RESUMO
The composition of fatty acids in the muscle tissue of the unique Central Asian carp-like fish, Potanin Altai osman Oreoleuciscus potanini, was studied for the first time. The populations of these fish in the reservoirs of the semiarid zone (Durgun and Taishir) during the period of their formation are considered. It was shown that the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in O. potanini corresponds to the median of this value in the order Cypriniformes. It was established that the basis of the food web of the herbivorous form of this species consists of microalgae (diatoms, Euglena and, possibly, chrysophytes), as well as bacteria. At the same time, the levels of bacterial biomarkers, 15-17BCFA and 17:0 were significantly higher in fish in the Durgun reservoir, whereas the level of EPA (diatom biomarker) in O. potanini was higher in the Taishir reservoir. The established higher values of the heavy nitrogen isotope content in the muscles of O. potanini from the Taishir reservoir are most likely associated with the yet unformed benthic communities and with the incomplete diversification of the riverine form of the Potanin Altai osman into lacustrine forms.
RESUMO
As a result of analyses of fatty acid (FA) composition in the grass snake Natrix natrix and its food objects, tadpoles and metamorphs of two amphibian species: the moor frog Rana arvalis and the Pallas spadefoot toad Pelobates vespertinus, it was shown for the first time that the high total content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the biomass of the snakes indicates its important role in the transfer of these essential substances from aquatic ecosystems to land. It was found that, since food sources of DHA in terrestrial ecosystems are absent, its high level in R. arvalis metamorps and grass snakes may be provided only by synthesis from biochemical precursors contained in food of aquatic origin.
Assuntos
Colubridae , Ecossistema , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados , Répteis , Ácidos GraxosRESUMO
Significant differences in the fatty acid composition of the muscle tissue of juvenile Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the natural habitat (Lake Sobach'e) and aquaculture, as well as juveniles of the anadromous form of char (malma) Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792) from the Avacha River were found. The observed differences between aquaculture and wild juvenile char were associated with different food sources. The muscle tissue of juvenile char from natural habitat was characterized by significantly higher levels of fatty acids-biomarkers of diatoms, as well as biomarkers of marine copepods in the anadromous form. In the fatty acid composition of juvenile char from aquaculture, significantly higher levels of linoleic acid were revealed, as well as long-chain monounsaturated acids, the source of which could be aquaculture feed. The identified differences did not have a significant effect on the content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the muscle tissue of juvenile aquaculture and wild char. The content of biochemically valuable omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in juvenile char from natural ecosystems and aquaculture was similar.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Ácidos Graxos , Animais , Truta , Rios , Biomarcadores , Regiões ÁrticasRESUMO
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) is a structural component of cell membranes and due to a peculiar form of its molecule exerts a high lateral pressure in the membranes enhancing activity of membrane-associated enzymes. A high content of DHA probably provides a high frequency of contraction and a continuous working of skeletal muscles. To estimate the probable physiological and biochemical role of DHA in muscle tissue, a relation of its contents in pectoral muscles of birds with wing beat frequency was evaluated. A high statistically significant correlation between the content of DHA in pectoral muscles of birds and species-specific wing beat frequency was found.
Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos , Músculos Peitorais , Animais , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Músculos Peitorais/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Aves/metabolismoRESUMO
Amphibiotic insects, chironomids of the genera Glyptotendipes and Chironomus, which emerged from saline Lake Shira, differed in composition and content of fatty acids, including the essential eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), and upon flying out they were concentrated in different territories, the riparian zone and remote arid steppe zone, respectively. Potential consumers of chironomids adults, the orb-weaver spiders Larinoides suspicax, which inhabited both zones, also differed in fatty acid composition. The main difference in their biochemical composition was a significantly higher level of EPA in spiders from the riparian zone that likely to be explained by consumption of the Glyptotendipes adults enriched in this fatty acid and concentrated only within this zone. The higher level of EPA, which is deficient in terrestrial ecosystems, in orb-weaver spiders from the riparian zone of the saline lake may potentially promote a successful survival of the consumers in the arid landscape.
Assuntos
Chironomidae , Ecossistema , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Comportamento Alimentar , Pradaria , Aranhas/metabolismo , Animais , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/químicaRESUMO
We compared the composition and content of fatty acids (FAs) in the liver, muscles, and subcutaneous fat of Yakut horses inhabiting extreme environment in the Cryolithozone. Essential linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, supplied to horses with their food, were accumulated in different tissues. Linoleic acid was accumulated in the liver but alpha-linolenic acid was accumulated in muscle and subcutaneous fat. Such a distribution indicates different roles of these fatty acids in the metabolism of horses. Yakut horse meat is a valuable dietary product owing to its fatty acid composition and content.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismo , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/metabolismo , Cavalos , Carne/análiseRESUMO
A hypothesis was advanced and grounded that the total content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids in fish muscle tissue is associated with the species-specific (taxon-specific) duration of embryo development. A meta-analysis of the original and published data was performed using fishes of the families Coregonidae and Salmonidae as an example. Fishes with longer embryo development times, which are observed at lower temperatures, were found to have significantly higher EPA + DHA contents in muscles as compared with the species that belong to the same families but have shorter embryo development times. This association was explained by the fact that an embryo forms more cells per unit tissue volume at lower temperatures, which requires a greater specific amount of cell membranes and, therefore, greater amounts of EPA and DHA to produce them.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/química , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Músculos/química , Músculos/embriologia , Salmonidae/embriologia , Animais , Biomassa , Membrana Celular/química , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/química , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
Using stable isotope analysis of nitrogen, for the first time the hypothesis on different sources of inorganic nutrients for two groups of littoral algae in Lake Baikal was confirmed. Strongly attached filamentous algae of genus Ulothrix, which developed in the wave-braking zone at depth 0.5 m, and loosely attached filamentous algae of genus Spirogyra, which developed in deeper layers 3.0-5.0 m in a low-turbulence zone, get inorganic nutrients presumably from surface discharge and groundwater inputs, respectively. Besides, stoichiometric ratios C:N and N:P in biomass of the algae indicated that growth of Spirogyra in Lake Baikal was likely limited by nitrogen, while growth of Ulothrix was limited by phosphorus.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Clorófitas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/análise , Spirogyra/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carbono/análise , Água Subterrânea , Lagos , Fósforo/análise , Federação Russa , Microbiologia da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
The flow of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 family, namely, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), exported by amphibian metamorphs from water to terrestrial ecosystems in the Medveditsa River floodplain, was quantified for the first time. The total biomass export by three amphibian species (Pelobates fuscus, Bombina bombina, and Pelophylax ridibundus) per unit area of the lake surface was 0.594 g/m2 per year (as a mean for 2 years). The biomass flow per unit area of land was 0.726 g/ha per year (0.302 g/ha per year for organic carbon) in 2015-2016. The average annual total removal of EPA + DHA by amphibians from the floodplain lake was 1.47 mg/m2 of water surface area. Due to the high content of EPA and DHA in biomass, amphibians are potentially a valuable food for terrestrial predators having no access to other sources of essential PUFAs.
Assuntos
Anfíbios/metabolismo , Ecossistema , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Lagos/química , Animais , Transporte Biológico , BiomassaRESUMO
For the first time, the quantity of protectors of cardiovascular deceases-omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA), obtained through fish (Eurasian perch) catch in water bodies of different trophic status was determined. A formula was drawn to calculate the quantity of obtained EPA + DHA (kg km-2 year-1) depending on the concentration of total phosphorus in water. It is found that the maximum quantity of EPA + DHA can be obtained by humans from fish caught in mesotrophic water bodies.
Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Percas/metabolismo , Fósforo/farmacologia , Água/química , Animais , Biomassa , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Fósforo/análiseRESUMO
We have studied the fatty acid composition of eyes of amphibiotic insects, namely, the odonate Sympetrum flaveolum. The main polyunsaturated fatty acid of odonate's eyes has been found to be 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic fatty acid, EPA) rather than 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, which usually dominate in eyes of terrestrial insects, or 22:6n-3, which dominates in eyes of vertebrates. The prevalence of EPA in odonate's eyes probably provides a more effective transmission of light signal in this animal compared to terrestrial insects. It is important for odonates because vision plays a decisive role in finding and catching prey.
Assuntos
Olho/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Odonatos/anatomia & histologia , AnimaisRESUMO
We compared the composition and content of fatty acids (FAs) in fish with different feeding habits (sardine (least) cisco Coregonus sardinella, goggle-eyed charr (pucheglazka) form of Salvelinus alpinus complex, humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian, broad whitefish Coregonus nasus, boganid charr Salvelinus boganidae, and northern pike Esox lucius from an Arctic Lake. Feeding habits of the studied fish (planktivore, benthivore, or piscivore) significantly affected the composition of biomarker fatty acids and the ratio of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in their biomass. The hypothesis on a higher content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in the fish of higher trophic level (piscivores) when compared within the same taxonomic group (order Salmoniformes) was confirmed.
Assuntos
Regiões Árticas , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar , Peixes/metabolismo , Hábitos , Lagos , AnimaisRESUMO
The study of the composition of fatty acid markers of tadpoles of cohabiting amphibian species for the first time revealed differences in their diets: the moor frog Rana arvalis prefers bacteria not associated with plant detritus, whereas the diet of the common spadefoot Pelobates fuscus is based on cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, and possibly higher plants. Major differences in the fatty acid composition are determined by the difference in the percentage of eicosapentaenoic and myristic acids.
Assuntos
Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Comportamento Alimentar , Ranidae/fisiologia , Animais , Ecossistema , Larva/metabolismo , Larva/fisiologia , Ranidae/classificação , Ranidae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Fatty acid (FA) and element contents were studied in 14 brands of canned (in its own juice and with sunflower oil) saury (Cololabis saira), a popular product of Russian market. Canned saury is a valuable source of essential polyunsaturated FA - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). To obtain personal daily dose of EPA + DHA of 1 g for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, neural and inflammatory disorders one needs to intake from 26 to 76 g of canned saury, as was calculated for studied brands. ICP-OES analysis of 24 elements showed that Pb concentration in one brand and Cd content in most of studied saury samples exceeded standards for fish meat established by the European Commission. However, values of hazard quotient, HQEFA, which estimate benefit-risk ratio of fish intake, indicate that canned saury is safe product for human nutrition.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/análise , Peixes/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/administração & dosagem , Metais Pesados/análise , Medição de Risco/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Humanos , SegurançaRESUMO
The effect of a biotic factor--the presence of predatory fish in water--on the composition and content of fatty acids in crustaceans was studied in the populations of the lake amphipod Gammarus lacustris from two lakes with fish and three lakes without fish. It was found that, at an overall increase in the quantity and quality of food resources (namely, increase in the content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the biomass), the relative rate of DHA accumulation in gammarids in the lakes without fish is higher than in the lake with fish.