Lowest instrumented vertebrae in early onset scoliosis: is there a role for a more selective approach?

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to assess the impact of patient and implant characteristics on LIV selection in ambulatory children with EOS and to assess the relationship between the touched vertebrae (TV), the last substantially touched vertebrae (LSTV), the stable vertebrae (SV), the sagittal stable vertebrae (SSV), and the LIV. METHODS: A multicenter pediatric spine database was queried for patients ages 2-10 years treated by growth friendly instrumentation with at least 2-year follow up. The relationship between the LIV and preoperative spinal height, curve magnitude, and implant type were assessed. The relationships between the TV, LSTV, SV, SSV, and the LIV were also evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 281 patients met inclusion criteria. The LIV was at L3 or below in most patients with a lumbar LIV: L1 (9.2%), L2 (20.2%), L3 (40.9%), L4 (29.5%). Smaller T1 - T12 length was associated with more caudal LIV selection (p = 0.001). Larger curve magnitudes were similarly associated with more caudal LIV selection (p = < 0.0001). Implant type was not associated with LIV selection (p = 0.32) including MCGR actuator length (p = 0.829). The LIV was caudal to the TV in 78% of patients with a TV at L2 or above compared to only 17% of patients with a TV at L3 or below (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Most EOS patients have an LIV of L3 or below and display TV-LIV and LSTV-LIV incongruence. These findings suggest that at the end of treatment, EOS patients rarely have the potential for selective thoracic fusion. Further work is necessary to assess the potential for a more selective approach to LIV selection in EOS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

A New Look at Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT): Through the Modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink (mCDS) Classification.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT) is increasingly popular as an option for surgical treatment of idiopathic scoliosis (IS). While the technology remains new, it is important for families and patients to be able to compare it to the current standard of care, posterior spinal fusion (PSF). The purpose of this study is to describe the complication rate of AVBT in IS using the mCDS and to compare it to the recently reported complication rate of PSF in IS. METHODS: A multicenter pediatric spine deformity database was queried for all idiopathic scoliosis patients who underwent vertebral body tethering. There were 171 patients with a minimum 9-month follow-up included in this study. Complications were retrospectively graded by 2 attending pediatric spine surgeons using the mCDS classification system. RESULTS: Data from 171 patients with idiopathic scoliosis was available for analysis, with 156/171 (91%) of patients being female and an average age of 12.2 years old at surgery. There were 156 thoracic tethers (1 with an LIV below L2), 5 lumbar tethers, 9 staged double tethers, and only 1 patient with same-day double tether. Fifty-five (55) (32%) patients experienced a total of 69 complications. The most common complication type for VBT by mCDS was Grade IIIb, encompassing 29/69 (42%) of complications. The second most frequent complication grade was Grade I at 23/69 (33%). Thirty-four (34) out of 69 (49%) of the VBT complications reported required either procedural/surgical intervention or admission to the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to directly compare the complication profile of VBT to PSF using the mCDS. Forty-nine percent (49%) of the VBT complications reported were at least Grade III, while only 7% of complications in the control PSF cohort from the literature were Grade III or higher. The mCDS complication classification brings light to the early learning experience of a new technique compared to the widely accepted standard of PSF for IS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III - Retrospective comparative study.

The Reliability of the Modified Fels Knee Skeletal Maturity System.

BACKGROUND: The recently described Modified Fels knee skeletal maturity system (mFels) has proven utility in prediction of ultimate lower extremity length in modern pediatric patients. mFels users evaluate chronological age, sex, and 7 anteroposterior knee radiographic parameters to produce a skeletal age estimate. We developed a free mobile application to minimize the learning curve of mFels radiographic parameter evaluation. We sought to identify the reliability of mFels for new users. METHODS: Five pediatric orthopaedic surgeons, 5 orthopaedic surgery residents, 3 pediatric orthopaedic nurse practitioners, and 5 medical students completely naïve to mFels each evaluated a set of 20 pediatric anteroposterior knee radiographs with the assistance of the (What's the Skeletal Maturity?) mobile application. They were not provided any guidance beyond the instructions and examples embedded in the app. The results of their radiographic evaluations and skeletal age estimates were compared with those of the mFels app developers. RESULTS: Averaging across participant groups, inter-rater reliability for each mFels parameter ranged from 0.73 to 0.91. Inter-rater reliability of skeletal age estimates was 0.98. Regardless of group, steady proficiency was reached by the seventh radiograph measured. CONCLUSIONS: mFels is a reliable means of skeletal maturity evaluation. No special instruction is necessary for first time users at any level to utilize the (What's the Skeletal Maturity?) mobile application, and proficiency in skeletal age estimation is obtained by the seventh radiograph. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Correlations Between Eight Comprehensive Skeletal Maturity Systems in a Modern Peripubertal Pediatric Population.

BACKGROUND: Several skeletal maturity systems allow for accurate skeletal age assessment from a wide variety of joints. However, discrepancies in estimates have been noted when applying systems concurrently. The aims of our study were to (1) compare the agreement among 8 different skeletal maturity systems in modern pediatric patients and (2) compare these discrepancy trends qbetween modern and historic children. METHODS: We performed a retrospective (January 2000 to May 2022) query of our picture archiving and communication systems and included peripubertal patients who had at least two radiographs of different anatomic regions obtained ≤3 months apart for 8 systems: (1) proximal humerus ossification system (PHOS), (2) olecranon apophysis ossification staging system (OAOSS), (3) lateral elbow system, (4) modified Fels wrist system, (5) Sanders Hand Classification, (6) optimized oxford hip system, (7) modified Fels knee system, and (8) calcaneal apophysis ossification staging system (CAOSS). Any abnormal (ie, evidence of fracture or congenital deformity) or low-quality radiographs were excluded. These were compared with a cohort from a historic longitudinal study. SEM skeletal age, representing the variance of skeletal age estimates, was calculated for each system and used to compare system precision. RESULTS: A total of 700 radiographs from 350 modern patients and 954 radiographs from 66 historic patients were evaluated. In the modern cohort, the greatest variance was seen in PHOS (SEM: 0.28 y), Sanders Hand (0.26 y), and CAOSS (0.25 y). The modified Fels knee system demonstrated the smallest variance (0.20 y). For historic children, the PHOS, OAOSS, and CAOSS were the least precise (0.20 y for all). All other systems performed similarly in historic children with lower SEMs (range: 0.18 to 0.19 y). The lateral elbow system was more precise than the OAOSS in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The precision of skeletal maturity systems varies across anatomic regions. Staged, single-parameter systems (eg, PHOS, Sanders Hand, OAOSS, and CAOSS) may correlate less with other systems than those with more parameters. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective study.

Late-presenting dural leak following spine fusion in the pediatric population.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to describe how patients with a late-presenting dural leak (LPDL) after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) was diagnosed and treated at a single institution. METHODS: Of the 1991 patients who underwent a PSF between 2010 and 2018, 6 patients were identified with a clinical course consistent with a potential LPDL. RESULTS: Six patients with median age 16.9 years had onset of headache ranging 1-12 weeks postoperatively (median 6.5 weeks). All six patients presented with positional headache, and half (3/6) presented with emesis. 5/6 patients underwent contrast brain MRI, which demonstrated pachymeningeal enhancement. 4/5 patients with dural enhancement went on to have CT myelogram. Five patients had a CT myelogram, which identified a dural leak in all patients and localized the leak in four of five patients. All patients underwent an epidural blood patch, which resolved the pain in five patients. One patient without relief underwent revision surgery with removal of a medially placed screw and fibrin glue placement resolving symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative dural leaks associated with PSF may present in a delayed fashion. The majority of leaks were not associated with screw malposition. In diagnosing patients with suspected LPDL, we suggest brain MRI with contrast as a first step. Most patients with pachymeningeal enhancement shown on contrast brain MRI had dural leaks that were identified through CT myelograms. For patients with a dural leak, if there is no disruption from screws, a blood patch appears to be an effective treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Disparities in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic Pre-vaccine and Post-Vaccine Availability.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant disruptions in medical care, resulting in an estimated 40% of US adults avoiding care. However, the return to baseline health care utilization following COVID-19 restrictions within the pediatric orthopedic population remains unexplored. We sought to analyze the visit volume and demographics of pediatric orthopedic patients at 3 timepoints: prepandemic (2019), pandemic (2020), and pandemic post-vaccine availability (2021), to determine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on our single-center, multisite institution. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 6318 patients seeking treatment at our institution from May through August in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Patient age, sex, address, encounter date, and ICD-10 codes were obtained. Diagnoses were classified into fractures and dislocations, non-fracture-related trauma, sports, elective, and other categories. Geospatial analysis comparing incidence and geospatial distribution of diagnoses across the time periods was performed and compared with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) social vulnerability index (SVI). RESULTS: The total number of pediatric orthopedic visits decreased by 22.2% during the pandemic ( P <0.001) and remained 11.6% lower post-vaccine availability compared with prepandemic numbers ( P <0.001). There was no significant difference in age ( P =0.097) or sex ( P =0.248) of the patients across all 3 timepoints; however, patients seen during the pandemic were more often White race (67.7% vs. 59.3%, P <0.001). Post-vaccine availability, trauma visits increased by 18.2% ( P <0.001) and total fractures remained 13.4% lower than prepandemic volume ( P <0.001). Sports volume decreased during the pandemic but returned to prepandemic volume in the post-vaccine availability period ( P =0.298). Elective visits did not recover to prepandemic volume and remained 13.0% lower compared with baseline ( P <0.001). Geospatial analysis of patient distribution illustrated neighborhood trends in access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic, with fewer patients from high SVI and low socioeconomic status neighborhoods seeking fracture care during the pandemic than prepandemic. Post-vaccine availability, fracture population distribution resembled prepandemic levels, suggesting a return to baseline health care utilization. CONCLUSION: Pediatric orthopedic surgery visit volume broadly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic and did not return to prepandemic levels. All categories increased in the post-vaccine availability time point except elective visits. Geospatial analysis revealed that neighborhoods with a high social vulnerability index (SVI) were associated with decreased fracture visits during the pandemic, whereas low SVI neighborhoods did not experience as much of a decline. Future research is needed to study these neighborhood trends and more completely characterize factors preventing equitable access to care in the pediatric orthopedic population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective Study, Level III.

Providence Bracing: Predicting the Progression to Surgery in Patients With Braced Idiopathic Scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common spinal abnormality, in which orthotic management can reduce progression to surgery. However, predictors of bracing success are still not fully understood. We studied a large patient population treated with the nighttime Providence orthosis, utilizing multivariable logistic regression to assess results and predict future spine surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with IS meeting Scoliosis Research Society inclusion and assessment criteria presenting from April 1994 to June 2020 at a single institution and treated with a Providence orthosis. A predictive logistic regression model was developed utilizing the following candidate features: age, sex, body mass index, Risser classification, Lenke classification, curve magnitude at brace initiation, percentage correction in a brace, and total months of brace use. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The importance of individual features was assessed using the variable importance score. RESULTS: There were 329 consecutive patients with IS with a mean age of 12.8 ± 1.4 years that met inclusion and assessment criteria. Of these, 113 patients (34%) ultimately required surgery. The model's area under the curve (AUC) was 0.72 on the testing set, demonstrating good discrimination. The initial curve magnitude (Importance score: 100.0) and duration of bracing (Importance score: 82.4) were the 2 most predictive features for curve progression leading to surgery. With respect to skeletal maturity, Risser 1 (Importance score: 53.9) had the most predictive importance for future surgery. For the curve pattern, Lenke 6 (Importance score: 52.0) had the most predictive importance for future surgery. CONCLUSION: Out of 329 patients with IS treated with a Providence nighttime orthosis, 34% required surgery. This is similar to the findings of the BrAist study of the Boston orthosis, in which 28% of monitored braced patients required surgery. In addition, we found that predictive logistic regression can evaluate the likelihood of future spine surgery in patients treated with the Providence orthosis. The severity of the initial curve magnitude and total months of bracing were the 2 most important variables when assessing the probability of future surgery. Surgeons can use this model to counsel families on the potential benefits of bracing and risk factors for curve progression.

Quantitative Sensory Changes Following Posterior Spinal Fusion to Treat Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

BACKGROUND: Sensory changes surrounding the incision frequently develop after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Anecdotally, patients may experience sensory changes on the chest wall. Such postsurgical sensory changes are not well described quantitatively. This study aims to evaluate the presence, intensity, and duration of mechanical sensory changes in AIS patients postoperatively. METHODS: A prospective cohort of AIS patients, 10 to 21 years old, was followed. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) included touch detection threshold [mechanical detection threshold (MDT)] and pain detection threshold (MPT), using VonFrey monofilaments and pinprick stimulators. QST was performed at 3 sites at T6: the right and left chest at the nipple line and adjacent to the incision below the inferior angle of the scapula. QST at the thenar eminence was the control. QST was collected at baseline, 3 days, 1, and 6 months postoperative. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (21% males; mean age: 14.9 years old; median preoperative curve: 58 degrees) completed all testing. Mean deformity correction was 64% (SD: 10.4). Adjacent to the incision site, MDT was significantly higher compared with baseline at 3 days and 1 month ( P < 0.001) but not at 6 months ( P = 0.19), whereas MPT was significantly higher at 3 days, ( P < 0.001), 1 month ( P < 0.001), and 6 months ( P = 0.001). For the chest wall in all patients, MPT was higher on the left chest at 3 days ( P = 0.04) and on the right chest at 3 days ( P = 0.022) and 1 month ( P = 0.05). For patients with right-sided curves, MDT ( P = 0.01) and MPT ( P = 0.015) overall were significantly higher on the concave side (left) chest postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: PSF is associated with sensory disturbances that are detectable within days, persist at 1 month, and improve at 6 months postoperatively adjacent to the incision and on the chest wall. We suspect that these sensory changes are transient. Describing postoperative sensory changes will help us better set postoperative expectations for patients undergoing PSF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

Do Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients With Vitamin D Deficiency Have Worse Spine Fusion Outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Prior research has shown that patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency compared with healthy peers. In adult orthopaedic populations, vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for higher reported pain and lower function. We investigated whether there was an association between vitamin D levels and AIS patient-reported outcomes, as measured by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS-30) questionnaire. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. Postoperative AIS patients were prospectively recruited during routine follow-up visits, 2 to 10 years after spine fusion. Vitamin D levels were measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL). Patients were categorized based on vitamin D level: deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20 to 29 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). The correlation between vitamin D levels and SRS-30 scores was analyzed using multivariable analysis and pair-wise comparisons using Tukey method. RESULTS: Eighty-seven AIS patients (83% female) were enrolled who presented at median 3 years (interquartile range: 2 to 5 y; range: 2 to 10 y) after spine fusion. Age at time of surgery was mean 15 (SD±2) years. Major coronal curves were a mean of 57 (SD±8) degrees preoperatively and 18 (SD±7) degrees postoperatively. It was found that 30 (34%) of patients were vitamin D sufficient, 33 (38%) were insufficient, and 24 (28%) were deficient. Although there was no correlation between vitamin D level and Pain, Mental Health, or Satisfaction domains ( P >0.05), vitamin D-deficient patients were found to be younger ( P <0.001) and had lower SRS-30 function ( P =0.002), Self-image ( P <0.001), and total scores ( P =0.003). CONCLUSIONS: AIS patients with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) are more likely to be younger age at time of surgery, and report lower Function, Self-image, and Total SRS-30 scores postoperatively. Further work is needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation alters curve progression and patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II-prognostic study.

Surgical Level Selection in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Evidence-Based Approach.

The selection of fusion levels in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis remains complex. The goals of surgery are to minimize the risk of future progression and optimize spinal balance while fusing the least number of levels necessary. Several classifications, rules, and algorithms exist to guide decision making, although these have previously not been easily referenced in a study. This review aims to provide an evidence-based approach of selecting fusion levels that balances the expert opinion of the authors with the current literature.

The Reliability of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Classification System in Children: Results of a Multi-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: There is no uniform classification system for traumatic upper cervical spine injuries in children. This study assesses the reliability and reproducibility of the AO Upper Cervical Spine Classification System (UCCS), which was developed and validated in adults, to children. METHODS: Twenty-six patients under 18 years old with operative and nonoperative upper cervical injuries, defined as from the occipital condyle to the C2-C3 joint, were identified from 2000 to 2018. Inclusion criteria included the availability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging at the time of injury. Patients with significant comorbidities were excluded. Each case was reviewed by a single senior surgeon to determine eligibility. Educational videos, schematics describing the UCCS, and imaging from 26 cases were sent to 9 pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. The surgeons classified each case into 3 categories: A, B, and C. Inter-rater reliability was assessed for the initial reading across all 9 raters by Fleiss's kappa coefficient (kF) along with 95% confidence intervals. One month later, the surgeons repeated the classification, and intra-rater reliability was calculated. All images were de-identified and randomized for each read independently. Intra-rater reproducibility across both reads was assessed using Fleiss's kappa. Interpretations for reliability estimates were based on Landis and Koch (1977): 0 to 0.2, slight; 0.2 to 0.4, fair; 0.4 to 0.6, moderate; 0.6 to 0.8, substantial; and >0.8, almost perfect agreement. RESULTS: Twenty-six cases were read by 9 raters twice. Sub-classification agreement was moderate to substantial with α κ estimates from 0.55 for the first read and 0.70 for the second read. Inter-rater agreement was moderate (kF 0.56 to 0.58) with respect to fracture location and fair (kF 0.24 to 0.3) with respect to primary classification (A, B, and C). Krippendorff's alpha for intra-rater reliability overall sub-classifications ranged from 0.41 to 0.88, with 0.75 overall raters. CONCLUSION: Traumatic upper cervical injuries are rare in the pediatric population. A uniform classification system can be vital to guide diagnosis and treatment. This study is the first to evaluate the use of the UCCS in the pediatric population. While moderate to substantial agreement was found, limitations to applying the UCCS to the pediatric population exist, and thus the UCCS can be considered a starting point for developing a pediatric classification. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink system is reliable for classifying complications following surgical treatment of early-onset scoliosis.

PURPOSE: Appropriately measuring and classifying surgical complications is a critical component of research in vulnerable populations, including children with early-onset scoliosis (EOS). The purpose of this study was to assess the inter- and intra-rater reliability of a modified Clavien-Dindo-Sink system (CDS) classification system for EOS patients among a group of pediatric spinal deformity surgeons. METHODS: Thirty case scenarios were developed and presented to experienced surgeons in an international spine study group. For each case, surgeons were asked to select a level of severity based on the modified CDS system to assess inter-rater reliability. The survey was administered on two occasions to allow for assessment of intra-rater reliability. Weighted Kappa values were calculated, with 0.61 to 0.80 considered substantial agreement and 0.81 to 1.00 considered nearly perfect agreement. RESULTS: 11/12 (91.7%) surgeons completed the first-round survey and 8/12 (66.7%) completed the second. Inter-observer weighted kappa values for the first and second survey were 0.75 [95% CI 0.56-0.94], indicating substantial agreement, and 0.84 [95% CI 0.70-0.98], indicating nearly perfect agreement, respectively. Intra-observer reliability was 0.86 (range 0.74-0.95) between the first and second surveys, indicating nearly perfect agreement . CONCLUSION: The modified CDS classification system demonstrated substantial to nearly perfect agreement between and within observers for the evaluation of complications following the surgical treatment of EOS patients. Adoption of this reliable classification system as a standard for reporting complications in EOS patients can be a valuable tool for future research endeavors, as we seek to ultimately improve surgical practices and patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.

Strategies reducing risk of surgical-site infection following pediatric spinal deformity surgery.

BACKGROUND: Identifying beneficial preventive strategies for surgical-site infection (SSI) in individual patients with different clinical and surgical characteristics is challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between preventive strategies and patient risk of SSI taking into consideration baseline risks and estimating the reduction of SSI probability in individual patients attributed to these strategies. METHODS: Pediatric patients who underwent primary, revision, or final fusion for their spinal deformity at 7 institutions between 2004 and 2018 were included. Preventive strategies included the use of topical vancomycin, bone graft, povidone-iodine (PI) irrigations, multilayered closure, impermeable dressing, enrollment in quality improvement (QI) programs, and adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis. The CDC definition of SSI as occurring within 90 days postoperatively was used. Multiple regression modeling was performed following multiple imputation and multicollinearity testing to investigate the effect of preventive strategies on SSI in individual patients adjusted for patient and surgical characteristics. RESULTS: Univariable regressions demonstrated that enrollment in QI programs and PI irrigation were significantly associated, and topical vancomycin, multilayered closure, and correct intraoperative dosing of antibiotics trended toward association with reduction of SSI. In the final prediction model using multiple regression, enrollment in QI programs remained significant and PI irrigation had an effect in decreasing risks of SSI by average of 49% and 18%, respectively, at the individual patient level. CONCLUSION: Considering baseline patient characteristics and predetermined surgical and hospital factors, enrollment in QI programs and PI irrigation reduce the risk of SSI in individual patients. Multidisciplinary efforts should be made to implement these practices to increase patient safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic level III study.

Definitive fusions are better than growing rod procedures for juvenile patients with cerebral palsy and scoliosis: a prospective comparative cohort study.

PURPOSE: This study compared the outcomes of juvenile patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and scoliosis who underwent spinal fusion (SF) versus growing rod (GR) surgery. METHODS: Two prospective multicenter registries were queried for patients 8-10 years old with minimum 2-year follow-up who underwent SF or GR surgery (no MCGR). Demographics, radiographs, complications, and outcome scores were recorded. RESULTS: There were 35 patients in the SF and 15 in the GR group. The mean age at surgery was 10 and 9.3 years in the SF and GR groups, respectively (p = 0.004). In the SF group preoperatively, the major curve measured 86° and 80° in the GR group (p = 0.40). "Definitive" surgery in the GR group consisted of SF in 10, implant retention in three, and implant removal in two. The SF group had 60.8% and the GR group had 45.0% correction following "definitive" surgery (p = 0.03). In the SF group, 8 patients and in the GR group, 9 patients (SF = 22.9%, GR = 60.0%) had a complication (p = 0.01). In the SF group, two patients (5.7%) had reoperations for infection; eight patients (53.3%) in the GR group had reoperations for infection and implant complications (p < 0.001). In the SF group, 23/30 parents (76.6%) noted that the child's life "improved a lot." In the GR group, 3/6 parents (50.0%) noted they were "neutral" about their child's ability to do things, 2/6 (33.3%) were "very dissatisfied." CONCLUSIONS: SF treatment for juvenile patients with CP and scoliosis resulted in fewer complications and unplanned reoperations and better radiographic outcomes compared with GR. Quality of life improvements were also better in the SF group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Outcomes for patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis by casting table type.

Purpose: Serial casting is an effective treatment for infantile idiopathic scoliosis. The most common casting table types are Mehta, Risser, and spica tables. We compared major curve correction between patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis treated using pediatric hip spica tables versus Risser or Mehta tables. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective study, we included 52 children younger than 3 years (mean ± standard deviation age, 1.6 ± 0.68 years) treated with ≥2 consecutive casts for infantile idiopathic scoliosis between September 2011 and July 2018. We compared major curve angle (measured using the Cobb method) before and after treatment and improvement in curve angle between the spica tables group (n = 12) and the Risser or Mehta tables group (n = 40). The primary outcome was the difference in percentage correction of the major curve according to radiographs taken after first casting and at final follow-up. Results: The mean major curve was 47° ± 18° before casting. A median of six casts (range: 2-14) were applied. Mean follow-up after treatment initiation was 22 months (range: 7-86 months). At baseline, the major curve was significantly larger in the spica tables group (58°) than in the Risser or Mehta tables group (43°) (p = 0.01). We found no differences in the percentage curve correction in the spica tables group versus Risser or Mehta tables group after first casting or at final follow-up. Conclusion: Serial casting was associated with substantial major curve correction in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Curve correction did not differ between patients treated with a spica table versus a Risser or Mehta table. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Best Practice Guidelines for Surgical Site Infection in High-risk Pediatric Spine Surgery: Definition, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Prior "best practice guidelines" (BPG) have identified strategies to reduce the risk of acute deep surgical site infection (SSI), but there still exists large variability in practice. Further, there is still no consensus on which patients are "high risk" for SSI and how SSI should be diagnosed or treated in pediatric spine surgery. We sought to develop an updated, consensus-based BPG informed by available literature and expert opinion on defining high-SSI risk in pediatric spine surgery and on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SSI in this high-risk population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After a systematic review of the literature, an expert panel of 21 pediatric spine surgeons was selected from the Harms Study Group based on extensive experience in the field of pediatric spine surgery. Using the Delphi process and iterative survey rounds, the expert panel was surveyed for current practices, presented with the systematic review, given the opportunity to voice opinions through a live discussion session and asked to vote regarding preferences privately. Two survey rounds were conducted electronically, after which a live conference was held to present and discuss results. A final electronic survey was then conducted for final voting. Agreement ≥70% was considered consensus. Items near consensus were revised if feasible to achieve consensus in subsequent surveys. RESULTS: Consensus was reached for 17 items for defining high-SSI risk, 17 items for preventing, 6 for diagnosing, and 9 for treating SSI in this high-risk population. After final voting, all 21 experts agreed to the publication and implementation of these items in their practice. CONCLUSIONS: We present a set of updated consensus-based BPGs for defining high-risk and preventing, diagnosing, and treating SSI in high-risk pediatric spine surgery. We believe that this BPG can limit variability in practice and decrease the incidence of SSI in pediatric spine surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Not applicable.

Bracing for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis: retrospective review from bracing to skeletal maturity.

BACKGROUND: Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (JIS) outcomes with brace treatment are limited with poorly described bracing protocols. Between 49 and 100% of children with JIS will progress to surgery, however, young age, long follow-up, and varying treatment methods make studying this population difficult. The purpose of this study is to report the outcomes of bracing in JIS treated with a Boston brace™ and identify risk factors for progression and surgical intervention. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective review of 175 patients with JIS who initiated brace treatment between the age of 4 and 9 years. A cohort of 140 children reached skeletal maturity; 91 children had surgery or at least 2 year follow-up after brace completion. Standard in-brace protocol for scoliosis 320° was a Boston brace for 18-20 h/day after MRI (n = 82). Family history, MRI abnormalities, comorbidities, curve type, curve magnitude, bracing duration, number of braces, compliance by report, and surgical interventions were recorded. RESULTS: Children were average 7.9 years old (range 4.1-9.8) at the initiation of bracing. The Boston brace™ was prescribed in 82 patients and nine used night bending brace. Mid-thoracic curves (53%) was the most frequent deformity. Maximum curve at presentation was on average 30 ± 9 degrees, in-brace curve angle was 16 ± 8 degrees, and in-brace correction was 58 ± 24 percent. Patients were braced an average of 4.6 ± 1.9 years. 61/91 (67%) went on to posterior spinal fusion at 13.3 ± 2.1 (range 9.3-20.9) years and curve magnitude of 61 ± 12 degrees. Of those that underwent surgery, 49/55 (86%) progressed > 10°, 6/55 (11%) stabilized within 10°, and 0/55 (0%) improved > 10° with brace wear. No children underwent growth-friendly posterior instrumentation. Of the 28 who did not have surgical correction, 3 (11%) progressed > 10°, 13/28 (46%) stabilized within 10°, and 12/28 (43%) improved > 10° with brace wear. CONCLUSIONS: This large series of JIS patients with bracing followed to skeletal maturity with long-term follow-up. Surgery was avoided in 33% of children with minimal to no progression, and no child underwent posterior growth-friendly constructs. Risk factors of needing surgery were noncompliance and larger curves at presentation.

When Will You Succeed Casting Patients With Early-onset Scoliosis? Prospective Evaluation of Predictive Radiographic Parameters.

BACKGROUND: In a recent retrospective study, in cast correction of the major curve correlated with final curve size in patients with early-onset scoliosis treated with casting. We therefore sought to perform a prospective study with controlled methodology to determine if there are parameters associated with reduction of coronal deformity. METHODS: A prospective, observational study was conducted between 2014 and 2019 at selected sites willing to comply with a standard radiographic and follow-up protocol. Radiographic data was collected at time points of precast, in traction, initial in-cast, and at minimum 1 year follow-up. Multivariate linear regression models were utilized to control for potential confounders using a stepwise procedure. Twenty-nine patients met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis, traction major curve (P=0.043) and initial in-cast (P=0.011) major curve Cobb angles were independently associated with final out of cast major curve Cobb angle. The only factor that was independently associated with failure to cure (<15-degree major curve) was traction major curve Cobb angle (P=0.046). A threshold traction major curve Cobb angle of 20 degrees was found to have good accuracy with 81% sensitivity and 73% specificity (receiver operator curve area: 0.869, P<0.001). A traction major curve Cobb angle over 20 degrees would accurately predict failure of casting treatment to cure scoliosis in 79% of cases. A threshold in-cast major curve Cobb angle of 21 degrees was found to have slightly less accuracy than traction with 69% sensitivity, 82% specificity, and 74% accuracy (receiver operator curve area: 0.830, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic measurements in traction and initially in the cast are predictive of curve size at follow-up for children with early-onset scoliosis treated with casting. The standardization and utility of traction films should be further explored. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Spinal Fusion in Pediatric Patients With Low Bone Density: Defining the Value of DXA.

BACKGROUND: Children with medical complexity are at increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) and complications after spinal fusion compared with idiopathic scoliosis patients. Our aim was to compare treatments and outcomes of children with medical complexity undergoing spinal fusion in those who had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans versus those who did not in an effort to standardize the workup of these patients before undergoing spinal surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with low BMD who underwent spinal fusion at a tertiary care pediatric hospital between 2004 and 2016. We consulted with a pediatric endocrinologist to create standard definitions for low BMD to classify each subject. Regardless of DXA status, all patients were given a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis [at least 2 long bone or 1 vertebral pathologic fracture(s)], osteopenia (stated on radiograph or by the physician), or clinically low bone density belonging to neither category. The last classification was used for patients whose clinicians had documented low bone density not meeting the criteria for osteoporosis or osteopenia. Fifty-nine patients met the criteria, and 314 were excluded for insufficient follow-up and/or not meeting a diagnosis definition. BMD Z -scores compare bone density ascertained by DXA to an age-matched and sex-matched average. Patients who had a DXA scan were also given a DXA diagnosis of low bone density (≤-2 SD), slightly low bone density (-1.0 to -1.9 SD), or neither (>-1.0 SD) based on the lowest BMD Z -score recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were analyzed. Fifty-four percent had at least 1 DXA scan preoperatively. Eighty-one percent of DXA patients received some form of treatment compared with 52% of non-DXA patients ( P =0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Patients referred for DXA scans were more likely to be treated for low BMD, although there is no standardized system in place to determine which patients should get scans. Our research highlights the need to implement clinical protocols to optimize bone health preoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II-retrospective prognostic study.

Crisis Leadership: Lessons Learned From the COVID Pandemic.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had unique and profound personal and professional challenges for everyone. However, this is not the first or last health care crisis we will face. There are clear lessons learned from historical examples and the current pandemic that can be utilized to tackle future challenges. In this article a combination of personal experience, interviews with respected leaders, and literature were used to reflect on lessons learned as a leader navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Key components to leadership through a crisis include communication, flexibility, patience, teamwork, resiliency, and understanding individuals' struggles. What was clear is that the ability of the health care system and the people that drive it to adapt and evolve so rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic was truly remarkable.