CTSS: female gender, from the fifth decade of life, tourniquet time, immobilization and surgery on dominant hand. Conclusion: CRPS affects 2-5% of people undergoing CTSS. Its diagnosis is still a challenge and its risk factors are unclear, although it seems more likely to affect women, in the dominant hand. The most used treatments include physiotherapy and stellate ganglion block. Most patients show improvement of symptoms within one year. Further clinical trials comparing treatment modalities are required.

Treatment of acute wounds in hand with Calendula officinalis L.: A randomized trial.

Most injuries in the hand and fingers, especially on the digital pulps, are suited for healing by secondary intention. Nevertheless, delay in epithelization seems to unfavorably restrict this technique. The purpose of this controlled randomized clinical trial is to analyze by means of photo planimetry the progression of the healing process by secondary intention in acute wounds of the hand using the standardized extract of Calendula officinalis L. (SEC). The cohort of eligible participants included two groups of 20 patients with skin loss in the hand and fingers treated by secondary intention. Control group (CG) used mineral oil and intervention group (IG) received SEC. Wound pictures were captured at each outpatient assessment until epithelization was achieved and measured with ImageJ. Intervention group (IG) and control group (CG) with 19 wounds each, primarily formed by men in their 40's with wounds in their index and ring fingers on the left side, showed homogeneous variables and similar initial wound areas. Epithelization time was shorter and healing speed was faster in IG (IG = 8.6 ± 4.7 days and 9.5 ± 5.8%day versus CG = 13.2 ± 7.4 days and 6.2 ± 2.9%day, Æ¿ < 0.05), leading to the conclusion that healing by secondary intention in acute wounds of the hand and fingers with SEC led to a faster epithelization.

Early Recognition and Treatment of Carpometacarpal Fractures and Dislocations.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) injuries can easily be missed in more than half of the cases. Early diagnosis is crucial for treatment. Although the clinical aspect can lead the treating physician to suspect that anything is going wrong, appropriate radiographs, especially in the lateral view, are crucial for the diagnosis. The most common CMC fracture dislocations affects the 4 th and 5 th joints. Treatment will depend on the type of injury and on the degree of joint involvement. Reduction and fixation are usually required. When only one ray is affected, usually the 5 th , closed reduction and fixation with Kirschner wires can be performed. In complex cases, open reduction and fixation are required, with Kirschner wires being the most commonly used materials. After the hardware removal, rehabilitation can be intensified. If an appropriate reduction has been achieved, satisfactory functional and radiological outcomes are expected.

Traumatized Hand - Update at the First Visit.

The hand is the segment most exposed to trauma, with a large volume of care in urgent and emergency services. Therefore, it is necessary that physicians on duty have the essential knowledge to effectively manage these injuries. In the present article, we will review the main conditions and conduct guidelines.

Functional results after carpal tunnel release in mucopolysaccharidosis.

BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis consists of a group of diseases caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, which may lead to the compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel due to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycan, resulting in the hand disability. The study purpose is to present functional results of carpal tunnel release in mucopolysaccharidosis patients. Patients were selected from an enzyme replacement group in the Department of Pediatric Neurology. The legal guardians of the patients were informed about the likely functional change of the hands induced by compression of the median nerve. Clinical evaluation was performed in those patients who received their legal guardians' consent to participate and was included inspection, assessment of functional level, wrinkle test and the digital pinch function to manipulate small and large objects. Ultrasound and electromyography were performed to confirm the clinical median nerve compression. Bilateral extended opening technique was performed to access the carpal tunnel and analyze the anatomic findings of the median nerve and the flexed tendons of the fingers. After the surgical release of the carpal tunnel, the clinical evaluation was repeated. Subjective observations of the legal guardians were also considered. RESULTS: Seven patients underwent bilateral surgical opening of the carpal tunnel; six boys, mean age of 9.5 (5 to 13), five of them presenting Type II mucopolysaccharidosis, 1 Type I and 1 Type VI. The average follow-up was 12 months (10-13 months). The functional results observed included the improvement in the handling of small and large objects in all children who underwent decompression of the median nerve. The comparison between the pre-operative and post-operative functional levels revealed that 2 patients evolved from Level II to IV, 3 from Level III to IV, 1 from Level IV to V and 1 patient remained in Level III. Tenosynovitis around the flexor tendons and severe compression of the median nerve in the fourteen carpal tunnels were observed during the surgical procedure. In 6 wrists, partial tenosynovitis was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the improvement in the overall function of the children' hands, we cannot conclude that only surgery was responsible for the benefit. Better designed studies are required.

Achados de imagem por tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética do os styloideum em atleta sintomático / Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of os styloideum in a symptomatic athlete

Os styloideum é um ossículo acessório, imóvel, localizado dorsalmente no carpo, que representa uma variante anatômica. A associação entre os styloideum e dor no punho é conhecida clinicamente como "carpal boss syndrome". Os autores relatam um caso de os styloideum com edema ósseo trabecular no estudo por ressonância magnética em atleta jovem tenista, com revisão da literatura deste achado.

Os styloideum is an accessory ossicle located dorsally on the wrist that represents an anatomic variant. Association between the os styloideum and wrist pain is clinically known as "carpal boss syndrome". The authors report a case of bone marrow edema in the os styloideum diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in a young tennis player, and present a literature review on this finding.

Terminologia Anatômica em Ortopedia / Anatomic Terminology in Orthopedics

Há grande variação com relação à ortografia de termos científicos em artigos e textos médicos. Visando padronizar esses termos, vigora atualmente a Terminologia Anatômica, publicada pelo Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology e traduzida pela Comissão de Terminologia Anatômica da Sociedade Brasileira de Anatomia. Este trabalho correlaciona alguns termos usados na linguagem cotidiana com aqueles preconizados pela Nomina Anatomica. Também, discute a necessidade e a possibilidade de essa lista vir a tornar-se referência para escrita de assuntos ortopédicos.

The spelling of scientific words in medical papers and textbooks varies a lot. In order to standardize such spelling, we now have the Anatomical Terminology, published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, which has been translated into Portuguese by the Terminology Committee of the Brazilian Anatomy Society. This paper correlates some of the words used in daily language to some of the words suggested by the Nomina Anatomica. The paper also discusses the need and the prospects of having such list become the reference of the spelling in orthopedic matters.

Relação anatômica entre a inserção do tendão extensor e a matriz ungueal: estudo anatômico em cadáveres / Anatomic relationship between the extensor tendon insertion and the ungual matrix: anatomic study in cadavers

Objetivo: Verificar a distância média entre o tendão terminal e a matriz ungueal em cadáveres adultos conservados em formol, estabelecendo o padrão anatômico da região e suas eventuais variações, com o intuito de reduzir o risco de lesão durante procedimentos cirúrgicos na região. Métodos: Foram estudados 19 polegares, 18 indicadores, 19 dedos médios, 19 anulares e 18 dedos mínimos (n = 93), provenientes de 11 mãos esquerdas e oito mãos direitas. Os limites entre o tendão extensor terminal e a matriz ungueal foram aferidos através de magnificação com lupa cirúrgica; a medição da distância foi realizada com paquímetro de precisão. Resultados: A média da referida distância para todos os dedos foi de 1,06mm (1,06mm para o polegar, 1,10mm para o dedo indicador, 1,04mm para o dedo médio, 1,05mm para o dedo anular e 1,04mm para o dedo mínimo). Conclusão: O tratamento cirúrgico das afecções em torno da unha requer conhecimento completo da anatomia local, visando prevenir as alterações estéticas e funcionais causadas pelas lesões da matriz ungueal.

Fraturas instáveis da extremidade distal do rádio: estudo multicêntrico / Unstable fravtures of the distal radius: a multicentric study

Quatro centros ortopédicos de referência apresentam os resultados de um trabalho prospectivo não randomizado, com o objetivo de avaliar os resultados das várias formas utilizadas no tratamento das fraturas instáveis da extremidade distal do rádio. Ap¢s um ano de seguimento, 233 pacientes completaram o protocolo, previamente estabelecido, sendo 142 (61 por cento) do sexo feminino e 91 (39 por cento) do masculino. A idade variou de 17 anos a 80 anos, com média de 57,7 anos. Quanto à morfologia das fraturas, foram utilizadas as classificações AO-ASIF e Universal. A técnica mais utilizada no tratamento das fraturas consideradas redutíveis instáveis, fraturas classificadas como IIb e IVb pela classificação Universal e A2 e A3 e todas do tipo B pela classificação AO-ASIF, ap¢s a redução incruenta, foi a fixação percutânea. Nas fraturas consideradas irredutíveis classificadas como IIc e IVc pela classificação Universal e todas as fraturas do tipo C pela classificação AO-ASIF, o tratamento mais utilizado foi a redução aberta e a osteossíntese associada ou não à fixação externa. Nas fraturas marginais foram utilizadas as placas de apoio e osteossíntese rígida. Vinte pacientes evoluíram com quadro de distrofia simpático-reflexa (8,5 por cento) durante o tratamento. Observou-se alta incidência de pseudartrose do processo estil¢ide da ulna: 104 pacientes. Na avaliação dos resultados, foram considerados os aspectos: anatomico, funcional e cosmético. Apos um ano de seguimento obtiveram-se 83 por cento de resultados excelentes e bons.

Fluoresceína na avaliaçäo da viabilidade tecidual em fraturas expostas graves / Fluorescein to evaluate tissue viability in severe open fractures

Estudo clínico experimental usa a fluoresceína para avaliar a viabilidade tecidual em fraturas expostas graves, como marcador para delimitar as áreas que iräo evoluir com necrose. Foram avaliados dez pacientes com fraturas expostas de grau III. Dos quatro pacientes que apresentaram teste positivo (áreas fluorescentes ou intermediárias), nenhum evoluiu com necrose e um teve infecçao; três pacientes apresentaram teste negativo em grandes áreas; todos evoluíram com necrose e infecçäo; e três pacientes que apresentaram teste negativo, em pequenas áreas, evoluíram sem necrose ou infecçäo. Este é um estudo preliminar, havendo necessidade de séries maiores e continuidade da pesquisa. Os autores acreditam que a fluoresceína pode ser usada como adjuvante quando há dúvida na decisäo do desbridamento pelo cirurgiäo.

Rotaçäo interna na paralisia obstétrica: comparaçäo dos resultados dos procedimentos de Sever-L'Episcopo e osteotomia derrotadora do úmero / Internal rotation in obstetric palsy: comparison between the results of the procedures of Sever-L'Episcopo and rotation osteotomy of the humerus

Foram selecionados 20 pacientes com seqüela de paralisia obstétrica enquadrados no grupo II de Mallet pré-operatoriamente. Dos 20 pacientes, 13 foram submetidos ao procedimento de Sever-L'Episco modificado por Green & Tachdjan (grupo A) e sete, à osteotomia derrotadora do úmero (grupo B). No grupo A, cinco dos 13 pacientes permaneceram no grupo II de Mallet, seis passaram para o grupo III de Mallet e dois para o grupo IV de Mallet. No grupo B, cinco dos sete pacientes passaram para o grupo IV de Mallet e dois para o grupo III de Mallet. A análise estatística nesta amostra de pacientes revelou que os resultados do procedimento da osteotomia derrotadora foram superiores aos do procedimento de Sever-L'Episcopo.