Laser Photobiomodulation in the acute inflammatory response of the calcaneal tendon injury in rats exposed to cigarette smoke / Fotobiomodulação Laser na resposta inflamatória aguda em lesão do tendão calcâneo em ratos expostos a fumaça de cigarro / Fotobiomodulación láser en la respuesta inflamatoria aguda en lesión del tendón calcáneo en ratones expuestos a humo de cigarrillo

ABSTRACT Nicotine delays the healing process and increases the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme that plays a key role in the production of reactive oxygen species during the inflammatory process. Laser Photobiomodulation (PBM) is one of the most used electrophysical agents in the treatment of the calcaneal tendon, however, its effects on MPO activity need to be further elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of laser PBM on MPO activity after inflicting an injury to the calcaneal tendon of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Thirty-four male Wistar rats with 90 days of age were used. After 14 days of exposure to cigarette smoke, the animals were divided into three experimental groups: control group (CG, n=12), not submitted to injury or treatment; sham group (ShG, n=10), submitted to partial calcaneal tendon injury and laser PBM simulation; and laser PBM group (PBMG, n=12), submitted to partial calcaneal tendon lesion and treated with laser PBM within the first minute after injury. PBM decreased MPO activity levels in PBMG compared to ShG (CG: 1.38±0.69pg/ml; ShG: 3.78±1.09pg/ml; PBMG: 2.58±0.93pg/ml; p<0.005). In conclusion, applying laser PBM immediately after inflicting damage to the calcaneal tendon attenuates acute inflammatory activity in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

RESUMO A nicotina retarda o processo de cicatrização e eleva os níveis da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO), a qual possui um papel fundamental na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio durante o processo inflamatório. A fotobiomodulação laser (FBM) é um dos agentes eletrofísicos mais utilizados no tratamento do tendão calcâneo, no entanto, os seus efeitos sobre a atividade da MPO carecem de maior elucidação. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da FBM sobre a atividade da MPO, após lesão do tendão calcâneo em ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro. Foram utilizados 34 ratos Wistar, machos, com 90 dias de vida. Após 14 dias de exposição à fumaça de cigarro, os animais foram divididos em três grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC, n=12), não submetido à lesão ou tratamento; grupo sham (GSh, n=10), submetido à lesão parcial do tendão calcâneo e a simulação da FBM laser; grupo FBM laser (GFBM, n=12), submetido à lesão parcial do tendão calcâneo e tratados com FBM laser, no primeiro minuto após a lesão. A FBM diminuiu os níveis de atividade da MPO no GFBM em comparação ao GSh (GC: 1,38±0,69 pg/ml; GSh: 3,78±1,09pg/ml; GFBM: 2,58±0,93pg/ml; p<0,005). Conclui-se que a FBM laser aplicada imediatamente após lesão do tendão calcâneo, atenua a atividade inflamatória aguda em ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro.

RESUMEN La nicotina retarda el proceso de cicatrización y eleva los niveles de la enzima mieloperoxidasa (MPO), que tiene un papel fundamental en la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno durante el proceso inflamatorio. La fotobiomodulación con láser (FBM) es uno de los agentes electrofísicos más utilizados en el tratamiento del tendón calcáneo, sin embargo sus efectos sobre la actividad de la MPO carecen de mayor elucidación. Este estudio objetivó evaluar los efectos de la FBM sobre la actividad de la MPO después de lesión del tendón calcáneo en ratones expuestos al humo de cigarrillo. Se utilizaron 34 ratones Wistar, machos, con 90 días de vida. Después de 14 días de exposición al humo de cigarrillo, los animales fueron divididos en tres grupos experimentales: grupo de control (GC, n=12), no sometido a la lesión o tratamiento; grupo sham (GSh, n=10), sometido a la lesión parcial del tendón calcáneo y a la simulación de la FBM láser; y el grupo FBM láser (GFBM, n=12), sometido a la lesión parcial del tendón calcáneo y tratado con FBM láser, en el primer minuto después de la lesión. La FBM disminuyó los niveles de actividad de MPO en el GFBM en comparación con el GSh (GC: 1,38±0,69 pg/ml; GSh: 3,78±1,09pg/ml; GFBM: 2,58±0,93pg/ml, p<0,005). Se concluye que la FBM láser aplicada inmediatamente después de la lesión del tendón calcáneo atenúa la actividad inflamatoria aguda en ratones expuestos al humo de cigarrillo.

Avaliação do equilíbrio e do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de participantes do grupo de atividades hidrocinesioterapêuticas do Centro Universitário Franciscano em Santa Maria, RS / Evaluation of balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of a hydrocinesiotherapeutic activity group at Centro Universitario Franciscano in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

O envelhecimento associado ao sedentarismo gera mudanças nos sistemas neuromuscular, somatossensorial, vestibular e visual. O exercício físico e importante na manutenção da funcionalidade dessa população, e a fisioterapia aquática (FA) e uma opção segura e viável. Esta consiste em exercícios realizados em piscina aquecida que promovam alterações fisiológicas nos diversos sistemas do corpo, facilitando a realização de exercícios. O presente estudo avalia o equilíbrio e o condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de participantes do Grupo de Atividades Hidrocinesioterapeuticas. A amostra foi composta por 23 idosos que realizaram FA uma vez por semana, com duração de 50 minutos, durante 8 semanas. A sessão foi dividida em 4 etapas: 10 minutos de aquecimento, 20 minutos de fortalecimento em geral, exercícios de equilíbrio e coordenação, e 10 minutos de alongamento e 10 minutos de relaxamento. Foram utilizados para a avaliação do equilíbrio a Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB) e o Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6) para a avaliação do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório. As avaliações foram realizadas em três momentos: no inicio do programa de FA (Pré), 4 semanas após (Pos 1) e 8 semanas após (Pós 2). Verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa nos períodos, tanto na avaliação do equilíbrio como no condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, ou seja, ao longo do programa de FA, os participantes aumentaram a distancia percorrida no TC6 e realizaram as tarefas da EEB com maior facilidade. Conclui-se que a FA tem um papel importante na manutenção do equilíbrio e do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de idosos, devendo sua pratica ser estimulada nessa população. (AU)

The aging associated with physical inactivity causes changes in neuromuscular and sensory systems. Physical exercise is important in maintaining the functionality of this population and the aquatic therapy (AT) emerges as a safe and viable option. This consists of exercises performed in a heated pool that promote physiological changes in various systems of the body. The present study assessed the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of participants of an AT group. Twenty-three elderly participated in this study. The AT program was performed 50 minutes per day, one day per week for eight week. Each session consisted of a ten-minute warm-up, 20 minutes of general strengthening, balance and coordination exercises, 10 minutes of stretching and 10 minutes of relaxation. Balance and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Test of 6-minute walk, respectively, at baseline, after four (post-1) and eight weeks (post-2). There was improvement in the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness with significant differences among three evaluations. The results showed that the AT play a major role in maintaining the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of the elderly. In this way, the AT practice should be encouraged in this population. (AU)

Avaliação do equilíbrio e do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de participantes do grupo de atividades hidrocinesioterapêuticas do Centro Universitário Franciscano em Santa Maria, RS / Evaluation of balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of a hydrocinesiotherapeutic activity group at Centro Universitario Franciscano in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

O envelhecimento associado ao sedentarismo gera mudanças nos sistemas neuromuscular, somatossensorial, vestibular e visual. O exercício físico e importante na manutenção da funcionalidade dessa população, e a fisioterapia aquática (FA) e uma opção segura e viável. Esta consiste em exercícios realizados em piscina aquecida que promovam alterações fisiológicas nos diversos sistemas do corpo, facilitando a realização de exercícios. O presente estudo avalia o equilíbrio e o condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de participantes do Grupo de Atividades Hidrocinesioterapeuticas. A amostra foi composta por 23 idosos que realizaram FA uma vez por semana, com duração de 50 minutos, durante 8 semanas. A sessão foi dividida em 4 etapas: 10 minutos de aquecimento, 20 minutos de fortalecimento em geral, exercícios de equilíbrio e coordenação, e 10 minutos de alongamento e 10 minutos de relaxamento. Foram utilizados para a avaliação do equilíbrio a Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB) e o Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6) para a avaliação do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório. As avaliações foram realizadas em três momentos: no inicio do programa de FA (Pré), 4 semanas após (Pos 1) e 8 semanas após (Pós 2). Verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa nos períodos, tanto na avaliação do equilíbrio como no condicionamento cardiorrespiratório, ou seja, ao longo do programa de FA, os participantes aumentaram a distancia percorrida no TC6 e realizaram as tarefas da EEB com maior facilidade. Conclui-se que a FA tem um papel importante na manutenção do equilíbrio e do condicionamento cardiorrespiratório de idosos, devendo sua pratica ser estimulada nessa população.

The aging associated with physical inactivity causes changes in neuromuscular and sensory systems. Physical exercise is important in maintaining the functionality of this population and the aquatic therapy (AT) emerges as a safe and viable option. This consists of exercises performed in a heated pool that promote physiological changes in various systems of the body. The present study assessed the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of participants of an AT group. Twenty-three elderly participated in this study. The AT program was performed 50 minutes per day, one day per week for eight week. Each session consisted of a ten-minute warm-up, 20 minutes of general strengthening, balance and coordination exercises, 10 minutes of stretching and 10 minutes of relaxation. Balance and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Test of 6-minute walk, respectively, at baseline, after four (post-1) and eight weeks (post-2). There was improvement in the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness with significant differences among three evaluations. The results showed that the AT play a major role in maintaining the balance and cardiorespiratory fitness of the elderly. In this way, the AT practice should be encouraged in this population.

Different power settings of LLLT on the repair of the calcaneal tendon.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an 830-nm GaAlAs diode laser operating at output powers of 40, 60, 80, and 100 mW and energy density of 30 J/cm(2) on the repair of partial calcaneal tendon ruptures in rats. METHODS: A partial tendon rupture was induced in all animals, which were treated with laser irradiation for 5 consecutive days. Six days after injury, the injured tendons were removed and examined by polarized light microscopy. Collagen fiber organization was evaluated by birefringence measurements, and collagen content was determined by Picrosirius Red staining. RESULTS: It was observed that the higher the output power (60-100 mW) the greater the amount of type III collagen (p<0.01). The amount of type I collagen was significantly greater (p=0.05) in the 80 mW group than in the control group (sham stimulation). A non-statistically significant improvement in the realignment of collagen fibers was observed in the irradiated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low-level laser therapy resulted in significantly greater amounts of type III collagen (output powers of 60 mW or more) and type I collagen (output power of 80 mW), however, no significant differences between groups were found in the realignment of collagen fibers.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on mast cells in viability of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on viability of mast cells of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. BACKGROUND DATA: LLLT has been recently used on the TRAM flap to stimulate mast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups of 12 rats in each: group 1 (sham laser therapy); group 2 received 3 J/cm(2) at one point; group 3 received 3 J/cm(2) at 24 points; group 4 received 72 J/cm(2) at 1 point; group 5 received 6 J/cm(2) at 1 point; group 6 received 6 J/cm(2) at 24 points; and group 7 received 144 J/cm(2) at 1 point. All experimental groups underwent LLLT immediately after TRAM surgery and on the next two following days, for three sessions in total. The percentage of the area of skin flap necrosis was calculated on the fourth postoperative day and two samples of skin were collected from each rat with a 1-cm(2) punch to perform mast cell evaluations with toluidine blue dye. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the percentage of necrosis, and higher values were seen in group 1 than in all other groups. Among groups 3-7 no statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.292). For mast cells, when group 1 was compared to groups 5 (6 J/cm(2) at 1 point) and 7 (144 J/cm(2) at 1 point), it had fewer mast cells. CONCLUSION: LLLT at a wavelength of 670 nm was effective at reducing the necrotic area, and we found that it can stimulate mast cells growth to increase vascular perfusion.