Adolescents and Young Adults' Participation in Pro-Environmental Movements: A Systematic Review.

Climate change is a reality that can no longer be ignored, so much so that combating climate change and its impact is one of the main goals of the UN Agenda 2030. Youths, albeit the main victims of climate change, are often excluded from decision-making processes on sustainable actions. More and more young people are joining collective pro-environmental movements, raising their voices against the current inadequate sustainable policies and claiming to be the main actors of change. However, pro-environmental collective actions are often judged negatively by public opinion, diminishing their effectiveness and potentially impacting youth participation. In light of this, it is critical to understand the individual, contextual and relational aspects that lead young people to engage with these movements. The present study aimed to systematically review the existing literature on factors that might promote youth participation in pro-environmental movements. According to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a literature search of three databases (PsycINFO, ProQuest, and SCOPUS). Moreover, we deepened our research by focusing on two relevant theoretical models on collective actions, the Social Identity Model of Collective Action and the Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Action. After the screening and the eligibility phases, 11 articles (12 studies) were included. Most of the selected studies adopted a cross-sectional quantitative design. The results revealed individual and relational factors involved in promoting youths' involvement in pro-environmental movements. To the aim of deepening young people's pro-environmental activism, findings highlighted the need to consider personal and social drivers together. Limitations of the study, future directions, and practical implications are discussed.

Experimental control of conflict in a predictive visual probe task: Highly reliable bias scores related to anxiety.

Concerns have been raised about the low reliability of measurements of spatial attentional bias via RT differences in dot-probe tasks. The anticipatory form of the bias, directed towards predicted future stimuli, appears to have relatively good reliability, reaching around 0.70. However, studies thus far have not attempted to experimentally control task-related influence on bias, which could further improve reliability. Evoking top-down versus bottom-up conflict may furthermore reveal associations with individual differences related to mental health. In the current study, a sample of 143 participants performed a predictive Visual Probe Task (predVPT) with angry and neutral face stimuli online. In this task, an automatic bias is induced via visually neutral cues that predict the location of an upcoming angry face. A task-relevant bias was induced via blockwise shifts in the likely location of target stimuli. The bias score resulting from these factors was calculated as RTs to target stimuli at locations of predicted but not actually presented angry versus neutral faces. Correlations were tested with anxiety, depression, self-esteem and aggression scales. An overall bias towards threat was found with a split-half reliability of 0.90, and 0.89 after outlier removal. Avoidance of threat in blocks with a task-relevant bias away from threat was correlated with anxiety, with correction for multiple testing. The same relationship was nominally significant for depression and low self-esteem. In conclusion, we showed high reliability of spatial attentional bias that was related to anxiety.

Towards an integrated account of the development of self-regulation from a neurocognitive perspective: A framework for current and future longitudinal multi-modal investigations.

Self-regulation is the ability to monitor and modulate emotions, behaviour, and cognition in order to adapt to changing circumstances. Developing adequate self-regulation is associated with better social coping and higher educational achievement later in life; poor self-regulation has been linked to a variety of detrimental developmental outcomes. Here, we focus on the development of neurocognitive processes essential for self-regulation. We outline a conceptual framework emphasizing that this is inherently an integrated, dynamic process involving interactions between brain maturation, child characteristics (genetic makeup, temperament, and pre- and perinatal factors) and environmental factors (family characteristics, parents and siblings, peers, and broader societal influences including media development). We introduce the Consortium of Individual Development (CID), which combines a series of integrated large-scale, multi-modal, longitudinal studies to take essential steps towards the ultimate goal of understanding and supporting this process.

An implementation of N-way repeated measures ANOVA: Effect coding, automated unpacking of interactions, and randomization testing.

The paper presents the details of an implementation of repeated measures ANOVA, consisting of a set of functions to organize data and represent contrasts to be tested and run statistical tests. The implementation is focused on uses common in experimental psychology. An arbitrary number of within-subject factors, each with an arbitrary number of levels, can be used. A non-parametric, randomization- and permutation-based formulation of repeated measures ANOVA was defined and implemented. Methods for testing interactions with categorical and continuous between-subject variables are implemented. Post-hoc tests for exploring interactions are automated. Simulations indicate correct control of false positive rate for all types of test. The software provides output with statistics including p-values and partial eta squared.-An open source implementation of repeated measures ANOVA based on effect coding.-Generates p-values and automatized unpacking of interactions for N-factor designs.-A non-parametric test is defined based on permutation tests.

Associations between performance-based and self-reported prospective memory, impulsivity and encoding support.

Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to execute future intended actions and may be negatively affected by impulsivity. The current study aimed to address questions on (1) relationships of PM with facets of impulsivity; (2) psychometric properties of a PM task, in particular convergent validity with self-reported PM; and (3) whether external support of the encoding process would improve PM or affect relationships with impulsivity. 245 participants performed the experiment online. Participants completed either a baseline version of the task, which combined blocks of an ongoing working memory task with PM trials involving a varying stimulus requiring an alternative response; or a version that provided external support of encoding by requesting that participants visualize and execute the intended prospective action before each block. The Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) and Short Version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (SUPPS) were used to assess self-reported prospective memory and facets of impulsivity. Reliability of PM performance was good and remained acceptable even with the exclusion of participants with low scores. PM performance was associated with self-reported PM, explaining variance in addition to that explained by working memory performance. PM performance was also negatively associated with impulsivity, in particular sensation seeking and positive urgency, but only in the baseline task. Support did not cause overall improvements in performance. In conclusion, results provided further evidence for a relationship between facets of impulsivity and PM. PM as assessed via the current task has good psychometric properties.

Childhood trauma and the role of self-blame on psychological well-being after deployment in male veterans.

Background: Childhood trauma and combat-related trauma are both associated with decreased psychosocial functioning. Coping strategies play an important role in the adjustment to traumatic events. Objective: The present study examined childhood trauma and the mediating role of coping strategies in adult psychological symptoms in a non-clinical military population after deployment to Afghanistan. Additionally, the moderating role of coping strategies in vulnerability to combat events was explored. Method: Participants (N = 932) were drawn from a prospective study assessing psychological complaints (SCL-90), early trauma (ETISR-SF), combat-related events and coping strategies (Brief COPE). Mediation analyses via joint significance testing and moderation analyses were performed. Results: Childhood trauma is related to adult symptoms of general anxiety, depression and problems concerning interpersonal sensitivity through the mediation of self-blame as a coping strategy. Some evidence was found that self-blame moderated vulnerability to combat-related events resulting in psychological complaints, specifically symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Military personnel should be made aware of self-criticizing maladaptive belief systems when dealing with aversive events. Negative beliefs about oneself and distorted trauma-related cognitions may have a basis in childhood events. Self-blame cognitions may be a potential mechanism of change in empirically supported trauma interventions such as cognitive processing therapy.

Antecedentes: el trauma infantil y el trauma relacionado con el combate están asociados a una disminución del funcionamiento psicosocial. Las estrategias de afrontamiento desempeñan un papel importante en la adaptación a los eventos traumáticos.Objetivo: El presente estudio examinó el trauma infantil y el rol mediador de las estrategias de afrontamiento en los síntomas psicológicos de adultos en una población militar no-clínica luego del despliegue en Afganistán. Adicionalmente, se exploró el rol moderador de las estrategias de afrontamiento en la vulnerabilidad a los eventos de combate.Método: Los participantes (N = 932) fueron conducidos en un estudio prospectivo que evaluó las quejas psicológicas (SCL-90), el trauma temprano (ETISR-SF), eventos relacionados con el combate y las estrategias de afrontamiento (COPE breve). Se realizaron análisis de mediación mediante pruebas de significación conjunta y análisis de moderación.Resultados: el trauma infantil se relaciona con síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, depresión y problemas relacionados con la sensibilidad interpersonal en adultos a través de la mediación de los sentimientos de culpa como estrategia de afrontamiento. Se encontró cierta evidencia de que los sentimientos de culpa moderaron la vulnerabilidad a los eventos relacionados con el combate resultando en quejas psicológicas, específicamente síntomas de ansiedad y depresión.Conclusión: el personal militar debe estar al tanto de los sistemas de creencias desadaptativas autocríticas cuando trata con eventos aversivos. Las creencias negativas sobre uno mismo y las cogniciones distorsionadas relacionadas con el trauma podrían tener una base en eventos de la infancia. Las cogniciones auto-culpabilizantes pueden ser un mecanismo potencial de cambio en las intervenciones traumáticas con apoyo empírico, como la terapia de procesamiento cognitivo.

Freeze or Forget? Virtual Attack Effects in an Emotional Sternberg Task.

Emotionally salient stimuli have the ability to disrupt cognitive processing. This kind of disruption involves effects on working memory and may be related to mental health problems. To explore the nature of such emotional interference on working memory, a Virtual Attack Emotional Sternberg Task (VAEST) was used. Neutral faces were presented as distractors and warning signals, which were sometimes followed by a virtual attack, created by having the neutral face turn angry while the image was enlarged. The attack was hypothesized to have one of two effects: to disrupt cognitive processing and thereby increase interference effects, or to terminate a state of freezing and thereby reduce interference effects. The task was successfully completed online by a sample of 59 students. Results clearly show that the virtual attack caused a reduction of interference relative to no-attack trials. The apparent cognitive disruption caused by emotional distractors may thus reflect freezing, which can be reversed by a freeze-terminating stimulus.

Towards a solution for performance related confounds: frontal, striatal and parietal activation during a continuous spatiotemporal working memory manipulation task.

Working memory plays a role in various forms of psychopathology. However, working memory consists of multiple theoretical components that may be differently taxed by various specific types of task, and brain activation differences between patients and healthy controls may result from differences in task performance. This makes it difficult to interpret such results in terms of disease-related dysfunctions in affected regions or networks. The aim of the current study was to determine the brain activation related to the updating of spatiotemporal content of working memory, in such a way that performance-related confounds in future clinical studies would be minimized. Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a task involving a continuous updating process during fMRI measurement. A frontostriatal network including medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, thalamus and putamen was found to be related to the updating process. The results constrain the set of brain regions plausibly related to the specific updating component of working memory. Further, the task design may be of use in future studies of pathological conditions such as schizophrenia due to the minimization of potential confounds.

Prefrontal, parietal and basal activation associated with the reordering of a two-element list held in working memory.

A functional specialization in the prefrontal cortex along a dorsal-ventral gradient according to the type of processing in working memory, i.e. manipulation vs. maintenance, has been proposed based on previous neuroimaging studies. This seems particularly important for the further understanding of the functional architecture underlying working memory problems in patient populations. The current study examines the prefrontal involvement in the maintenance and manipulation of serial order of elements in working memory, with a task designed to be as simple as possible, to the aim of possible uses in clinical studies. Subjects held two-element ordered lists in memory and were presented with pseudo-random sequences of "reorder" and "maintain" cues. Reorder cues were found to be associated with activation in the dorsal prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and the basal ganglia. The results show that the simple task was indeed sufficient to evoke the prefrontal activation of interest, add to the information on functional dorsal-ventral specialization in prefrontal cortex and provide support for a prefrontal-parietal monitoring-manipulation network.

Pre-stimulus EEG effects related to response speed, task switching and upcoming response hand.

The task-switching paradigm provides an opportunity to study whether oscillatory relations in neuronal activity are involved in switching between and maintaining task sets. The EEG of subjects performing an alternating runs [Rogers, R.D., Monsell, S., 1995. Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124, 207-231] task-switching task was analyzed using event-related potentials, the lateralized readiness potential, instantaneous amplitude and the phase-locking value [Lachaux, J.P., Rodriguez, E., Martinirie, J., Varela, F.J., 1999. Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals. Human Brain Mapping 8, 194-208]. The two tasks differed in the relevant modality (visual versus auditory) and the hand with which responses were to be given. The mixture model [de Jong, R., 2000. An intention driven account of residual switch costs. In: Monsell, S., Driver, J. (Eds.), Attention and Performance XVII: Cognitive Control. MIT Press, Cambridge] was used to assign pre-stimulus switch probabilities to switch trials based on reaction time; these probabilities were used to create a fast-slow distinction between trials on both switch and hold trials. Results showed both time- and time-frequency-domain effects, during the intervals preceding stimuli, of switching versus maintenance, response speed of the upcoming stimulus, and response hand. Of potential importance for task-switching theory were interactions between reaction time by switch-hold trial type that were found for a frontal slow negative potential and the lateralized readiness potential during the response-stimulus interval, indicating that effective preparation for switch trials involves different anticipatory activity than for hold trials. Theta-band oscillatory activity during the pre-stimulus period was found to be higher when subsequent reaction times were shorter, but this response speed effect did not interact with trial type. The response hand of the upcoming task was associated with lateralization of pre-stimulus mu- and beta-band amplitude and, specifically for switch trials, beta-band phase locking.

Bursts of occipital theta and alpha amplitude preceding alternation and repetition trials in a task-switching experiment.

The instantaneous amplitude of the theta and alpha bands of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was studied during preparation periods in a task-switching experiment. Subjects had to switch between tasks in which they were to respond to either the visual or the auditory component of the stimulus. 11-13 Hz occipital amplitude increased prior to auditory, relative to visual repetition trials. The effect was transient, ending well before presentation of the stimulus that was being prepared for. Alternation trials were preceded by an increase in occipital theta-band activity, relative to repetition trials, for the visual task. This effect was also transient. The effects suggest tentative hypotheses for the function of transient bursts of alpha- and theta-band oscillations and indicate the possibility of a psychophysiological resolution of theoretical questions concerning the origin of switch costs.