Comparison of trauma systems in Asian countries: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the demographic characteristics and trauma service structures and processes of hospitals in 15 countries across the Asia Pacific, and to provide baseline data for the integrated trauma database: the Pan-Asian Trauma Outcomes Study (PATOS).METHODS: Medical directors and emergency physicians at PATOS-participating hospitals in countries across the Asia Pacific were surveyed through a standardized questionnaire. General information, trauma care system data, and trauma emergency department (ED) outcomes at each hospital were collected by email and analyzed using descriptive statistics.RESULTS: Survey data from 35 hospitals across 15 countries were collected from archived data between June 2014 and July 2015. Designated trauma centers were identified as the highest hospital level for trauma patients in 70% of surveyed countries. Half of the hospitals surveyed had special teams for trauma care, and almost all prepared activation protocol documents for these teams. Most hospitals offered specialized trauma education programs, and 72.7% of hospitals had a hospital-based trauma registry. The total number of trauma patients visiting the ED across 25 of the hospitals was 300,376. The overall survival-to-discharge rate was 97.2%; however, it varied greatly between 85.1% and 99.7%. The difference between survival-to-discharge rates of moderate and severe injury groups was highest in Taiwan (41.8%) and lowest in Thailand (18.6%).CONCLUSION: Trauma care systems and ED outcomes vary widely among surveyed hospitals and countries. This information is useful to build further detailed, systematic platforms for trauma surveillance and evidence-based trauma care policies.

Characteristics and outcomes of young adults who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

BACKGROUND: There is paucity of data examining the incidence and outcomes of young OHCA adults. The aim of this study is to determine the outcomes and characteristics of young adults who suffered an OHCA and identify factors that are associated with favourable neurologic outcomes. METHODS: All EMS-attended OHCA adults between the ages of 16 and 35 years in the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) registry were analysed. The primary outcome was favourable neurologic outcome (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) at hospital discharge or at 30th day post OHCA if not discharged. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with favourable neurologic outcomes. RESULTS: 66,780 OHCAs were collected between January 2009 and December 2013; 3244 young OHCAs had resuscitation attempted by emergency medical services (EMS). 56.8% of patients had unwitnessed arrest; 47.9% were of traumatic etiology. 17.2% of patients (95% CI: 15.9-18.5%) had return of spontaneous circulation; 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9-8.8%) survived to one month; 4.6% (95% CI: 4.0-5.4%) survived with favourable neurologic outcomes. Factors associated with favourable neurologic outcomes include witnessed arrest (adjusted RR=2.42, p-value<0.0001), bystander CPR (adjusted RR=1.57, p-value=0.004), first arrest shockable rhythm (adjusted RR=27.24, p-value<0.0001), and cardiac etiology (adjusted RR=3.99, p-value<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: OHCA among young adults are not uncommon. Traumatic OHCA, occurring most frequently in young adults had dismal prognosis. First arrest rhythms of VF/VT/unknown shockable rhythm, cardiac etiology, bystander-witnessed arrest, and bystander CPR were associated with favourable neurological outcomes. The results of the study would be useful for planning preventive and interventional strategies, improving EMS, and guiding future research.

Termination of Resuscitation Rules to Predict Neurological Outcomes in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest for an Intermediate Life Support Prehospital System.

AIM: Futile resuscitation can lead to unnecessary transports for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) termination of resuscitation (TOR) guidelines have been validated with good results in North America. This study aims to evaluate the performance of these two rules in predicting neurological outcomes of OHCA patients in Singapore, which has an intermediate life support Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out on Singapore OHCA data collected from April 2010 to May 2012 for the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS). The outcomes of each rule were compared to the actual neurological outcomes of the patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and predicted transport rates of each test were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 2,193 patients had cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac etiology. TOR was recommended for 1,411 patients with the BLS-TOR rule, with a specificity of 100% (91.9, 100.0) for predicting poor neurological outcomes, PPV 100% (99.7, 100.0), sensitivity 65.7% (63.6, 67.7), NPV 5.6% (4.1, 7.5), and transportation rate 35.6%. Using the ALS-TOR rule, TOR was recommended for 587 patients, specificity 100% (91.9, 100.0) for predicting poor neurological outcomes, PPV 100% (99.4, 100.0), sensitivity 27.3% (25.4, 29.3), NPV 2.7% (2.0, 3.7), and transportation rate 73.2%. BLS-TOR predicted survival (any neurological outcome) with specificity 93.4% (95% CI 85.3, 97.8) versus ALS-TOR 98.7% (95% CI 92.9, 99.8). CONCLUSION: Both the BLS and ALS-TOR rules had high specificities and PPV values in predicting neurological outcomes, the BLS-TOR rule had a lower predicted transport rate while the ALS-TOR rule was more accurate in predicting futility of resuscitation. Further research into unique local cultural issues would be useful to evaluate the feasibility of any system-wide implementation of TOR.

A before-after interventional trial of dispatcher-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Singapore.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of a comprehensive dispatcher-assisted CPR (DACPR) training program on bystander CPR (BCPR) rate and the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Singapore. METHODS: This is an initial program evaluation of a national DACPR intervention. A before-after analysis was conducted using OHCA cases retrieved from a local registry and DACPR information derived from audio recordings and ambulance notes. The primary outcomes were survival to admission, survival at 30 days post-arrest and good functional recovery. RESULTS: Data was collected before the intervention (April 2010 to December 2011), during the run-in period (January 2012 to June 2012) and after the intervention (July 2012 to February 2013). A total of 2968 cases were included in the study with a mean age of 65.6. Overall survival rate was 3.9% (116) with good functional recovery in 2.2% (66) of the patients. BCPR rate increased from 22.4% to 42.1% (p<0.001) with odds ratio (OR) of 2.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.09-3.04) and ROSC increased significantly from 26.5% to 31.2% (p=0.02) with OR of 1.26 (95%CI: 1.04-1.53) after the intervention. Significantly higher survival at 30 days was observed for patients who received BCPR from a trained person as compared to no BCPR (p=0.001, OR=2.07 [95%CI: 1.41-3.02]) and DACPR (p=0.04, OR=0.30 [95%CI: 0.04-2.18]). CONCLUSION: A significant increase in BCPR and ROSC was observed after the intervention. There was a trend to suggest improved survival outcomes with the intervention pending further results from the trial.

Interventional strategies associated with improvements in survival for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Singapore over 10 years.

AIM: We aim to study if there has been an improvement in survival for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in Singapore, the effects of various interventional strategies over the past 10 years, and identify strategies that contributed to improved survival. METHODS: Rates of OHCA survival were compared between 2001-2004 and 2010-2012, using nationwide data for all OHCA presenting to EMS and public hospitals. A multivariate logistic regression model for survival to discharge was constructed to identify strategies with significant impact. RESULTS: A total of 5453 cases were included, 2428 cases from 2001 to 2004 and 3025 cases from 2010 to 2012. There was significant improvement in Utstein (witnessed, shockable) survival to discharge from 2001-2004 (2.5%) to 2010-2012 (11.0%), adjusted odds ratio (OR) 9.6 [95% CI: 2.2-41.9]). Overall survival to discharge increased from 1.6% to 3.2% (adjusted OR 2.2 [1.5-3.3]). Bystander CPR rates increased from 19.7% to 22.4% (p=0.02). The multivariate regression model (adjusted for important non-modifiable risk factors) showed that response time <8min (OR 1.5 [1.0-2.3]), bystander AED (OR 5.8 [2.0-16.2]), and post-resuscitation hypothermia (OR 30.0 [11.5-78.0]) were significantly associated with survival to hospital discharge. Conversely, pre-hospital epinephrine (OR 0.6 [0.4-0.9]) was associated negatively with survival. CONCLUSIONS: OHCA survival has improved in Singapore over the past 10 years. Improvement in response time, public AEDs and post-resuscitation hypothermia appear to have contributed to the increase in survival. Singapore's experience might suggest that developing EMS systems should focus on reducing times to basic life support, including bystander defibrillation and post-resuscitation care.

Rationale, Methodology, and Implementation of a Dispatcher-assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Trial in the Asia-Pacific (Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study Phase 2).

Abstract Background. Survival outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Asia are poor (2-11%). Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates are relatively low in Asia. Dispatcher-assisted CPR (DA-CPR) has recently emerged as a potentially cost-effective intervention to increase bystander CPR and survival from OHCA. The Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS), an Asia-Pacific cardiac arrest registry, was set up in 2009, with the aim of understanding OHCA as a disease in Asia and improving OHCA survival. The network has adopted DA-CPR as part of its strategy to improve OHCA survival. Objective. This article aims to describe the conceptualization, study design, potential benefits, and difficulties for implementation of DA-CPR trial in the Asia-Pacific. Methods. Two levels of intervention, basic and comprehensive, will be offered to PAROS participating sites. The basic level consists of implementation of a DA-CPR protocol and training program, while the comprehensive level consists of implementation of the basic level, with the addition of a dispatch quality measurement tool, quality improvement program, and community education program. Sites that are not able to implement the package will contribute control data. The primary outcome of the study is survival to hospital discharge or survival to 30 days post cardiac arrest. DA-CPR and bystander CPR are secondary outcomes. Conclusion. Implementation of DA-CPR requires concerted efforts by EMS leaders and supervisors, dispatchers, hospital stakeholders, policy makers, and the general public. The DA-CPR trial implemented by the PAROS sites, if successful, can serve as a model for other countries considering such an intervention in their EMS systems.

Geographic factors are associated with increased risk for out-of hospital cardiac arrests and provision of bystander cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Bystander Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (BCPR) can improve survival for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA). This study aimed to investigate the geographic variation of BCPR provision and survival to discharge outcomes among residential OHCA cases, evaluate this variation with individual and population characteristics and identify high-risk residential areas with low relative risk (RR) of BCPR and high RR of OHCA at the development guide plan (DGP) census tract levels in Singapore. METHODS: This was a retrospective, secondary analysis of two prospectively-collected registries in Singapore from 2001 to 2011. We used Bayesian conditional autoregressive spatial models to examine predictors at the DGP level and calculate smoothed RR to identify high-risk areas. We used multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine the independent effects of individual and neighborhood factors. RESULTS: We found a total of 3942 OHCA with a BCPR rate of 20.3% and a survival to discharge rate of 1.9% and 3578 cases eligible for BCPR. After adjusting for age, witnessed status, presumed cardiac etiology and longer response time, the risk of BCPR provision significantly increased by 0.02% for every 1% increase in the proportion of household size 5 and above in the DGP area (odds ratio 1.02, 95%CI=1.002-1.038, p<0.026). We identified 10 high-risk residential areas with low RR of BCPR and high RR of OHCA. CONCLUSION: This study informed that neighborhood household size could have played a significant role in the provision of BCPR and occurrence of high-risk areas. It demonstrates the public health potential of combining geospatial and epidemiological analysis for improving health.

Knowledge of signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke among Singapore residents.

AIM: To determine the level of knowledge of signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke in Singapore resident population, in comparison to the global community. METHODS: A population based, random sample of 7,840 household addresses was selected from a validated national sampling frame. Each participant was asked eight questions on signs and symptoms of heart attack and 10 questions on stroke. RESULTS: The response rate was 65.2% with 4,192 respondents. The level of knowledge for preselected, common signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke was 57.8% and 57.1%, respectively. The respondents scored a mean of 5.0 (SD 2.4) out of 8 for heart attack, while they scored a mean of 6.8 (SD 2.9) out of 10 for stroke. Respondents who were ≥ 50 years, with lower educational level, and unemployed/retired had the least knowledge about both conditions. The level of knowledge of signs and symptoms of heart attack and stroke in Singapore is comparable to USA and Canada. CONCLUSION: We found a comparable knowledge of stroke and heart attack signs and symptoms in the community to countries within the same economic, educational, and healthcare strata. However older persons, those with lower educational level and those who are unemployed/retired, require more public health education efforts.

Implications for public access defibrillation placement by non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurrence in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: The American Heart Association recommends automated external defibrillator placement in public areas with a high probability (>1) of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurring in 5 years. We aimed to determine the incidence rate of OHCA for different location categories in Singapore. METHODS: Cardiac arrest incidence was obtained from a national registry. Denominators for the actual number of sites per location category were obtained from public accessible sources, government officers and purchased statistics. Analysis was performed and expressed in terms of the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: From 1 October 2001 to 14 October 2004, 2254 non-trauma OHCA cases were included. Mean age for arrests was 62.2 years, with 67.5% men. The location category with the highest incidence of cardiac arrests per site per 5 years was Port/Airport/Immigration Checkpoints (5.24 CI [3.66-7.20]). Top individual site with high average incidence of cardiac arrests per 5 years was Changi Airport (25.0 CI [16.18-36.90]). Seventy-one per cent of arrests occurred in residential areas. The postal sector with the highest average incidence per 100 000 population was Bedok Reservoir (54.89), whereas that with the highest population density was Bukit Merah/Alexandra with 348.14 population per 100 km(2) . CONCLUSION: In this study, we found the categories and individual sites that clearly fulfilled the American Heart Association criteria of at least 1 OHCA per site per 5 years. This study provides a model of how cardiac arrest registry data can be used to guide local health policy on automated external defibrillator deployment.

Recognition and treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests by non-emergency ambulance services in Singapore.

INTRODUCTION: Prompt recognition of cardiac arrest and initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation is necessary for good outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This study aims to describe the recognition and treatment of OHCA in patients conveyed by non-emergency ambulance services (EAS) in Singapore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multi-centre, retrospective chart review, of cases presenting to public emergency departments (EDs), conveyed by non-EAS and found to be in cardiac arrest upon ED arrival. The study was from October 2002 to August 2009. The following variables were examined: ability to recognise cardiac arrest, whether CPR was carried out by the ambulance crew and whether an automated external defibrillator (AED) was applied. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were conveyed by non-EAS and found to be in cardiac arrest upon ED arrival. Mean age was 63 years (SD 21.8), 70.9% were males. A total of 53.5% of arrests occurred in the ambulance while 70.9% were found to be asystolic upon ED arrival. Seven patients had a known terminal illness. Survival to discharge was 3.5%. Cardiac arrest went unrecognised by the ambulance crew in 38 patients (44.2%). CPR was performed in 35 patients (40.7%) of the 86 patients and AED was applied in only 10 patients (11.6%). CONCLUSION: We found inadequate recognition and delayed initiation of treatment for OHCA. Possible reasons include a lack of training in patient monitoring and detection of cardiac arrest, lack of CPR training, lack of confidence in performing CPR, lack of AEDs on ambulances and lack of training in their use.

Effect of location of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on survival outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to study how the effect of the location of patient collapses from cardiac arrest, in the residential and non-residential areas within Singapore, relates to certain survival outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of data were done from the Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation Epidemiology (CARE) project. Out-of- hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) data from October 2001 to October 2004 (CARE) were used. All patients with OHCA as confirmed by the absence of a pulse, unresponsiveness and apnoea were included. All events had occurred in Singapore. Analysis was performed and expressed in terms of the odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 2375 cases were used for this analysis. Outcomes for OHCA in residential areas were poorer than in non-residential areas-1638 (68.9%) patients collapsed in residential areas, and 14 (0.9%) survived to discharge. This was significantly less than the 2.7% of patients who survived after collapsing in a non-residential area (OR 0.31 [0.16 - 0.62]). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that location alone had no independent effect on survival (adjusted OR 1.13 [0.32 - 4.05]); instead, underlying factors such as bystander CPR (OR 3.67 [1.13 - 11.97]) and initial shockable rhythms (OR 6.78 [1.95 - 23.53]) gave rise to better outcomes. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve survival from OHCA in residential areas should include increasing CPR by family members, and reducing ambulance response times.

National population based survey on the prevalence of first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator skills in Singapore.

AIM: This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices among Singapore residents towards life-saving skills and providing emergency assistance in the community using a population representative sample. METHODS: A population based, random sample of 7840 household addresses were selected from a validated national sampling frame. Respondents were interviewed using face-to-face interview method. One adult aged between 18 and 69 years within each household was randomly selected using the "next birthday" method. RESULTS: The response rate achieved was 65.2% with 4192 respondents. The distribution of age, gender and ethnic group were similar to the Singapore resident population for 2009. A high proportion of participants believed that adults should be trained in first aid (89.1%) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (82.6%) while a lower proportion (57.2%) believed this for automated external defibrillator (AED). Proportion who had ever been trained in first aid was 34.3%, CPR was 31.4% and AED was 10.7%. In an emergency, respondents were most willing to use life-saving skills on family members or relatives (87.6%), followed by friends and colleagues (80.7%) and complete strangers (61.3%). Common barriers to applying life-saving skills were lack of knowledge (36%), fear of doing harm (22.1%) and lack of confidence (15.3%). Respondents who were more likely to have current life-saving certification were younger employed Malay male (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found that although a high proportion of respondents believed that adults should be trained in first aid, CPR and AED, the proportion who had ever been trained in these skills are much lower.