Aspects of glass and hybridization protocols for bonding of fiber posts to root dentine.

This study evaluated bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin using push-out (PO) and diametral compression (DC), testing glycolic acid as a conditioner and varying dentin moisture. An additional aim was to test whether DC can be an alternative test to PO for bond strength assessment. Eighty bovine teeth were divided into eight groups (n = 10) defined by the use of either 37% glycolic acid or 37% phosphoric acid (PA) on moist or wet dentin before bonding with either Adapter SingleBond/RelyX ARC or One Step Plus/Duo-Link Bisco. Each tooth provided discs with an internal diameter of 2 mm, external diameter of 5 mm, and height of 2 mm, which underwent PO and DC. Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out on 3D models. When analyzing PO results through linear regression, the highest values of bond strength were observed using glycolic acid on wet dentin in the cervical and middle thirds of the teeth. Analyzing DC results, the only statistical influence on values was the dental thirds. The scatterplot of the DC results and the PO bond strength values indicated no relationship between the results of the two tests (r = 0.03; p = 0.64). PO test detected more sensitive changes in bond strength values than DC.

Fatigue-life and stress distribution of a glass-ceramic under different loading conditions.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different loading conditions on the mechanical behavior and stress distribution of a leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic. Plate-shaped ceramic specimens were obtained from leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (1.5 × 8.4 × 8.3 mm) and adhesively cemented to a dentin analog substrate. Monotonic and cyclic contact fatigue tests were performed to simulate sphere-to-flat contact, using a 6 mm diameter spherical piston; and flat-to-flat contact, using a 3 mm diameter flat piston. For the monotonic test (n=20), a gradual compressive load (0.5 mm/min) was applied to the specimen using a universal testing machine. Failure load data were analyzed with Weibull statistics. The cyclic contact fatigue test was performed using protocols (load and a number of cycles) defined by the boundary technique (n=30). Fatigue data were analyzed using an inverse power law relationship and Weibull-lifetime distribution. The stress distribution was investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The monotonic and the fatigue Weibull modulus were similar among the two contact conditions. In fatigue, the slow crack growth exponent was greater for sphere-to-flat contact, which indicates that the load level had a greater effect on the specimen's probability of failure. In conclusion, FEA showed different stress distribution for the tested loading conditions. The stress distribution and probability of fatigue failure of specimens tested in sphere-to-flat contact showed greater dependency to load level.

Fatigue-life and stress distribution of a glass-ceramic under different loading conditions

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different loading conditions on the mechanical behavior and stress distribution of a leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic. Plate-shaped ceramic specimens were obtained from leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic (1.5 × 8.4 × 8.3 mm) and adhesively cemented to a dentin analog substrate. Monotonic and cyclic contact fatigue tests were performed to simulate sphere-to-flat contact, using a 6 mm diameter spherical piston; and flat-to-flat contact, using a 3 mm diameter flat piston. For the monotonic test (n=20), a gradual compressive load (0.5 mm/min) was applied to the specimen using a universal testing machine. Failure load data were analyzed with Weibull statistics. The cyclic contact fatigue test was performed using protocols (load and a number of cycles) defined by the boundary technique (n=30). Fatigue data were analyzed using an inverse power law relationship and Weibull-lifetime distribution. The stress distribution was investigated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The monotonic and the fatigue Weibull modulus were similar among the two contact conditions. In fatigue, the slow crack growth exponent was greater for sphere-to-flat contact, which indicates that the load level had a greater effect on the specimen's probability of failure. In conclusion, FEA showed different stress distribution for the tested loading conditions. The stress distribution and probability of fatigue failure of specimens tested in sphere-to-flat contact showed greater dependency to load level.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito de diferentes condições de carregamento no comportamento mecânico e na distribuição de tensões de uma vitrocerâmica reforçada com leucita. Amostras cerâmicas em forma de lâminas foram obtidas a partir de vitrocerâmica reforçada com leucita (1,5 × 8,4 × 8,3 mm) e cimentadas adesivamente a um substrato análogo de dentina. Ensaios de carga de compressão monotônica e fadiga foram realizados para simular o contato esfera-plano, usando um pistão esférico de 6 mm de diâmetro; e contato plano com plano, usando um pistão plano de 3 mm de diâmetro. Para o ensaio de carga de compressão monotônica (n=20), foi aplicada uma carga compressiva gradual (0,5 mm/min) ao corpo-de-prova usando uma máquina de ensaio universal. Os dados de carga de fratura foram analisados de acordo com a distribuição de Weibull. O teste de fadiga foi realizado com os protocolos (carga e número de ciclos) definidos pela técnica de boundary (n=30). Os dados de fadiga foram analisados usando uma relação de tempo de vida - tensão de lei da potência inversa (IPL- inverse power law). A distribuição de tensões foi investigada usando análise de elementos finitos (AEF). O módulo de Weibull para teste de compressão monotônico e de fadiga foram semelhantes entre as duas condições de contato. Em fadiga, o expoente de crescimento sub-crítico da trinca foi maior para o contato esfera-plano, o que indica que o nível de carga teve um efeito maior na probabilidade de falha do corpo-de-prova. Em conclusão, AEF apresentou distribuição de tensões diferente para as condições de carregamento testadas. A distribuição de tensões e a probabilidade de falha em fadiga dos corpos-de-prova testados utilizando o contato esfera-plano apresentaram maior dependência do nível de carga.

Influence of photodynamic therapy, different final irrigants, and ultrasonic activation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of photodynamic therapy (PDT), different final irrigants, and ultrasonic activation (US) on the bond strength of glass fiber posts (GFP) to root dentin. METHODS: One hundred twenty bovine roots were divided into 12 groups according to PDT application, the type of final endodontic irrigant, and US. The samples were divided into 12 groups (n = 10): G1-DW(distilled water); G2-DW+US; G3-17% EDTA; G4-17% EDTA+US; G5-17% GA (glycolic acid); G6-17% GA+US; G7-PDT+DW; G8-PDT+DW+US; G9-PDT+17% EDTA; G10-PDT+17% EDTA+US; G11-PDT+17% GA; G12-PDT+17% GA+US. After cementing the glass fiber posts with resin cement, roots were sectioned into 2-mm-thick slices. One slice from the cervical third and another from the middle third were used for the push out test (PO), and the other two for the diametral compression test (DC). Thus, 10 samples were obtained per third for each mechanical test (n = 10). Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were used to analyze PO and DC data, and Pearson's correlation test was used to verify the relationship between the variables. Failure patterns were analyzed with chi-square test. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the PO test among the experimental groups (p < 0.001; power=1.00). PDT improved bond strength when using EDTA. PDT and US increased bond strength when using GA. Favorable failure patterns occurred more frequently in Group GA+US. There was no correlation between data obtained with PO and DC tests (r = 0.112; p = 0.729). CONCLUSION: PDT provided the highest bond strength values of GFP to root dentin when associated with GA and US or when associated only with EDTA.