[Renal angiomyolipoma with inferior vena cava thrombosis during pregnancy]. / Angiomyolipome avec thrombus de la veine cave inférieure et grossesse: enjeux de la prise en charge urologique.

The diagnosis of angiomyolipoma with tumor thrombus from the renal vein into the inferior vena cava is rare, especially during pregnancy. We report the case of a 31-year-old pregnant woman who was diagnosed with a 9 cm angiomyolipoma of the right kidney with inferior vena cava thrombosis, managed by active surveillance during pregnancy and delayed surgery after childbirth.

Imaging in upper urinary tract infections.

Most infections of the upper urinary tract are straightforward and do not require any emergency radiological investigations. A sonogram carried out within 48 hours will in most cases be sufficient to eliminate obstructed pyelonephritis requiring emergency drainage of urine. In complicated cases, or those affecting already weakened areas, an urgent CT scan is necessary, preferably after injection of iodinated contrast medium if renal function permits. CT scanning is far better at diagnosis than sonography as well as at investigating whether there are complications. Furthermore, it is essential that the radiologist is aware of unusual and rare forms of pyelonephritis, especially pseudotumoural forms, so that clinicians can be pointed towards the appropriate treatment, avoiding unnecessary and invasive interventions.

Imaging tumours of the penis.

Malignant primary epithelial tumours of the penis are rare and mainly affect uncircumcised men in their fifties to seventies. They are most frequently located in the glans and foreskin. Imaging is performed if the clinician has doubts about deep extension, after a diagnostic biopsy. High-resolution ultrasound and above all MRI are used to detect invasion of the corpora cavernosa and spongiosum. The lesion is often seen as a moderate T2 hyposignal, making it possible to distinguish it from the relative hypersignal of the corpora cavernosa. The sentinel lymph nodes are inguinal. Adenopathy is frequently present, but does not, however, necessarily reflect tumour invasion, as secondary infection of the lesion, which is often ulcerated, is common. The prognosis for T1 N0 tumours is good, at the cost of mutilating ablation. Extension to the lymph nodes is detrimental. Non-epithelial tumours and metastases are even rarer.

Youngsters do not pay attention to conversational rules: is this so for nonhuman primates?

The potentiality to find precursors of human language in nonhuman primates is questioned because of differences related to the genetic determinism of human and nonhuman primate acoustic structures. Limiting the debate to production and acoustic plasticity might have led to underestimating parallels between human and nonhuman primates. Adult-young differences concerning vocal usage have been reported in various primate species. A key feature of language is the ability to converse, respecting turn-taking rules. Turn-taking structures some nonhuman primates' adult vocal exchanges, but the development and the cognitive relevancy of this rule have never been investigated in monkeys. Our observations of Campbell's monkeys' spontaneous vocal utterances revealed that juveniles broke the turn-taking rule more often than did experienced adults. Only adults displayed different levels of interest when hearing playbacks of vocal exchanges respecting or not the turn-taking rule. This study strengthens parallels between human conversations and nonhuman primate vocal exchanges.